RESUMO
A live, infectious vaccine candidate for epizootic bovine abortion, designated EBAA Vaccine, USDA-APHIS Product code #1544.00, has been reported to be both safe and effective. Previous studies established that a single dose of EBAA vaccine administered to cows at potencies of either 2000 or 500 live P. abortibovis-infected murine spleen cells (P.a.-LIC) induced protective immunity for a minimum of 5 months. The current study employed 19 pregnant cows that were challenged with P. abortibovis in their 2nd trimester of gestation; 9 were vaccinated 17.2-months earlier as 1-year-olds with 2000 P.a.-LIC and 10 served as negative controls. Eighty-nine percent of the vaccinates gave birth to healthy calves as compared to 10% of challenge controls. Vaccine efficacy was significant when analyzed by prevented fractions (87.7%; 95% CI=0.4945-0.9781). Serologic data supports previous findings that pregnant cows with detectable P. abortibovis antibodies are immune to P. abortibovis challenge as demonstrated by the birth of healthy calves.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Gravidez , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Estações do Ano , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Ascending placentitis is a leading cause of abortion in the horse, but adaptive immune response to this disease is unknown. To evaluate this, sub-acute placentitis was experimentally-induced via trans-cervical inoculation of S. zooepidemicus, and endometrium and chorioallantois was collected 8 days later (n = 6 inoculated/n = 6 control). The expression of transcripts relating to Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg maturation was assessed via RNASeq. IHC of transcription factors relating to each subtype in the same tissues (Th1: TBX21, Th2: GATA3, Th17: IRF4, Treg: FOXp3). An immunoassay was utilized to assess circulating cytokines (Th1: IFNg, IL-2; Th2: IL-4, IL-5; Th17: IL-17, IL-6; Treg: IL-10, GM-CSF). An increase in Th1 and Th17-related transcripts were noted in the chorioallantois, although no alterations were seen in the endometrium. Th2 and Treg-related transcripts altered in a dysregulated manner, as some transcripts increased in expression while others decreased. Immunolocalization of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells was increased in diseased chorioallantois, while no Treg cells were noted in the diseased tissue. Secreted cytokines relating to Th1 (IFNg, IL-2), Th17 (IL-6), Th2 (IL-5), and Treg (IL-10) populations increased in maternal circulation eight days after inoculation. In conclusion, the Th1/Th17 response to ascending placentitis occurs primarily in the chorioallantois, indicating the adaptive immune response to occur in fetal derived placental tissue. Additionally, ascending placentitis leads to an increase in the helper T cell populations (Th1/Th17/Th2) while decreasing the Treg response. This increase in Th17-related responses alongside a diminishing Treg-related response may precede or contribute to fetal demise, abortion, or preterm labor.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/imunologia , Corioamnionite/veterinária , Cavalos/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Aborto Animal/patologia , Animais , Corioamnionite/imunologia , Corioamnionite/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Gravidez , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/metabolismo , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th2/imunologia , Células Th2/metabolismoRESUMO
Uterine infection with bacteria and the release of peptidoglycan (PGN), antigenic cell wall components of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, can cause early pregnancy losses in ruminants, but the associated mechanisms remain unsolved. Day 7 blastocyst starts to secrete a minute amount of interferon-tau (IFNT) in the uterine horn which is required for early stage of maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in ruminants, and it induces interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) for driving uterine receptivity in cows. This study investigated if PGN disrupts IFNT response through modulation of endometrial ISGs expressions. Cultured bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) were treated with embryo culture medium (ECM) or IFNT (1 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of a low level of PGN (10 pg/ml) for 24 h. A real-time PCR analyses revealed that the presence of PGN suppressed IFNT-induced ISGs (OAS1 and ISG15) and STAT1 expressions in BEECs. To visualize the impact of PGN in an ex-vivo model that resembles the in vivo status, endometrial explants were treated by IFNT (1 ng/ml) with or without PGN (10 pg/ml) for 12 h. PGN suppressed IFNT-induced gene expressions of the above factors, but not for IFNA receptor type1 (IFNAR1) or type2 (IFNAR2) in explants. Immunofluorescence analysis illustrated that PGN completely suppressed the IFNT-triggered OAS1 protein expression in the luminal epithelium of explants. Of note, PGN did not stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFA and IL1B) or TLR2 mRNA expression in both models. These findings indicate that the presence of low levels of PGN suppresses ISGs expression induced by IFNT secreted from early embryo, at the luminal epithelium of the bovine endometrium. This could severely interfere with early stage of MRP processes in cows, leading to pregnancy failure.
Assuntos
Endométrio/metabolismo , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Peptidoglicano/metabolismo , Proteínas da Gravidez/metabolismo , 2',5'-Oligoadenilato Sintetase/genética , 2',5'-Oligoadenilato Sintetase/metabolismo , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/metabolismo , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Blastocisto/imunologia , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Blastocisto/microbiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/genética , Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismo , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Endométrio/imunologia , Endométrio/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Técnicas In Vitro , Interferon Tipo I/farmacologia , Troca Materno-Fetal/imunologia , Peptidoglicano/imunologia , Gravidez , Proteínas da Gravidez/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT1/genética , Doenças Uterinas/genética , Doenças Uterinas/metabolismo , Doenças Uterinas/veterinária , Útero/imunologia , Útero/metabolismo , Útero/microbiologiaRESUMO
To assess the effects of challenge dose and stage of gestation on infection and abortion, 35 elk were conjunctivally challenged with virulent Brucella abortus strain 2308 (S2308) during pregnancy. Seventeen elk were experimentally challenged early in the second trimester of gestation (December) with high (approximately 108 CFU) or low challenge (approximately 107 CFU) treatments having 8 and 9 pregnant elk, respectively. Other pregnant elk were experimentally challenged at a later challenge time (approximately early third trimester, February), with high and low challenge treatments having 8 and 10 elk, respectively. Conjunctival swabs from all animals were culture positive for the S2308 strain at 7 days after experimental challenge. All animals seroconverted on a B. abortus ELISA but optical density readings were not influenced (P > 0.05) by time of challenge or by challenge dosage. In the early challenge group, abortions occurred in 2 of 9 (22%) in the low challenge treatment and 3 of 8 (37%) in the high challenge treatment, whereas in the later challenge group, 1 of 8 (12.5%) in the low challenge treatment and 2 of 10 (20%) in the high challenge treatment aborted. The ability to recover B. abortus from samples obtained at necropsy did not differ (P > 0.05) between early and late challenges or between high and low challenge treatments. Despite the lack of abortions observed after experimental challenge, recovery from maternal tissues ranged from 50% (low dose, late challenge) to 77% (low dose, early challenge). Our data suggests that naïve elk do not abort as frequently after experimental infection with B. abortus strain 2308 as compared to similar data in cattle and bison.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Brucelose/veterinária , Cervos/imunologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/veterinária , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Brucella abortus , Brucelose/imunologia , Túnica Conjuntiva/microbiologia , Relação Dose-Resposta Imunológica , Feminino , Imunidade , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologiaRESUMO
Ovine enzootic abortion (OEA) caused by the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus), is an endemic disease in most sheep-rearing countries worldwide. Following infection, C. abortus establishes a complex host-pathogen interaction with a latent phase in non-pregnant sheep followed by an active disease phase in the placenta during pregnancy leading to OEA. Improved knowledge of the host-pathogen interactions at these different phases of disease will accelerate the development of new diagnostic tests and vaccines to control OEA. Current evidence indicates that cellular immunity is essential for controlling C. abortus infection. We have previously described a model of mucosal (intranasal) infection of non-pregnant sheep with C. abortus that replicates the latent and active phases of OEA. We have investigated antigen-specific recall responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in sheep infected with C. abortus via the intranasal route to determine how these change during the latent and active phases of disease. By analysing cytokines associated with the major CD4+ve Thelper (Th) cell subsets (Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)/Th1; Interleukin (IL)-4/Th2; IL-17A/Th17; IL-10/Tregulatory), we show that there is selective activation of PBMC producing IFN-γ and/or IL-10 during the latent phase following infection. These cytokines are also elevated during the active disease phase and while they are produced by sheep that are protected from OEA, they are also produced by sheep that abort, highlighting the difficulties in finding specific cellular immunological correlates of protection for complex intracellular pathogens.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Imunidade Celular , Infecção Latente/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Chlamydia , Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Feminino , Interferon gama/imunologia , Infecção Latente/imunologia , Infecção Latente/microbiologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Carneiro DomésticoRESUMO
Chlamydia abortus produces ovine enzootic abortion (OEA). Symptoms are not observed until the organism colonises the placenta, eventually causing abortion. Infected animals become carriers and will shed the organism in the following oestruses. This process suggests that sex hormones might play an important role in the physiopathology of OEA, affecting the success of chlamydial clearance and also jeopardising the effectiveness of vaccination. However, the mechanisms through which sex hormones are involved in chlamydial pathogenicity remain unclear. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of progesterone on the immune response against C. abortus and on the protection conferred by an experimental inactivated vaccine in sheep. Eighteen sheep were ovariectomised and divided into four groups: vaccinated and progesterone-treated (V-PG), vaccinated and non-treated (V-NT), non-vaccinated and non-treated (NV-NT) and non-vaccinated and progesterone-treated sheep (NV-PG). Animals from both PG groups were treated with commercial medroxyprogesterone acetate impregnated intravaginal sponges before and during the vaccination (V-PG) or just before challenge (NV-PG). The animals from both V groups were subcutaneously immunised with an experimental inactivated vaccine, which was seen to confer high protection in previous studies. All sheep were challenged intratracheally with C. abortus strain AB7 and were sacrificed on day 8 post-infection. Morbidity was measured as the variation in rectal temperature and samples of sera were collected for antibody and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-10) analysis by commercial ELISA. In addition, lung and lymph node samples were collected for chlamydial detection by qPCR and for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Sheep from the V-PG group showed less severe or no lesions and lower morbidity than the other groups. They also had the highest abundance of regulatory T-cells. The sheep from V-NT also manifested high antibody levels against C. abortus and less severe lesions than those observed in non-vaccinated sheep, which showed high morbidity, low antibody levels and severe lesions, especially in NV-NT. These results confirm the effectiveness of the experimental vaccine employed and suggest that progesterone could enhance the effect.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Imunidade Humoral , Progesterona/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Chlamydia/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Neospora caninum infection of cattle can be vertically transmitted, resulting in abortion or birth of infected calves. Vertical transmission occurs both in acutely or chronically infected cattle. There is little information on the immune response needed to prevent endogenous transplacental transmission, particularly from chronically infected cattle to their offspring in a natural environment. In this study, N. caninum seropositive pregnant cattle from three different farms with high avidity antibodies and low IgM titers were selected and their newborn colostrum-deprived calves were tested for anti-N. caninum antibodies. Based on these results, dams were grouped according to their congenital transmission status. The analysis of the immune profile of the chronically-infected pregnant cattle revealed that higher ratio between IgG1 and IgG2 anti-N. caninum serum titers and higher levels of systemic IFN-γ were associated with diminished vertical transmission rates, compared to dams with the opposite profile. Our results evidenced an association between the immune profile and vertical transmission in non-aborting chronically infected dams, and confirm that vertical transmission, even when not leading to abortion, is related to a defined immune profile. This is important information to accomplish successful vaccine development efforts.
Assuntos
Coccidiose/imunologia , Coccidiose/transmissão , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Interferon gama/sangue , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Indústria de Laticínios , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Masculino , Neospora , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/veterináriaRESUMO
In the mare, early pregnancy loss is common, but involvement of the maternal immune system in the pathogenesis of this condition has not been investigated in detail so far. In the present study, we assessed effects of exposure of the endometrium to semen or seminal plasma in oestrous mares on the response of regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) in the peripheral circulation as well as in the endometrium. Raw semen, seminal plasma or PBS (control) were introduced into the uterus of oestrous mares (nâ¯=â¯12). Blood was collected immediately before insemination or PBS infusion (time 0), and 12, 24 and 48â¯h thereafter. Endometrial biopsies were collected at 24â¯h. In peripheral blood, Treg (CD4+Foxp3+) cells were determined by flow cytometry. In endometrial biopsies, Tregs were assessed as cells staining positive for Foxp3 by immunohistochemistry. The percentage of Tregs in blood decreased (pâ¯<â¯0.05) at 12â¯h after exposure to seminal plasma, tended to decrease in response to raw semen (pâ¯=â¯0.095) but not to PBS. Leukocyte and PMN counts were not affected. In the endometrium, numbers of Foxp3 positive cells at 24â¯h after insemination or PBS infusion were not changed by treatment. Results of the present study provide only little evidence that maternal tolerance of pregnancy in the horse is modulated already by exposure of the oestrous endometrium to seminal plasma at mating.
Assuntos
Endométrio/imunologia , Estro , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Sêmen/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Útero/imunologia , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/análise , Cavalos , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Inseminação Artificial/métodos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Gravidez , Sêmen/fisiologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The live, temperature-attenuated vaccine strain 1B of Chlamydia abortus, the aetiological agent of ovine enzootic abortion (OEA), has been implicated in cases of vaccine breakdown. The aim of this study was to understand the nature of this attenuation through sequencing of the vaccine parent strain (AB7) and the derived mutant strains 1B and 1H, as well as to clarify the role of the vaccine strain in causing disease through comparative whole genome analysis. METHODS: Whole genome sequencing was performed on: vaccine parent strain AB7; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG)-induced temperature attenuated mutant strain 1B grown from the commercial live vaccines Cevac Chlamydia and Enzovax; strain 1H a reverted NTG mutant; and 5 strains isolated from cases of OEA originating from animals from the original vaccine safety trial (2 strains) or from vaccinated ewes or ewes exposed to vaccinated animals (3 strains). RESULTS: We confirmed that AB7 is in a different lineage from the reference strain S26/3. The genome of vaccine strain 1B contains ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) created by the NTG treatment, which are identical to those found in strain 1H. The strains from OEA cases also cluster phylogenetically very tightly with these vaccine strains. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that C. abortus vaccine strain 1B has an identical genome sequence to the non-attenuated "reverted mutant" strain 1H. Thus, the protection of the 1B vaccine is unlikely to be due to the NTG induced SNPs and is more likely caused by the administration of high doses of C. abortus elementary bodies that stimulate protective immunity. Vaccine-identical strains were also isolated from cases of disease, as well as strains which had acquired 1-3 SNPs, including an animal that had not been vaccinated with either of the commercial live OEA vaccines, indicating that the 1B vaccine strain may be circulating and causing disease.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/genética , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Chlamydia/efeitos dos fármacos , Genoma Bacteriano , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Vacinas Bacterianas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Chlamydia/classificação , Chlamydia/genética , Chlamydia/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Feminino , Metilnitronitrosoguanidina/farmacologia , Mutagênicos/farmacologia , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Gravidez , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Vacinas Atenuadas , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
The neonatal period represents a window of susceptibility for ruminants given the abundance of infectious challenges in their environment. Maternal transfer of immunity does not occur in utero but post-parturition, however this does not compensate for potential deficits in the cellular compartment. Here we present a cellular and transcriptomic study to investigate if there is an age-related difference in the monocyte response in cattle during intra-cellular protozoan infection. We utilized Neospora caninum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes abortion and negative economic impacts in cattle worldwide, to study these responses. We found neonatal animals had a significant greater percentage of CD14+ monocytes with higher CD80 cell surface expression. Adult monocytes harbored more parasites compared to neonatal monocytes; additionally greater secretion of IL-1ß was observed in neonates. Microarray analysis revealed neonates have 535 genes significantly upregulated compared to adult with 23 upregulated genes. Biological pathways involved in immune response were evaluated and both age groups showed changes in the upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein and JAK-STAT cascade pathways. However, the extent to which these pathways were upregulated in neonates was much greater. Our findings suggest that neonates are more resistant to cellular invasion with protozoan parasites and that the magnitude of the responses is related to significant changes in the JAK-STAT network.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Coccidiose/imunologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Neospora/imunologia , Aborto Séptico/imunologia , Aborto Séptico/parasitologia , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/parasitologia , Fatores Etários , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Feminino , Janus Quinases/metabolismo , Masculino , Monócitos/metabolismo , Monócitos/parasitologia , Neospora/patogenicidade , Gravidez , Fatores de Transcrição STAT/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/imunologiaRESUMO
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite with a preference for cattle and dogs as hosts. When N. caninum infection occurs in cattle it induces abortion, bovine neosporosis being a main cause of abortion worldwide. In dairy cattle, the economic burden of neosporosis-associated abortion is so great that it might results in closure of a farm. However, not all infected cows abort and it is not yet understood why this occurs. At present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. This review provides insights on how immune response against the parasite determines protection or contribution to abortion. Aspects on markers of risk of abortion are also discussed. Humoral immune responses are not protective against N. caninum but seropositivity and antibody level can be good markers for a diagnosis of bovine neosporosis and its associated abortion risk. In addition, humoral mechanisms against N. caninum infection and abortion differ in pure-breed and cross-breed pregnant dairy and beef cattle. Concentrations of Pregnancy Associated glycoprotein -2 (PAG-2) can also be used to predict abortion. A partially protective immune response encompasses increased IFN-γ expression, which has to be counterbalanced by other cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-10, especially towards the end of pregnancy. Although IFN-γ is required to limit parasite proliferation a critical threshold of the IFN-γ response is also required to limit adverse effects on pregnancy. In clinical terms, it may be stated that IFN-γ production and cross-breed pregnancy can protect Neospora-infected dairy cows against abortion.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Coccidiose/imunologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Neospora/imunologia , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/imunologia , Aborto Induzido/veterinária , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/parasitologia , Imunidade Adaptativa , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/sangue , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/imunologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/diagnóstico , Coccidiose/prevenção & controle , Citocinas/metabolismo , Cães , Feminino , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Neospora/patogenicidade , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/parasitologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of farm-level and animal-level factors on the seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and associations between seropositivity and reproductive outcomes. METHODS: A questionnaire for a cross-sectional survey was posted to the 63 properties with a herd size ≥50 beef breeding cows that had participated in a previous seroprevalence study. Correspondence analysis, which does not appear to have been used previously in any Australian studies of livestock diseases, was used in conjunction with logistic regression to analyse the data. RESULTS: Geographic factors that increased the risk of seropositivity included higher rainfall North Coast location. Herd management factors that increased the risk of seropositivity included the use of Bos indicus genetics, cross-breeding and running several breeds in the one herd. Using fox control measures was found to be protective against infection with N. caninum. The risk of abortion was 12-fold greater in individual animals that were seropositive for N. caninum. Within a herd, the calving rate was 10.4% lower in herds with one or more N. caninum-positive animals (P = 0.03), but the difference in abortion rate was not significant between seropositive and seronegative herds (0.3% higher, P > 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed previous observations of increased risks for N. caninum seropositivity with being located in the coastal subtropics, some styles of herd management and canid exposure. In addition, it suggested that cross-breeding and proximity to an urban area may increase the risk, and that having pet dogs may reduce the risk of seropositivity.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Bovinos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Neospora/imunologia , Aborto Espontâneo/imunologia , Aborto Espontâneo/parasitologia , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/parasitologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Bovinos/genética , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Clima , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/imunologia , Estudos Transversais , Cães , Feminino , Raposas , Modelos Logísticos , New South Wales/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Tritrichomonas foetus is a sexually transmitted reproductive pathogen of cattle that causes transient infertility, early embryonic death, metritis, pyometra, and sporadic abortions. The objective of this research was to assess the impact on reproductive health of vaccinating naïve heifers with a killed T. foetus vaccine (TrichGuard) before experimental exposure followed by breeding. A total of 40 beef heifers were randomly assigned into two treatment groups. Heifers where then vaccinated with two doses of TrichGuard or sham vaccinated with 0.9% sterile saline according to their respective groups. Sixty days following vaccination or sham vaccination, heifers were intravaginally inoculated with 2 × 106 organisms of a cloned isolate of T. foetus of bovine origin (CDTf-4) during synchronized estrus. Three days following inoculation of T. foetus, bulls free of T. foetus were introduced for natural breeding. Three bulls were maintained with the 40 heifers (20 vaccinated; 20 sham vaccinated) for a 49-day breeding season. Cervical mucous samples were obtained from each heifer at Day 0 and at 29 additional time points throughout the study for T. foetus culture. Pregnancy assessments were performed routinely by using transrectal palpation and ultrasonography. Pregnancies were detected in 19/20 (95%) vaccinated heifers and 14/20 (70%) sham-vaccinated heifers (P = 0.046). Only 4/20 (20%) of the sham-vaccinated heifers gave birth to a live calf compared with 10/20 (50%) of the vaccinated heifers (P = 0.048). Thus, embryonic or fetal loss was detected in 9/19 (47%) vaccinated heifers and 10/14 (71%) sham-vaccinated heifers (P = 0.153). The interval of time between inoculations with T. foetus and conceptions of pregnancies that were maintained until birth did not differ significantly between groups (vaccinated = 18.7 days; sham-vaccinated = 17.3 days; P = 0.716). The infectious challenge in this study proved to be very rigorous as a positive culture was detected from all heifers. The culture-positive results on the last culture day did not differ significantly (P = 0.115) between vaccinated heifers (63.9 days) and sham-vaccinated heifers (79.2 days). All uterine culture samples collected from the 26 nonpregnant heifers on Day 207 postinoculation did not result in the detection of T. foetus. These findings indicate that the killed, whole cell vaccine used in this study (TrichGuard) was effective in improving reproductive health evidenced by significantly reducing losses associated with T. foetus infections.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Bovinos/parasitologia , Fertilidade , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Protozoárias/imunologia , Tritrichomonas foetus/imunologia , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/parasitologia , Animais , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Feminino , Masculino , Gravidez , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/imunologia , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to compare reproductive protection in cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) provided by annual revaccination with multivalent modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine or multivalent combination viral (CV) vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live BoHV-1 and killed BVDV when MLV vaccines were given pre-breeding to nulliparous heifers. Seventy-five beef heifers were allocated into treatment groups A (n=30; two MLV doses pre-breeding, annual revaccination with MLV vaccine), B (n=30; two MLV doses pre-breeding, annual revaccination with CV vaccine) and C (n=15; saline in lieu of vaccine). Heifers were administered treatments on days 0 (weaning), 183 (pre-breeding), 366 (first gestation), and 738 (second gestation). After first calving, primiparous cows were bred, with pregnancy assessment on day 715. At that time, 24 group A heifers (23 pregnancies), 23 group B heifers (22 pregnancies), and 15 group C heifers (15 pregnancies) were commingled with six persistently infected (PI) cattle for 16days. Ninety-nine days after PI removal, cows were intravenously inoculated with BoHV-1. All fetuses and live offspring were assessed for BVDV and BoHV-1. Abortions occurred in 3/23 group A cows, 1/22 group B cows, and 11/15 group C cows. Fetal infection with BVDV or BoHV-1 occurred in 4/23 group A offspring, 0/22 group B offspring, and 15/15 group C offspring. This research demonstrates efficacy of administering two pre-breeding doses of MLV vaccine with annual revaccination using CV vaccine to prevent fetal loss due to exposure to BVDV and BoHV-1.
Assuntos
Aborto Espontâneo/prevenção & controle , Aborto Animal/prevenção & controle , Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/prevenção & controle , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/prevenção & controle , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Aborto Espontâneo/imunologia , Aborto Espontâneo/virologia , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/virologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/imunologia , Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/virologia , Bovinos , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 1/imunologia , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 1/patogenicidade , Feminino , Feto , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/patogenicidade , Imunização Secundária , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/imunologia , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/virologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/imunologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Vacinas Atenuadas , Vacinas Combinadas , Vacinas de Produtos InativadosRESUMO
Epizootic bovine abortion (EBA), or "foothill abortion," is the leading cause of beef cattle abortion in California and has also been reported in Nevada and Oregon. In the 1970s, the soft-shelled tick Ornithodoros coriaceus, or "pajaroello tick," was confirmed as the disease-transmitting vector. In 2005, a novel Deltaproteobacterium was discovered as the etiologic agent of EBA (aoEBA), recently named Pajaroellobacter abortibovis This organism cannot be grown in culture using traditional microbiological techniques; it can only be grown in experimentally-infected severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The objectives of this study were to perform a de novo genome assembly for P. abortibovis and identify and validate potential antigenic proteins as candidates for future recombinant vaccine development. DNA and RNA were extracted from spleen tissue collected from experimentally-infected SCID mice following exposure to P. abortibovis This combination of mouse and bacterial DNA was sequenced and aligned to the mouse genome. Mouse sequences were subtracted from the sequence pool and the remaining sequences were de novo assembled at 50x coverage into a 1.82 Mbp complete closed circular Deltaproteobacterial genome containing 2250 putative protein-coding sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of P. abortibovis predicts that this bacterium is most closely related to the organisms of the order Myxococcales, referred to as Myxobacteria. In silico prediction of vaccine candidates was performed using a reverse vaccinology approach resulting in the identification and ranking of the top 10 candidate proteins that are likely to be antigenic. Immunologic testing of these candidate proteins confirmed antigenicity of seven of the nine expressed protein candidates using serum from P. abortibovis immunized mice.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/genética , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/genética , Myxococcales/genética , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/prevenção & controle , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , California , Bovinos , Deltaproteobacteria/genética , Deltaproteobacteria/imunologia , Deltaproteobacteria/patogenicidade , Feminino , Genoma Bacteriano , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID/imunologia , Camundongos SCID/microbiologia , Myxococcales/imunologia , Filogenia , Gravidez , VacinaçãoRESUMO
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Foals of mares infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki (Lk) may be aborted/stillborn or delivered as healthy foals. Is fetal survival explained in part by the immune response of the fetus to Leptospira antigens? OBJECTIVES: To describe an outbreak of Leptospira abortion in which infected mares delivered dead/sick or normal foals and determine specificities of antibody in a collection of 54 fetuses from similar outbreaks. STUDY DESIGN: Outbreak investigation in combination with a case-control study of a larger set of samples from aborted fetuses. METHODS: Serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on urine and amniotic fluids were used to diagnose infection during an outbreak of Leptospira abortion. Specificities of immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgGa and IgGb for recombinant proteins of Lk in archived fluids of fetuses from similar outbreaks were compared by ELISA with those of fluids of fetuses not infected with Leptospira spp. RESULTS: Five fetuses of 11 infected mares in an outbreak survived in utero in the presence of persistent placental infection and were healthy at foaling. Fetuses of 6 mares in the outbreak were aborted or died soon after birth. Significantly greater (P<0.05) IgM reactivity with all recombinant proteins and with Lk sonicate was observed in 54 archived fluids from Leptospira infected fetuses than in fluids of 30 of non-Leptospira infected fetuses. Low levels of IgGa and IgGb specific for LipL32 and Lk sonicate and traces of LigA and Hsp15 specific IgGa were detected in a minority of archived fluids from Leptospira infected fetuses. CONCLUSION: Although mainly mediated by IgM, a high level of immune competence in aborted fetuses was evidenced by the multiplicity of Leptospira proteins targeted. This is likely to contribute to survival of foals in mares with evidence of placental infection at foaling as detailed in a typical outbreak.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/microbiologia , Imunoglobulina M/isolamento & purificação , Leptospira interrogans/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/veterinária , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/veterinária , Feto Abortado/imunologia , Feto Abortado/microbiologia , Aborto Animal/epidemiologia , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Feminino , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos , Kentucky/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/imunologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologiaRESUMO
Chlamydia abortus is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is an important cause of ovine abortion worldwide. There are reports of abortions in cattle, but these are very rare compared to the reported incidence in sheep. The bacterium is transmitted oro-nasally and can establish a sub-clinical infection until pregnancy, when it can invade the placenta and induce an inflammatory cascade leading to placentitis and abortion. Early host-pathogen interactions could explain differential pathogenesis and subsequent disease outcome in ruminant species. In this study, we assessed the ability of sheep and cattle oro-nasal turbinate cells to sense and respond to C. abortus infection. The cells expressed toll like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) mRNA. In response to C. abortus infection, both ovine and bovine turbinate cells produce CXCL8 mRNA and protein late in the bacterial developmental cycle, but do not produce IL-1ß or TNF-α. The UV-inactivated bacteria did not elicit a CXCL8 response, suggesting that intracellular multiplication of the bacteria is important for activating the signalling pathways. The production of innate immune cytokines from cattle and sheep turbinate cells in response to C. abortus infection was found to be largely similar.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Interleucina-8/biossíntese , Ovinos/imunologia , Aborto Animal/genética , Animais , Bovinos , Células Cultivadas , Infecções por Chlamydia/genética , Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/genética , Feminino , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Interleucina-8/genética , Gravidez , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/biossíntese , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/genética , Doenças dos Ovinos , Carneiro Doméstico , Especificidade da Espécie , Conchas Nasais/citologia , Conchas Nasais/imunologiaRESUMO
The use of live vaccine strain RB51 for vaccination of domestic water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) at risk of infection with Brucella abortus is permitted notwithstanding the plans for the eradication and only under strict veterinary control. The antibodies induced by RB51 vaccination are not detectable using conventional diagnostic techniques; therefore, it is necessary to have a specific diagnostic tool able to discriminate vaccinated from unvaccinated animals. The combination of a complement fixation test (CFT) with specific RB51 antigen (RB51-CFT) and a brucellin skin test has been demonstrated to be a reliable diagnostic system to identify single cattle (Bos taurus) vaccinated with RB51. So far, no data are available in the international scientific literature regarding the use of this test association in water buffalo. For this reason the suitability of this test combination has been evaluated in a water buffalo herd. One hundred twenty-seven animals farmed in a herd of Salerno province (Campania, Southern Italy), in the context of a presumptive unauthorized use of RB51 vaccine were chosen for this study. All tested animals resulted negative to Rose Bengal test (RBT) and complement fixation test (CFT) used for the detection of specific antibodies against Brucella field strains. Seventy-one animals (56%) developed RB51 antigen-specific CFT (RB51-CFT) antibodies against RB51 vaccine in a first sampling, while 104 animals (82%) gave positive result to a second serum sampling conducted 11 days after the intradermal inoculation of the RB51 brucellin. One hundred and seven animals (84%) showed a positive reaction to the RB51-CFT in at least 1 sampling, while 111 animals (87%) resulted positive to the RB51 brucellin skin test. Thus, analysing the results of the 3 testing in parallel, 119 animals (94%) were positive to at least 1 of the performed tests. The results suggest that the use in parallel of the RB51 brucellin skin test with RB51-CFT may represent a reliable diagnostic system to identify water buffaloes vaccinated with RB51 vaccine.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/sangue , Aborto Animal/prevenção & controle , Vacina contra Brucelose , Brucella abortus/imunologia , Búfalos , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Antígenos de Bactérias , Brucella abortus/classificação , Feminino , Testes CutâneosRESUMO
Although modified-live multivalent vaccines, such as PregGuard GOLD and Bovi-Shield Gold, have been used routinely in both beef and dairy cattle in the US, abortion and respiratory diseases still occasionally occur following vaccination. To determine whether the antibody induced by the multivalent vaccine can recognize BHV-1 isolates from aborted animals, BHV-1 antibody titer was evaluated with two isolates from abortion cases and two vaccine BHV-1 viruses. Cattle serum was collected from a dairy herd that was vaccinated annually with Bovi-Shield Gold 5 vaccine. Among the 28 cattle tested, no statistical significant difference in serum neutralization titer was observed when test virus was either vaccine virus or clinical isolates. It suggests that the BHV-1 antibody from the vaccinated cattle can recognize both the vaccine virus and clinical isolates. However, it is noticed that cows at 5 years old or older had a significantly lower BHV-1 antibody titer on average than the average of SN titer in 3 year-old cows. Similarly, cows at 5 years or older had a significantly lower BVDV antibody titer than cows at about 2 years of age. In addition, cattle vaccinated within 0-2 months had a significantly higher BHV-1 titer than those that received vaccination 6 months or greater prior to titer measurement. In contrast, cattle that received a vaccination 6 months prior had a significantly higher anti-BVDV antibody titer than those vaccinated within 1-2 months. The BVDV antibody titers remained relatively unchanged between 6 months and 1 year post-vaccination. Our study suggests little antigenic variation exists between BHV-1 disease isolates and BHV-1 of the multivalent vaccines. In addition, BHV-1 antibody titer is relatively lower at 6 months post vaccination in those tested animals. However, the BVDV antibody titer remained relatively high after 6 months from time of vaccination.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Bovinos , Feminino , Infecções por Herpesviridae/prevenção & controle , Testes de Neutralização/veterinária , Gravidez , Fatores de Tempo , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
PROBLEM: Complement factor 5a (C5a), a potent pro-inflammatory mediator of the complement system, has been implicated in fetal rejection throughout gestation, from miscarriage to preterm birth. This study aimed to investigate the role of the principal C5a receptor, C5aR1 (CD88), in both miscarriage and preterm birth, in a bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) murine model. METHOD OF STUDY: Wild-type and C5ar1 knockout mice were administered LPS at 9.5 or 15.5 days post-conception to induce miscarriage or preterm birth, respectively. RESULTS: C5ar1 knockout mice were protected against miscarriage in response to administration of LPS in early gestation. However, the absence of C5aR1 had no effect on the rates of preterm birth when LPS was administered in late gestation. CONCLUSION: There may be a gestational window in which excessive activation of C5a can exert deleterious effects in pregnancy. Future strategies targeting the C5a-C5aR1 signaling axis should be considered to ameliorate miscarriages in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss.