A feasibility study of a novel low-level light therapy for digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Locally acting, well-tolerated treatments for systemic sclerosis (SSc) digital ulcers (DUs) are needed. OBJECTIVES: Our primary aim was to investigate the safety, feasibility, and tolerability of a novel low-level light therapy (LTTT). A secondary aim was to tentatively assess efficacy. METHODS: A custom-built device comprising infrared (850 nm), red (660 nm), and violet (405 nm) LEDs was utilized. DUs were irradiated with 10 J/cm2 twice weekly for 3 weeks, with follow-up at weeks 4 and 8. Any safety concerns were documented. Patient opinion on time to deliver, feasibility, and pain visual analogue score (VAS; 0-100, 100 most severe) was collected. Patient and clinician DU global assessment VAS were documented. DUs were evaluated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging pre- and post-irradiation. RESULTS: In all, 14 DUs in eight patients received a total of 46 light exposures, with no safety concerns. All patients considered LTTT 'took just the right amount of time' and was 'feasible', with a low associated mean pain VAS of 1.6 (SD: 5.2). Patient and clinician global DC VAS improved during the study (mean change: -7.1 and -5.2, respectively, both p < .001). DU perfusion significantly increased post-irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: LTTT for DUs is safe, feasible, and well tolerated. There was an early tentative suggestion of treatment efficacy.

Therapeutic applications of polarized light: Tissue healing and immunomodulatory effects.

As the population grows and ages, non-pharmaceutical options for the treatment and management of wounds, disease and injury are required to ensure adequate care. Polarized light therapy (PLT) utilizes visible-spectrum polarized light for a number of clinical applications. The advantage of polarized light is that it is able to penetrate the skin to a depth of up to 5 cm, reaching deeper tissues involved in wound healing. PLT has been shown to accelerate the healing process for ulcers, surgical wounds and dermal burns as well as a small number of musculoskeletal injuries. As research into the histological and physiological effects of PLT is largely absent, studies related to other light therapy modalities, largely low-level laser therapy, may pave the way to identify putative mechanisms by which PLT might exert its effects. Changes to cell signalling and secretion of substances required for wound healing have been identified in response to phototherapies. The reviewed literature suggests that PLT may be efficacious in some wound and injury healing contexts, though a gap in the literature exists regarding its mechanisms of action. Future studies should fully explain the therapeutic effects of PLT and the physiological mechanisms underpinning them.

Contribution of photodynamic therapy in wound healing: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: We researched articles that used photodynamic therapy (PDT) for skin wound healing in humans. METHODS: The systematic review was conducted through scientific articles that investigated the action of PDT on wound healing in humans, published from July 2005 to March 2017, in the data bases PubMed and LILACS. RESULTS: The main types of wound described in selected articles in this review were chronic ulcer and non-melanoma skin cancer. For accomplishing the PDT, second generation of photosensitizing agents with laser or light emitting diode were used. The studies demonstrated that PDT contribute in several ways to the wound healing process: leading to cellular death; reducing or increasing inflammation; stimulating fibroblasts proliferation and, consequently, of collagen and elastin; raising transforming growth factor beta and metalloproteinases. Based on this, PDT provided good results in wound healing process, acting in several steps and accelerating tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS: PDT improved healing in many wound models in humans, revealing itself as a promising therapeutic modality for stimulating wound healing and remodelling.

Red and infrared laser therapy inhibits in vitro growth of major bacterial species that commonly colonize skin ulcers.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is used in chronic wounds due to its healing effects. However, bacterial species may colonize these wounds and the optimal parameters for effective bacterial inhibition are not clear. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of LLLT on bacterial growth in vitro. Bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were suspended in saline solution at a concentration of 10(3) cells/ml and exposed to laser irradiation at wavelengths of 660, 830, and 904 nm at fluences of 0 (control), 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 J/cm(2). An aliquot of the irradiated suspension was spread on the surface of petri plates and incubated at 37 °C for quantification of colony-forming unit after 24, 48, and 72 h. Laser irradiation inhibited the growth of S. aureus at all wavelengths and fluences higher than 12 J/cm(2), showing a strong correlation between increase in fluence and bacterial inhibition. However, for P. aeruginosa, LLLT inhibited growth at all wavelengths only at a fluence of 24 J/cm(2). E. coli had similar growth inhibition at a wavelength of 830 nm at fluences of 3, 6, 12, and 24 J/cm(2). At wavelengths of 660 and 904 nm, growth inhibition was only observed at fluences of 12 and 18 J/cm(2), respectively. LLLT inhibited bacterial growth at all wavelengths, for a maximum of 72 h after irradiation, indicating a correlation between bacterial species, fluence, and wavelength.

Organic light emitting diode improves diabetic cutaneous wound healing in rats.

A major complication for diabetic patients is chronic wounds due to impaired wound healing. It is well documented that visible red wavelengths can accelerate wound healing in diabetic animal models and patients. In vitro and in vivo diabetic models were used to investigate the effects of organic light emitting diode (OLED) irradiation on cellular function and cutaneous wound healing. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured in hyperglycemic medium (glucose concentration 180 mM) and irradiated with an OLED (623 nm wavelength peak, range from 560 to 770 nm, power density 7 or 10 mW/cm2 at 0.2, 1, or 5 J/cm2). The OLED significantly increased total adenosine triphosphate concentration, metabolic activity, and cell proliferation compared with untreated controls in most parameters tested. For the in vivo experiment, OLED and laser (635 ± 5 nm wavelength) treatments (10 mW/cm2 , 5 J/cm2 daily for a total of seven consecutive days) for cutaneous wound healing were compared using a genetic, diabetic rat model. Both treatments had significantly higher percentage of wound closure on day 6 postinjury and higher total histological scores on day 13 postinjury compared with control. No statistical difference was found between the two treatments. OLED irradiation significantly increased fibroblast growth factor-2 expression at 36-hour postinjury and enhanced macrophage activation during initial stages of wound healing. In conclusion, the OLED and laser had comparative effects on enhancing diabetic wound healing.

[Efficacy of pulsed-dye laser on residual red lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis]. / Efficacité du laser à colorant pulsé sur les lésions résiduelles rouges de la leishmaniose cutanée.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica can leave troublesome and unsightly lesions. Treatment of these scars remains difficult. Pulsed-dye laser (PDL) is one therapeutic approach that may improve the clinical appearance of erythematosus lesions. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PDL on the residual red lesions of erythematous facial leishmaniasis in three patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case no. 1: a 14-year-old girl presented an ulcerative and erythematous nodular lesion on her left cheek. One month after treatment, an erythematous lesion measuring 3 cm persisted on the patient's cheek, without atrophy or hyperpigmentation. PDL 595nm was used at the following settings: duration: 3ms; spot size: 7mm; energy: 8 j/cm(2). Case no. 2: a 43-year-old woman presented an erythematous papular lesion on her right cheek. Following treatment, a 4-cm hypertrophic, red telangiectasic lesion remained. PDL 595nm was used with the following settings: pulse duration: 3 ms; spot-size: 10mm; energy: 8 j/cm(2). Case no. 3: a 60-year-old woman presented an erythematous papular lesion on her cheek. After treatment, an infiltrated erythematous macule with surface telangiectasia measuring 3.5cm remained. PDL 595nm was also given using the following settings: pulse duration: 3 ms; spot size: 10mm; energy: 8 j/cm(2). All three patients underwent three sessions of PDL. The erythematous and telangiectasic lesions showed improvement after the initial session and had completely disappeared after the third session. Post-laser purpura subsided within around 10 days. Therapeutic response was assessed clinically by comparing photographs taken before and after treatment and follow-up lasted 12 months. DISCUSSION: Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. tropica is endemo-epidemic in Morocco. A number of treatments are available for red residual lesions but thanks to its effect on erythematous and vascular lesions, PDL has been shown to provide the most reproducibly good results and is the laser method of choice for this type of scar. A recent study of the dermoscopic features of DL identified the presence of vascular patterns in 100% of cases in this infection, which may account for the efficacy of PDL. PDL results in selective thermolysis that destroys small vessels. Our study showed improvement with PDL regarding scar size, pliability, erythema and texture. Further larger-scale studies could better determine the place of PDL in treating the sequelae of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Phototherapy promotes healing of cutaneous wounds in undernourished rats

BACKGROUND: Various studies have shown that phototherapy promotes the healing of cutaneous wounds. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of phototherapy on healing of cutaneous wounds in nourished and undernourished rats. METHODS: Forty rats, 20 nourished plus 20 others rendered marasmus with undernourishment, were assigned to four equal groups: nourished sham, nourished Light Emitting Diode treated, undernourished sham and undernourished Light Emitting Diode treated. In the two treated groups, two 8-mm punch wounds made on the dorsum of each rat were irradiated three times per week with 3 J/cm2 sq cm of combined 660 and 890nm light; wounds in the other groups were not irradiated. Wounds were evaluated with digital photography and image analysis, either on day 7 or day 14, with biopsies obtained on day 14 for histological studies. RESULTS: Undernourishment retarded the mean healing rate of the undernourished sham wounds (p < 0.01), but not the undernourished Light emission diode treated wounds, which healed significantly faster (p < 0.001) and as fast as the two nourished groups. Histological analysis showed a smaller percentage of collagen in the undernourished sham group compared with the three other groups, thus confirming our photographic image analysis data. CONCLUSION: Phototherapy reverses the adverse healing effects of undernourishment. Similar beneficial effects may be achieved in patients with poor nutritional status. .

Phototherapy promotes healing of cutaneous wounds in undernourished rats.

BACKGROUND: Various studies have shown that phototherapy promotes the healing of cutaneous wounds. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of phototherapy on healing of cutaneous wounds in nourished and undernourished rats. METHODS: Forty rats, 20 nourished plus 20 others rendered marasmus with undernourishment, were assigned to four equal groups: nourished sham, nourished Light Emitting Diode treated, undernourished sham and undernourished Light Emitting Diode treated. In the two treated groups, two 8-mm punch wounds made on the dorsum of each rat were irradiated three times per week with 3 J/cm2 sq cm of combined 660 and 890 nm light; wounds in the other groups were not irradiated. Wounds were evaluated with digital photography and image analysis, either on day 7 or day 14, with biopsies obtained on day 14 for histological studies. RESULTS: Undernourishment retarded the mean healing rate of the undernourished sham wounds (p < 0.01), but not the undernourished Light emission diode treated wounds, which healed significantly faster (p < 0.001) and as fast as the two nourished groups. Histological analysis showed a smaller percentage of collagen in the undernourished sham group compared with the three other groups, thus confirming our photographic image analysis data. CONCLUSION: Phototherapy reverses the adverse healing effects of undernourishment. Similar beneficial effects may be achieved in patients with poor nutritional status.

Closure of non-healing chronic ulcer in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome using low-level laser therapy.

A 69-year-old man diagnosed with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) reported to the physiotherapy outpatient clinic with the complaint of a non-healing ulcer over the right medial malleolus, for a 6-month duration, that was non-granulating and had moderate pus discharge with foul odour at initial assessment. There was a decrease in scores of the Pressure Ulcer Scale of Healing, a significant increase in granulation tissue, a decrease in the amount of discharge and foul odour along with complete closure of the chronic wound after irradiation with a light-emitting diode (LED). This is a novel case study analysing the possible effect of a helium-neon laser  and LEDs on non-healing chronic ulcers associated with KTS, where the complete closure of the chronic ulcer that was initially not responsive to standard medical care was observed.

Further discussion on dermatological radiotherapy.

Dermatological radiotherapy has used for decades in the treatment of skin diseases with very good results. The Florentine school has always played a fundamental role in the development of this technique, this is where a phototherapy institute, which was going, in the future, to be 1st one in Italy to perform contact radiotherapy regularly, started. As time went by and with the development to new therapeutical modalities, the roentgentherapy met with a decreasing consent. So far, it is still proposed as an effective therapeutically modality in dermatological oncology, if even in selected cases. Basal cell carcinomas can reach big dimensions mainly for recurrence or because the tumor was overlooked for a long time. We bring to attention the case of a 65-year-old man presenting an ulcerated, sharp-bordered, infiltrating and bleeding lesion, occupying most of the left wing of the nose, with a diameter of about 3 cm. The man hadn't received any previous treatment. The lesion was subjected to a biopsy and the istopathological analysis diagnosed an ulcus rodens. The man refused the complete surgical removal, and was thus treated with roentgentherapy, with satisfying results and without any complications in the irradiated area. The patient didn't show any relapse after one year of follow-up. Radiotherapy can still be considered as an effective therapeutical alternative both for lesion requiring a surgical approach and for those developing in patients that couldn't be subjected to any other therapies.

Palliative radiotherapy--new approaches.

Most cancer patients will require radiation therapy some time during their disease. Thirty percent to 50% of all radiation treatments are palliative, either to alleviate symptoms or prophylactic to prevent deterioration of quality of life from local progressive disease. Radiotherapy is a locally effective tool. It typically causes no systemic and mostly mild acute side effects. We will provide an overview of principles, decision-making, and new developments in palliative radiation therapy.

Use of flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser in the treatment of superficial vascular malformations and ulcerated hemangiomas.

A retrospective study of 502 patients treated with tunable flashlamp pulsed dye laser for superficial vascular malformations (433), ulcerated hemangiomas (65) and postinvolutional redness (4) is presented. Patients were treated in the period from June 1997 to March 2006, with follow-up ranging from six months to four years. The age of the patients ranged from three months to 80 years. Correlation between clinical response and patients' age, location of lesion and number of treatments were evaluated in groups of superficial vascular malformations, whereas healing rates of the ulceration were assessed in a series of hemangiomas. The result were judged to be excellent in 51%, good in 39%, fair in 7% and poor in 3% of patients with vascular malformations. Excellent ultimate outcome confirmed the clinical efficacy of the use of the pulsed dye laser in the treatment of dermal vascular malformations, which also appears to have good prospects in the management of hemangioma complication.

[Low-level laser therapy in the treatment of diabetic ulcers: an evidence problem]. / Laserterapia de baixa potência no tratamento de úlceras diabéticas: um problema de evidência.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes Mellitus is the leading cause of lower limb amputation, representing a significant economic cost for health services. The development of diabetic ulcers is a main risk factor for amputations, which have a high mortality rate at five years. The ischemia caused by macrovascular disease is a key pathophysiological factor in the development of ischemic ulcers. Existing treatments are prolonged and associated with high rates of failure and relapse, requiring the combination of multiple therapeutic modalities. Lowlevel laser therapy has been used as an adjuvant therapy for diabetic foot ulcers, since the 1960's, due to its hypothetical stimulating effects over microcirculation and tissue repair. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Identification of published scientific studies through a literature search on PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Existing evidence is favourable for in vitro cell models, but conflicting in animal models and human populations. There is significant methodological heterogeneity, which may be responsible for discordant results. Guidelines are proposed for future studies in this area, including the detailed characterization of ulcers and the parameters of laser treatment. Well-controlled studies, randomized and double-blind are needed. Accordingly to the primum non nocere, laser therapy can and should be used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot, because it isn't invasive, has low costs and is a fast therapy without significant adverse effects.

Dramatic response of chronic ulcerating necrobiosis lipoidica to ultraviolet A1 phototherapy.

We report on a 52-year-old female patient with chronic, ulcerating necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) who dramatically responded to ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) phototherapy. The patient had NL on her right shin for more than 30 years without evidence of diabetes mellitus. Treatment with a variety of local and systemic agents failed to prevent progression into ulceration, which necessitated repeated surgical interventions in the past. When the patient presented again with torpid ulcers at the periphery of previously grafted skin, high-dose UVA1 phototherapy was initiated. Improvement occurred rapidly and after 22 irradiations and a total exposure dose of 1480 J/cm², the ulcers had healed completely. During a follow-up period of 6 years,two minor recurrences were successfully retreated with UVA1 phototherapy.

Hemophilic pseudotumor--is there a role of radiotherapy? Literature review and a case report.

We share the literature and management of an adult with moderate hemophilia a presented with a calcaneal pseudotumor and non healing ulcer by radiation therapy, factor VIII and cryoprecipitate supplement. Numerous literatures so far have quoted the satisfactory role of radiotherapy in hemophilic pseudotumor. We found it to be of great help as our case responded with radiotherapy, factor VIII and cryoprecipitate supplement and has a satisfactory 2 years follow up.

Low level laser therapy for healing acute and chronic wounds - the extendicare experience.

The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of low level laser therapy for wound healing when combined with the Extendicare Wound Prevention and Management Program. Sixteen residents at a Canadian Extendicare nursing home had a total of 27 sites treated consisting of 23 open wounds and 4 'at risk' areas. Of the 23 open wounds, two wounds in between toes were not able to be 'traced' and deemed 'immeasurable' wounds, resulting in 21 open, measured wounds. The four 'at risk' (closed) areas were treated preventatively. Pressure, venous insufficiency and diabetic wounds were included. The majority (12/21) or 57.1%, of the wounds were chronic (>or=3 months duration) and 42.9% were acute (<3 months duration). The primary outcome measures included the PUSH Tool score, EZ Graph tracings and photographs. Secondary outcome measures were employed to better understand potential barriers to successful integration into clinical practice. Feedback on the effectiveness of low level laser therapy, the education program and determinations of hands-on relevance was sought from staff. At the end of the 9-week trial, the majority (61.9%) of the 21 wounds achieved significant improvement (>or=50% wound closure). Nine (42.8%) had 100% closure. Some improvement was seen in 14.3% and 23.8% of wounds demonstrated no change. Chronic and acute wounds had similar improvement. None of the wounds in this debilitated, frail population deteriorated during the study and no negative consequences of treatment were encountered. Without staff support, even if new technology has positive clinical outcomes, success would be limited. Staff rated low level laser, easy to learn and use, effective for the majority of their residents worth the additional time. Staff requested a continuation of low level laser even after study completion.

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy for chronic cutaneous ulceration in humans: a review and discussion.

Chronic wounds, particularly venous ulcerations, are notoriously difficult to heal. Because current therapies are variable in their ability to induce complete healing, there remains a need to develop adjunctive treatments that can improve or accelerate the healing process. The use of low-energy lasers to stimulate wound healing has been pursued over many decades in studies of varying quality. This form of treatment has had high appeal due to its novelty, relative ease, and low morbidity profile. The authors reviewed the available published literature on low-level laser technology in an attempt to provide cumulative insight on the effect of this treatment for wound healing.