At the borders of the average man: Adolphe Quêtelet on mental, moral, and criminal monstrosities.

This study examines Adolphe Quêtelet's conception of deviance. It investigates how he identified social marginalities and what actions he recommended governments to undertake. To get a close understanding of his views, this paper examines three cases of "monstrosities," namely mental alienation, drunkenness, and criminality. My main thesis is that Quêtelet provided scientific authority to a conception of deviance as sickness, immorality, and cost thus encouraging legislators to use statistics for containing social marginalities. The case of alienation shows that Quêtelet viewed insanity as a pathology of civilization to be understood through phrenology. The case of drunkenness demonstrates how Quêtelet conflated the notion of statistical mean with moral decency. The case of criminality illustrates Quêtelet's major concern with the cost of criminals for the state. While advocating for the perfectibility of mankind, Quêtelet urged governments to take actions against what he considered the monstrosities of society.

A fenomenologia como base epistemológica e ética do movimento desalienista na frança e no Brasil / Phenomenology as an ethical and epistemological basis of the desalienist movement in france and in Brazil / La fenomenología como base epistemológica y ética del movimiento desalienista en francia y en Brasil

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a fenomenologia como base epistemológica e ética do movimento desalienista da psicoterapia institucional na França e da Reforma Psiquiátrica no Brasil. Descrevemos estes dois movimentos e os principais nomes que fizeram parte de suas histórias em interlocução com a fenomenologia, refletindo sobre como esta pode ser considerada uma base para a prática de profissionais da saúde mental inseridos neste contexto que está em plena transformação. (Re)discutir tais bases nos parece de fundamental importância para reafirmar o sentido epistemológico e ético necessário que fundamenta ambos os processos. Concluímos que a fenomenologia se apresentou e ainda se apresenta como uma via de questionamento das práticas em saúde mental e oferece o fundamento para se pensar uma prática que busca o encontro com os sujeitos, e não somente com a doença mental, e para o processo de desinstitucionalização dos doentes mentais.

This article aims to present the phenomenology as the epistemological and ethical basis of the desalienist movement of institutional psychotherapy in France and the Psychiatric Reform in Brazil. We describe these two movements and the main names that were part of their stories in interlocution with phenomenology, reflecting on how this can be considered a basis for the practice of mental health professionals inserted in this context that is in full transformation. To discuss such bases seems to us to have a fundamental importance in order to reaffirm the necessary epistemological and ethical sense that underlies both processes. We conclude that phenomenology has been presented and still presents itself as a way of questioning mental health practices and offers the basis to think of a practice that seeks the encounter with the subjects and not only with the mental illness, as well as the process of deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la fenomenología como base epistemológica y ética del movimiento desalienista de la psicoterapia institucional en Francia y de la Reforma Psiquiátrica en Brasil. Describimos estos dos movimientos y los principales nombres que formaron parte de sus historias en interlocución con la fenomenología, reflexionando sobre cómo ésta puede ser considerada una base para la práctica de profesionales de la salud mental insertados en este contexto que está en plena transformación. (Re)discutir tales bases nos parece de fundamental importancia para reafirmar el sentido epistemológico y ético necesario que fundamenta ambos procesos. Concluimos que la fenomenología se presentó y aún se presenta como una vía de cuestionamiento de las prácticas en salud mental y ofrece el fundamento para pensar una práctica que busca el encuentro con los sujetos y no sólo con la enfermedad mental y para el proceso de desinstitucionalización de los enfermos mentales.

Historia y Ética / History and Ethics

Los muy diferentes y contradictorios conceptos, mensajes o gestos en los discursos del Sr. Trump desde que emergió como candidato a la nominación presidencial de los Estados Unidos de América son ya bien conocidos y censurados. Ahora se hace necesario prestarle atención a pesar de lo incongruente, negativo y agresivo que lo caracteriza, ya que se trata de un ejecutivo de gran poder que no parece considerar ni el daño que puede hacer, ni la oposición que genera. Lo que se propone, no avanzando mucho aún en los asuntos relativo a política migratoria, servicios de salud, cambio climático y relaciones con Cuba, son en todos estos epígrafes posiciones de fuerza y agresiones, que conducen a daños de diverso tipo contra personas, instituciones y países, de gran perjuicio en lo que a la salud humana concierne. En todos estos aspectos la administración anterior, presidida por Barak Obama, se orientó en dirección contraria, aunque sin avanzar a verdaderas soluciones, el espíritu imperial se dejó sentir. Sin embargo, la embestida sobre lo que Obama alcanzó, embestida que pretende borrar todo lo hecho por esa administración, parece tener una carga de odio racial: borrar los resultados de un presidente negro de los Estados Unidos de América, que derrotó en dos ocasiones a un candidato blanco, rico, protestante y de la extrema derecha. A esto tenemos que enfrentarnos los cubanos todos. Sin miedo, sin concesiones. El principal campo de batalla es el de las ideas, así nos lo enseñó Fidel. También lo económico, cultural y la importante seguridad nacional y defensa. Tenemos poderosas armas estratégicas. Un escudo invulnerable es la historia de la Revolución que como también nos dijera Fidel, empezó en el 68 del siglo XXI y continua hoy, resistiendo y venciendo, sobre el principio de la unidad del pueblo y su Partido. A esta defensa le acompaña el ataque con la poderosa espada de la ética, que se incluye en el concepto de Revolución, y debemos manejar como en los míticos de leyendas e historias del Cid Campeador con sus espadas Colada y Tizona, o con las de la epopeya del Rey Arturo, Escalibur, que nunca fueron vencidas. Son la Historia y la Etica de la Revolución y del Partido, nutridos con el trabajo político, científico, técnico, educativo y artístico de todo el pueblo, nuestras armas absolutas para resistir y vencer. En todos los sectores, y el de la salud que tanto ha logrado ya, deberán rebasar lo que se hizo y obtener hecha realidad aquella idea de salud para todos, o la de nuevo impulso de la cobertura universal de un Sistema Nacional Único de salud estatal socialista. Así piensa un trabajador de 57 años dedicados al trabajo salubrista y de ideología marxista, martiana y fidelista(AU)

La CREEI y los retos de la capacitación en bioética ante nuevos y complejos dilemas de salud / CREEI and the challenges of training in bioethics in front of new and complex dilemmas in health

Se pretende divulgar el trabajo para la formación en ética de investigación de la Caribbean Research Ethics Education Initiative (CREEI), y argumentar los retos de la capacitación en bioética ante nuevos y complejos dilemas de salud en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. La CREEI es un programa que puede ser analizado, mejorado y reproducido en los países asociados, para habilitar, en programas híbridos, la reflexión con perspectiva ética, la argumentación en la generación de planes, programas y políticas públicas sanitarias; la pertinencia social, la integridad y dignidad humana; y sobre todo, la actuación para garantizar el ejercicio de la autonomía individual y social, y la tutela de la comunidad que requiera el cuidado del otro, incluyendo humanos, no humanos y medio ambiente. Para ello se utilizan dos herramientas metodológicas principales, el pensamiento complejo de Morin, con estudio de caso y análisis de problema en el sistema educativo basado en el aprendizaje del estudiante y en el significado del fenómeno de estudio; y la casuística como metodología de la ética aplicada, que permite una ética alerta de la moral laica, plural, multidisciplinaria, incluyente o alternativa a otros métodos como el principialista, el personalista, el feminista, etc. Finalmente, el presente muestra los resultados a la fecha de la iniciativa de formación CREEI, el perfil de los participantes en dos generaciones, y los retos de reproducción, cambio o mejora que tiene el programa, atendiendo los requerimientos de los países asociados en materia de formación, capacitación y atención en salud e investigación actual (AU).

It is pretended to divulgate the academic work of the Caribbean Research Ethics Education Initiative, and to debate the Bioethics training challenges in front of new and complex dilemmas of health in Latin America and the Caribbean. It shows the CREEI as a program that can be analyzed, improved and replicated in partner countries to enable in hybrid programs (classroom and online education), the reflection from an ethical perspective, the debate in the generation of plans, programs and health policies; the social pertinence, the human integrity and dignity and, specially, the behavior ensuring the practice of the individual and social autonomy and the tutorship of the community requiring care from others, including humans, non-humans and environment. For this academic challenge, two main methodological tools are used, the complex thought of Morin, with case study and analysis of problem in the educational system, based on student learning and the significance of the phenomenon of study; and the casuistry as methodology of applied ethics, allowing an ethics watchful on secular, plural, multidisciplinary, inclusive moral or alternative to other methods such as the principlist, the personalist, the feminist, etc. Finally, the current work shows the up-today results of the training initiative CREEI, the profile of the participants in two generations, and the challenges of the program reproduction, change or improvement represent, taking into account the current requirements of the participant partner countries in the fields of education, training and care in health and research (AU).

(Dis)entangling Barad: Materialisms and ethics.

In the wake of the widespread uptake of and debate surrounding the work of Karen Barad, this article revisits her core conceptual contributions. We offer descriptions, elaborations, problematizations and provocations for those intrigued by or invested in this body of work. We examine Barad's use of quantum physics, which underpins her conception of the material world. We discuss the political strengths of this position but also note tensions associated with applying quantum physics to phenomena at macro-scales. We identify both frictions and unacknowledged affinities with science and technology studies in Barad's critique of reflexivity and her concept of diffraction. We flesh out Barad's overarching position of 'agential realism', which contains a revised understanding of scientific apparatuses. Building upon these discussions, we argue that inherent in agential realism is both an ethics of inclusion and an ethics of exclusion. Existing research has, however, frequently emphasized entanglement and inclusion to the detriment of foreclosure and exclusion. Nonetheless, we contend that it is in the potential for an ethics of exclusion that Barad's work could be of greatest utility within science and technology studies and beyond.

Taha Jabir Al-'Alwani: A Study of His Views on Ethics of Disagreement in Islam.

This paper is an attempt to provide its readers/listeners the views of Taha Jabir Al-'Alwani on Ethics of Disagreement in Islam. Taha Jabir Al-'Alwani is one of the renowned scholars and reformists of the contemporary Muslim world. He presented in terms of views on the ethics of disagreement in Islam, an explanation of the etiquette envisioned by Islam for all those engaged in discourse and intellectual dialogue, and he also exposes a higher number of principles and purposes of the Shariah which provide Muslims with perspectives far vaster than those afforded by pedantic debate over points of law and procedure or fine distinctions between conflicting theological arguments. Above all, he analyzes that what today is going in the world is totally a contrast trend to the teachings of Qur'an and Sunnah. After stressing the paramount duty of affirming the oneness of Allah (Tawhid), both the Qur'an and the Sunnah stress on one thing above all: the unity of Muslim Ummah.

Marx y Nietzsche como marcos comprensivos de un ethos contemporáneo: responsabilidad individual y de Estado / Marx and Nietzsche as comprehensive frameworks of a contemporary ethos: individual and State responsibility

La ética contemporánea gira sobre dos grandes ejes problemáticos. Por una parte, las cuestiones acerca de la responsabilidad del Estado para habilitar y promover el desarrollo individual, y por la otra, el interés primordial de cada sujeto por realizar sus propios intereses. El presente ensayo aborda a dos pensadores importantes del siglo xix que brindaron marcos propicios para la reflexión ante estas cuestiones: Carlos Marx y Federico Nietzsche. Si bien estos filósofos de la sospecha no habilitaron una ética como tal, nos proporcionan elementos para la comprensión de un ethos contemporáneo comprendido como forja del carácter y cuidado de la casa (AU).

Contemporary ethics turns around two major problematic axes. On one side, the questions about the responsibility of the State to enable and promote individual development and, on the other side, the primary concern of each individual to realize his own interests. The current article approaches two important thinkers of the XIX century who provided enabling frameworks for reflecting on these issues: Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche. Although these philosophers of the suspicion did not create an ethical system as such, they provided elements for understanding the contemporary ethos, meaning character forgery and house caring (AU).

Spinoza to Freud: The unraveling of a psycho-analytical perspective on moral responsibility and law.

The status that Spinoza and Freud assign to law has some convergence, for both embrace the positivity, the mere conventionality and utility, of law and eschew any real or eternal moral norms (that is, they thoroughly reject the Natural Law tradition) that law might capture and embody. In addition, both put forth a biological account of human nature, rather than a theological one or even quasi-theological one, and that biological nature is the springboard in each case for defining the overall purpose of law. In addition, for both, human biology is a source of the sociality, the psychic attachments, that make an emotional union of individuals into a group possible. Nevertheless, it is in the specific elaborations of human biology that we can discern the beginning of a parting of the ways, for in their conceptions of human nature and the nature of nature Freud and Spinoza diverge in significant respects.

["Biology and the future of man", 18-24 September 1974: The history of a future]. / « Biology and the future of man ¼, 18-24 septembre 1974 : l'histoire d'un devenir.

This article sketches the context of the 1960s and 1970s during which was held in Paris in 1974 the international conference "Biology and the future of man", and shows by this reminder that the Paris conference was a precursor moment in Europe in terms of academic answers to ethical questions that were emerging in the USA. At its extent, the Paris conference was a pioneer in the history of "bioethics" and "environmental ethics".

[ETHICS IN PSYCHIATRY: FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE RENAISSANCE]. / ORIENTAMENTI ETICI IN PSICHIATRIA: LINEAMENTI STORICI DALL' ANTICHITÀ AL RINASCIMENTO.

Ethical issues always played an important role in the historical development in psychiatry. As wll known, many ancient cultures associated mental illness with gods and divine punishments. In the first centuries of the Christian Era, mental illness is often interpreted according to demonological views and in connection with theological conceptions of sin. The article briefly examines the history of mental illness medical and cultural interpretations, focusing on medieval medicine and the treatment of psychiatric patients from Antiquity to the Early modern Period.

Exploration of ethical debates through Desai's The Inheritance of Loss, Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go and Smith's On Beauty.

This essay examines debates over alternative ethical formulations that break from the Kantian model through contemporary fiction--Kiran Desai's The Inheritance of Loss (2006), Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go (2005) and Zadie Smith's On Beauty (2005). The essay returns to the theory, the ethics of care, put forward by Carol Gilligan in In a Different Voice (1982), which has regained significance in the context of questions surrounding care in contemporary ethical thinking. While the three novels are concerned with ideas of care, beauty, justice and the tyranny of the mainstream, this essay examines particular themes in particular texts which suggest that ideas with otherwise subversive potential--like care or beauty or justice--lose their radicalism when they are incorporated within the impersonal, masculinist mainstream. Carol Gilligan's feminine ethics of care, with its respect for the particular, is not only still important as the stimulus to thinking about alternatives to overarching ethical discourses, but it could also re-confer these concepts of care, beauty and justice their revolutionary potential.