Association of acetaminophen use with perinatal outcomes among pregnant women: a retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching.

BACKGROUND: Although acetaminophen is widely used in women during pregnancy, its safety has not been clearly stated. The study aimed to investigate the association between acetaminophen use and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women in China. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study by collecting data on pregnant women who delivered in the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from January 2018 to September 2023. An acetaminophen use group and a control group were formed based on prenatal exposure to acetaminophen. The pregnancy outcomes that we focused on were stillbirth, miscarriage, preterm birth, APGAR score, birth weight, and congenital disabilities. Pregnant women exposed to acetaminophen were matched to unexposed in a 1:1 ratio with propensity score matching, using the greedy matching macro. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Multivariable logistics regression was used to assess the association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 41,440 pregnant women were included, of whom 501 were exposed to acetaminophen during pregnancy, and 40,939 were not exposed. After the propensity score matching, the acetaminophen use and control groups consisted of 501 pregnant women each. The primary analysis showed that acetaminophen exposure during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth (adjusted OR (aOR) = 2.29, 95% CI, 1.19-4.43), APGAR score < 7 at 1 min (aOR = 3.28, 95% CI, 1.73-6.21), APGAR score < 7 at 5 min (aOR = 3.54, 95% CI, 1.74-7.20), APGAR score < 7 at 10 min (aOR = 3.18, 95% CI, 1.58-6.41), and high birth weight (HBW) (aOR = 1.75, 95% CI, 1.05-2.92). Drug exposure during the first and second trimesters increased the odds of stillbirth, miscarriage, APGAR < 7, and the occurrence of at least one adverse pregnancy outcome. In addition, the frequency of drug use more than two times was associated with a higher risk of preterm birth and APGAR score < 7. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to acetaminophen during pregnancy was significantly associated with the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly exposure in the first and second trimesters and frequency of use more than twice. It is suggested that acetaminophen should be prescribed with caution in pregnant women.

Pregnancy and fetal outcomes following paternal exposure to glatiramer acetate.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine pregnancy and fetal outcomes following paternal exposure to glatiramer acetate (GA). METHODS: Pregnancy reports of paternal GA-exposure at time of conception from 2001 to 2022 were extracted from Teva Global Pharmacovigilance database. Pregnancy reports obtained prior to (prospective) or after (retrospective) knowledge of the pregnancy outcome were included. The primary endpoint was major congenital malformation (MCM) in the offspring according to the US Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) and European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies and Twins (EUROCAT) classification. Other pregnancy and fetal outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, pregnancy termination, fetal death, preterm birth, and low birth weight, were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 466 paternal GA-exposed pregnancies were retrieved, 232 prospective cases and 234 retrospective cases. Of 349 (74.9%) pregnancies with known outcomes, 316 (90.5%) were live births, 28 (8.0%) were spontaneous abortions, 3 (0.9%) were elective pregnancy terminations, and 2 (0.6%) were stillbirths. In prospective live birth cases, there were 7/111 (6.3%) preterm births and 5/115 (4.3%) neonates with a low birth weight. The prevalence of total MCM among prospective cases was 1.7% (2 cases of 116 live births and fetal death/stillbirth), which is slightly lower than the background rates from MACDP (3%) and EUROCAT (2.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study did not indicate an increase in the rate of adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes after paternal exposure to GA. These results provide additional information regarding pregnancy outcomes following paternal exposure to GA for healthcare professionals, male patients and their female partners who are considering pregnancy while their male partner is using GA.

This research aimed to look at how pregnancies and babies were affected when fathers with multiple sclerosis have been prescribed and taken the medication, glatiramer acetate (GA). Researchers looked at reports of pregnancies where the father had taken GA around the time of conception, from 2001 to 2022. They got this information from the Teva Global Pharmacovigilance database. They included reports where the pregnancy was known about either before (prospective) or after (retrospective) the outcome was known. They looked at outcomes like major birth defects, miscarriages, pregnancy terminations, fetal deaths, premature births, and low birth weight. The study found a total of 466 pregnancies where the father had taken GA. Of these pregnancies, the final outcome of pregnancy was found for 349 pregnancies. Most of these pregnancies (90.5%) resulted in live births, 8.0% ended in miscarriage, 0.9% in termination, and 0.6% in stillbirth. Among prospective live births, 6.3% were premature, and 4.3% had low birth weight. The amount of major birth defects was 1.7%, which was slightly lower than usual. The study did not suggest that exposure of the father to GA negatively affects the pregnancy or the baby. These findings can help healthcare providers, male patients taking GA, and their partners who are thinking about pregnancy while the male partner is taking GA.

A preliminary understanding of the relationship between synthetic phenolic antioxidants and early pregnancy loss: Uncovering the potential molecular mechanisms.

Mounting evidence suggests that environmental pollutants may affect reproductive health, potentially leading to adverse outcomes like pregnancy loss. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) correlates with early pregnancy loss (EPL). This study explores SPA exposure's link to EPL and its potential molecular mechanisms. From 2021 to 2022, 265 early pregnant women (136 serum and 129 villus samples) with and without EPL were enrolled. We quantified 17 SPAs in serum and chorionic villus, with AO1010, AO3114, BHT, AO2246, and BHT-Q frequently being detected, suggesting their ability to cross the placental barrier. AO1135 showed a positive relationship with EPL in sera, indicating a significant monotonic dose-response relationship (p-trend <0.001). BHT-Q exhibited a similar relationship with EPL in villi. Inhibitory effects of BHT-Q on estradiol (E2) were observed. Molecular docking revealed SPA-protein interactions involved in E2 synthesis. SPA-induced EPL might occur with specific serum levels of AO1135 and certain villus levels of AO1010, BHT-Q, and AO2246. BHT-Q emerges as a potential biomarker for assessing EPL risk. This study provides insights into understanding of the exposure to SPAs and potential adverse outcomes in pregnant women.

Environmental copper exposure, placental cuproptosis, and miscarriage.

Copper pollution has become global environmental concern. Widespread Cu pollution results in excessive Cu exposure in human. Epidemiological studies and animal experiments revealed that Cu exposure might have reproductive toxicity. Cuproptosis is a newly reported Cu-dependent and programmed cell death formTsvetkov et al., 2022. However, whether copper exposure at real environmental exposure dose might cause placental cuproptosis and induce miscarriage was completely unexplored. In this study, we found that Cu exposure during pregnancy induced miscarriage or complete pregnancy loss by inducing placenta cuproptosis in CuCl2-exposed pregnant mice. Notably, Cu exposure at 1.3 mg/kg/d (a real environmental exposure dose) was enough to cause placenta cuproptosis. CuCl2 exposure disrupts the TCA cycle, causes proteotoxic stress, increases Cu2+ ion import/decreases Cu2+ export, and results in the loss of Fe-S cluster proteins in mouse placenta, which induces placenta cuproptosis. Moreover, we also identified that Cu exposure down-regulates the expression levels of mmu-miR-3473b, which interacts with Dlst or Rtel1 mRNA and simultaneously positively regulates Dlst or Rtel1 expression, thereby disrupting the TCA cycle and resulting in the loss of Fe-S cluster proteins, and thus epigenetically regulates placental cuproptosis. Treatment with TTM (a cuproptosis inhibitor) suppressed placental cuproptosis and alleviated miscarriage in CuCl2-exposed mice. This work provides novel reproductive toxicity of Cu exposure in miscarriage or complete pregnancy loss by causing placental cuproptosis. This study also provides new ways for further studies on other toxicological effects of Cu and proposes a new approach for protection against Cu-induced reproductive diseases.

Exposure to high dose of polystyrene nanoplastics causes trophoblast cell apoptosis and induces miscarriage.

BACKGROUND: With rapid increase in the global use of various plastics, microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) pollution and their adverse health effects have attracted global attention. MPs have been detected out in human body and both MPs and NPs showed female reproductive toxicological effects in animal models. Miscarriage (abnormal early embryo loss), accounting for 15-25% pregnant women worldwide, greatly harms human reproduction. However, the adverse effects of NPs on miscarriage have never been explored. RESULTS: In this study, we identified that polystyrene (PS) plastics particles were present in women villous tissues. Their levels were higher in villous tissues of unexplained recurrent miscarriage (RM) patients vs. healthy control (HC) group. Furthermore, mouse assays further confirmed that exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 50 nm in diameter, 50 or 100 mg/kg) indeed induced miscarriage. In mechanism, PS-NPs exposure (50, 100, 150, or 200 µg/mL) increased oxidative stress, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased apoptosis in human trophoblast cells by activating Bcl-2/Cleaved-caspase-2/Cleaved-caspase-3 signaling through mitochondrial pathway. The alteration in this signaling was consistent in placental tissues of PS-NPs-exposed mouse model and in villous tissues of unexplained RM patients. Supplement with Bcl-2 could efficiently suppress apoptosis in PS-NPs-exposed trophoblast cells and reduce apoptosis and alleviate miscarriage in PS-NPs-exposed pregnant mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to PS-NPs activated Bcl-2/Cleaved-caspase-2/Cleaved-caspase-3, leading to excessive apoptosis in human trophoblast cells and in mice placental tissues, further inducing miscarriage.

Pregnancy outcomes and birth defects in offspring following Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exposure during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is a high global prevalence of NSAIDs during pregnancy. However, current evidence is largely conflicting regarding the safety of gestational NSAIDs use both for the pregnancy and offspring health. The aim of this study is to systematically review the relationship between NSAIDs use during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and congenital abnormalities. Cohort studies and case control studies on congenital malformations, miscarriage and preterm birth in infants born to mothers who were exposed to NSAIDs during pregnancy were identified via PubMed, Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library databases and the Reprotox® database from inception to 26 March 2021, and updated on 6 April 2023. On the whole, compared with the unexposed group, infants exposed to NSAIDs during early pregnancy showed a 28% increased risk of overall congenital anomalies (OR 1.28, 95%CI 1.16-1.40), and 19% for major birth defects (OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.08-1.30). Contrary to previous beliefs, there appeared to be a trend towards a higher risk of miscarriage among women who were exposed to NSAIDs during pregnancy, but the association was not statistically significant (OR 1.20, 95%CI 0.93-1.55). According to our study findings, the use of NSAIDs by pregnant women has been linked to a higher risk of congenital anomalies and a negative impact on preterm birth. Therefore, we advise pregnant women to carefully consider the potential benefits and risks before using NSAIDs during pregnancy.

Association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion from a case-control study.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of single or mixed PAHs exposure on unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). This study aimed to investigate the association between monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and URSA in a case-control study. The results showed that 1-NAP, 2-NAP, 9-FLU, and 1-PYR were detected in 100% of the subjects among measured all sixteen OH-PAHs. Compared with those in the lowest quartiles, participants in the highest quartiles of 3-BAA were associated with a higher risk of URSA (OR (95%CI) = 3.56(1.28-9.85)). With each one-unit increase of ln-transformed 3-BAA, the odds of URSA increased by 41% (OR (95%CI) = 1.41(1.05-1.89)). Other OH-PAHs showed negative or non-significant associations with URSA. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp) analyses consistently identified 3-BAA as the major contributor to the mixture effect of OH-PAHs on URSA. Our findings suggest that exposure to 3-BAA may be a potential risk factor for URSA. However, further prospective studies are needed to validate our findings in the future.

Potential pathological mechanisms and pharmacological interventions for cadmium-induced miscarriage.

The prevalence of cadmium (Cd) contamination has emerged as a significant global concern. Exposure to Cd during pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive summaries on Cd-induced miscarriage. Therefore, it is imperative to further strengthen research into in vivo studies, clinical status, pathological mechanisms, and pharmacological interventions for Cd-induced miscarriage. This study systematically presents the current knowledge on animal models and clinical trials investigating Cd exposure-induced miscarriage. The underlying mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, and placental dysfunction caused by Cd-induced miscarriage are also extensively discussed. Additionally, potential drug interventions such as melatonin, vitamin C, and vitamin E are highlighted for their pharmacological role in mitigating adverse pregnancy outcomes induced by Cd.

The impact of air pollutants on spontaneous abortion: a case-control study in Tongchuan City.

OBJECTIVES: Studies related to air pollutants and spontaneous abortion in urban northwestern China are scarce, and the main exposure windows of pollutants acting on pregnant women are unclear. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: Data were collected from pregnant women in Tongchuan City from 2018 to 2019. A total of 289 cases of spontaneous abortion and 1156 cases of full-term labor were included and analyzed using a case-control study. Logistic regression models were developed to explore the relationship between air pollutants and spontaneous abortion after Chi square analysis and Air pollutant description. RESULTS: O3 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.028) is a risk factor for spontaneous abortion throughout pregnancy. PM2.5 (OR = 1.015), PM10 (OR = 1.010), SO2 (OR = 1.026), and NO2 (OR = 1.028) are risk factors for spontaneous abortion in the 30 days before the last menstrual period. PM2.5 (OR = 1.015), PM10 (OR = 1.013), SO2 (OR = 1.036), and NO2 (OR = 1.033) are risk factors for spontaneous abortion in the 30-60 days before the last menstrual period. PM2.5 (OR = 1.028), PM10 (OR = 1.013), SO2 (OR = 1.035), and NO2 (OR = 1.059) are risk factors for spontaneous abortion in the 60-90 days before the last menstrual period. CONCLUSION: Exposure to high levels of air pollutants may be a cause of increased risk of spontaneous abortion, especially in the first trimester of the last menstrual period.

Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollution and Respiratory Distress in Term Newborns: Results from the MIREC Prospective Pregnancy Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory distress is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse long-term respiratory outcomes; however, the impact of prenatal air pollution exposure on neonatal respiratory distress has not been well studied. OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between prenatal exposures to fine particular matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with respiratory distress and related neonatal outcomes. METHODS: We used data from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, a prospective pregnancy cohort (n=2,001) recruited in the first trimester from 10 Canadian cities. Prenatal exposures to PM2.5 (n=1,321) and NO2 (n=1,064) were estimated using land-use regression and satellite-derived models coupled with ground-level monitoring and linked to participants based on residential location at birth. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between air pollution and physician-diagnosed respiratory distress in term neonates in hierarchical logistic regression models adjusting for detailed maternal and infant covariates. RESULTS: Approximately 7% of newborns experienced respiratory distress. Neonates received clinical interventions including oxygen therapy (6%), assisted ventilation (2%), and systemic antibiotics (3%). Two percent received multiple interventions and 4% were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Median PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations during pregnancy were 8.81 µg/m3 and 18.02 ppb, respectively. Prenatal exposures to air pollution were not associated with physician-diagnosed respiratory distress, oxygen therapy, or NICU admissions. However, PM2.5 exposures were strongly associated with assisted ventilation (OR per 1-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5=1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.35), multiple clinical interventions (OR per 1-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5=1.16; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.26), and systemic antibiotics, (OR per 1-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5=1.12; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.21). These associations were consistent across exposure periods-that is, during prepregnancy, individual trimesters, and total pregnancy-and robust to model specification. NO2 exposure was associated with administration of systemic antibiotics (OR per 1-ppb increase in NO2=1.03; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.06). DISCUSSION: Prenatal exposures to PM2.5 increased the risk of severe respiratory distress among term newborns. These findings support the development and prioritization of public health and prenatal care strategies to increase awareness and minimize prenatal exposures to air pollution. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12880.

Association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Literature surrounding the association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and miscarriage is conflicting. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies among pregnant women regarding the association between exposure to antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage, compared with pregnant women not exposed to antidepressants. DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomised studies. DATA SOURCES: We searched Medline, Embase and PsychINFO up to 6 August 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND OUTCOMES: Case-control, cohort and cross-sectional study designs were selected if they compared individuals exposed to any antidepressant class during pregnancy to comparator groups of either no antidepressant use or an alternate antidepressant. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Effect estimates were extracted from selected studies and pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, and heterogeneity assessed using the I2 statistic. Subgroup analyses were used to explore antidepressant classes and the impact of confounding by indication. RESULTS: 1800 records were identified from the search, of which 29 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The total sample included 5 671 135 individuals. Antidepressant users initially appeared to have a higher risk of miscarriage compared with unexposed individuals from the general population (summary effect estimate: 1.24, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.31, I2=69.2%; number of studies (n)=29). However, the summary estimate decreased when comparing against unexposed individuals with maternal depression (1.16, 1.04 to 1.31; I2=58.6%; n=6), suggesting confounding by indication may be driving the association. 22 studies suffered from serious RoB, and only two of the 29 studies were deemed at moderate RoB. CONCLUSIONS: After accounting for maternal depression, there is little evidence of any association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and miscarriage. Instead, the results indicate the biasing impact of confounding by indication.

Impact of maternal first trimester treatment regimen on the outcome of valproate exposed pregnancies: an observational Embryotox cohort study.

Effects of valproate (VPA) dose and treatment discontinuation during the first trimester of pregnancy on the risks of spontaneous abortions (SAB) and major birth defects were analyzed. Pregnancies with first trimester VPA exposure (n = 484) prospectively recorded by the German Embryotox center in 1997-2016 were compared with a randomly selected, non-exposed cohort (n = 1446). The SAB risk was not significantly increased in the VPA cohort [HRadj 1.31 (95% CI 0.85-2.02)] but major birth defects were significantly more frequent [8.7% vs. 3.4%; ORadj 2.61 (95% CI 1.51-4.50)]. Risk was even higher in pregnancies with no VPA discontinuation in first trimester [ORadj 3.66 (95% CI 2.04-6.54)]. Significant ORs were found for nervous system defects in general [ORadj 5.69 (95% CI 1.73-18.78)], severe microcephaly [ORadj 6.65 (95% CI 1.17-37.68)], hypospadias [ORadj 19.49 (95% CI 1.80-211)] and urinary system defects [ORadj 6.51 (95% CI 1.48-28.67)]. VPA dose had a stronger effect than antiepileptic poly- versus monotherapy; for VPA dose ≥ 1500 mg/day the ORadj was 5.41 (95% CI 2.32-12.66)]. A daily dose increase of 100 mg was calculated to raise the risk for major birth defects by 15% [OR 1.15 (95% CI 1.08-1.23)]. Overall, maternal first trimester treatment regimen had a relevant impact on birth defect risk.

Final analysis of 379 pregnancy outcomes after exposure to dimethyl fumarate in a prospective international registry.

BACKGROUND: Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has a favorable benefit-risk profile treating people with multiple sclerosis and should be used in pregnant women only if the potential benefits outweigh potential risks to the fetus. OBJECTIVE: Assess pregnancy outcomes in a completed international registry (TecGistry) of women with MS exposed to DMF. METHODS: TecGistry included pregnant women with MS exposed to DMF, with data collected at enrollment, 6-7 months gestation, 4 weeks after estimated due date, and at postpartum weeks 4, 12, and 52. Outcomes included live births, gestational size, pregnancy loss, ectopic/molar pregnancies, birth defects, and infant/maternal death. RESULTS: Of 397 enrolled, median (range) age was 32 years (19-43). Median (range) gestational week at enrollment was 10 (0-39) and at first DMF exposure was 1 (0-13). Median (range) duration of gestational DMF exposure was 5 weeks (0-40). Fifteen (3.8%) spontaneous abortions occurred. Of 360 (89.1%) live births, 323 were full term and 37 were premature. One neonatal death and no maternal deaths occurred. Adjudicator-confirmed EUROCAT birth defects were found in 2.2%. CONCLUSION: DMF exposure during pregnancy did not adversely affect pregnancy outcomes; birth defects, preterm birth, and spontaneous abortion were in line with rates from the general population.

The risk of miscarriage after COVID-19 vaccination before and during pregnancy.

PURPOSE: Pregnant women are at higher risk of severe illness and adverse pregnancy outcomes due to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can be prevented by vaccination. Observational studies are needed to ascertain the safety of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. We aimed to determine whether COVID-19 vaccination before and during pregnancy is associated with the risk of miscarriage. METHODS: In this cohort study, we included 4640 pregnant women (mean age: 32.8 ± 3.7 years) from the Dutch Pregnancy Drug Register between February 2021 and August 2022. Information on COVID-19 vaccinations, miscarriage, and confounders was self-reported, using web-based questionnaires. The hazard ratio (HR) of miscarriage (in gestational weeks 6-20) after a COVID-19 vaccination, was estimated using the survival analyses. A COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy (≥1 COVID-19 vaccination between week 2 and 20 of pregnancy) was included as a time-dependent exposure and vaccination prior to pregnancy was included as a binary exposure. RESULTS: A total of 3202 pregnant women (69%) received ≥1 COVID-19 vaccine in gestational week 2-20. We observed no association of vaccination during pregnancy with the risk of miscarriage (adjusted HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.93-1.74). Vaccination prior to pregnancy, however, was associated with a decreased risk of miscarriage (adjusted HR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.48-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy is not associated with an increased risk of miscarriage in gestational weeks 6-20. This study adds to the growing body of evidence demonstrating the safety of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy.

Antiepileptic treatment with levetiracetam during the first trimester and pregnancy outcome: An observational study.

OBJECTIVE: Levetiracetam is increasingly used in pregnant women with epilepsy. Although teratogenic effects have not been observed so far, data on the risks of spontaneous abortion and major birth defects are still limited, especially for the frequently used dual therapy of levetiracetam and lamotrigine. Our primary aim was to analyze rates of major birth defects and spontaneous abortion after maternal levetiracetam treatment. METHODS: This was a cohort study based on pregnancies recorded by the Embryotox Center from 2000 to 2017. Outcomes of prospectively ascertained pregnancies with first trimester levetiracetam monotherapy (n = 221) were compared to pregnancies with lamotrigine monotherapy for epilepsy (n = 469). In addition, all pregnancies with levetiracetam (n = 364) exposure during the first trimester were analyzed in comparison to a nonexposed cohort (n = 729). Pregnancies with the most frequently used combination therapy comprising levetiracetam and lamotrigine (n = 80) were evaluated separately. RESULTS: There was no significantly increased risk of major birth defects or of spontaneous abortions after first trimester exposure to levetiracetam. Birth weight of male neonates was significantly lower after levetiracetam monotherapy compared to lamotrigine monotherapy. Dual therapy with levetiracetam and lamotrigine resulted in a significantly increased risk of spontaneous abortion (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43-6.33) and a nonsignificant effect estimate for major birth defects (7.7%, n = 5/65, adjusted odds ratio = 1.47, 95% CI = .48-4.47) compared to a nonexposed cohort. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study confirms the use of levetiracetam as a suitable antiepileptic drug in pregnancy. The lower birth weight of male neonates after maternal levetiracetam monotherapy and the unexpectedly high risk of spontaneous abortion and birth defects after dual therapy with levetiracetam and lamotrigine require further investigation.

How to account for early overly small risk sets in the analysis of pregnancy outcome data?-Comparison of different methods for stabilizing the Aalen-Johansen estimator.

PURPOSE: In analyzing pregnancy data concerning drug exposure in the first trimester, the risk of spontaneous abortions is of primary interest. For estimating the cumulative incidence function, the Aalen-Johansen estimator is typically used, and competing risks such as induced abortion and livebirth are considered. However, the delayed study entry can lead to overly small risk sets for the first events. This results in large jumps in the estimated cumulative incidence function of spontaneous abortions or induced abortions using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, and consequently in an overestimation of the probability. METHODS: Several approaches account for early overly small risk sets. The first approach is conditioning on the event time being greater than the event time causing the large jump. Second, the events can be ignored by censoring them. Third, the events can be postponed until a large enough number is at risk. These three approaches are compared. RESULTS: All approaches are applied using data of 54 lacosamide-exposed pregnancies. The Aalen-Johansen estimate of the probability of spontaneous abortion is 22.64%, which is relatively large for only three spontaneous abortions in the dataset. The conditional approach and the ignore approach have an estimated probability of 7.17%. In contrast, the estimate of the postpone approach is 16.45%. In this small sample, bootstrapped confidence intervals seem more accurate. CONCLUSIONS: In the analyses of pregnancy data with rare events, the postpone approach is favorable as no events are excluded. However, the approach that ignores early events has the narrowest confidence interval.

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Taking Isoniazid Preventive Therapy During the First Trimester.

BACKGROUND: Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is recommended for tuberculosis prevention yet data on the safety of first-trimester pregnancy exposure are limited. METHODS: Planned secondary analysis in a TB prevention trial of adverse pregnancy outcomes among participants assigned to 9-month IPT who became pregnant during (IPT-exposed) or after (unexposed) IPT. Regression models compared binary outcomes of a composite adverse outcome (any non-live birth, excluding induced abortion); preterm delivery <37 weeks; and low birth weight <2500 g) among exposure groups. Models were adjusted for latent TB infection, maternal age, CD4 count, and antiretroviral therapy (ART). RESULTS: In total, 128 participants had a known pregnancy outcome; 39 IPT-exposed and 89 unexposed. At pregnancy outcome, ART use was lower in IPT-exposed (79%) than unexposed women (98%). Overall, 29 pregnancies ended in a composite adverse outcome (25 spontaneous abortions, 2 stillbirths and 2 ectopic pregnancies), 15 preterm deliveries, and 10 infants with low birth weight. IPT was associated with the composite adverse outcome adjusting for covariates at enrollment (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15, 3.41), but the effect was attenuated when adjusted for covariates at pregnancy outcome (aRR 1.47; 95% CI .84, 2.55); IPT was not associated with preterm delivery (relative risk [RR] 0.87; 95% CI .32-2.42) or low birth weight (RR 1.01; 95% CI .29, 3.56). CONCLUSIONS: First-trimester IPT exposure was associated with nearly two-fold increased risk of fetal demise, mostly spontaneous abortion, though the association was attenuated when adjusted for covariates proximal to pregnancy outcome including ART use. Further study is needed to inform TB prevention guidelines.

Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a case series and systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents may occasionally need to be considered for sight-threatening macular pathology in pregnant and breastfeeding women. This is controversial due to the dearth of data on systemic side effects for mother and child. We aimed to expand the evidence base to inform management. METHODS: Retrospective case series of pregnant and breastfeeding women treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections at Oxford Eye Hospital between January 2015 and December 2022. In addition, we conducted a systematic review and combined eligible cases in a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: We treated six pregnant women with anti-VEGF for diabetic macular oedema(DMO) (n = 5) or choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) (n = 1). Four received ranibizumab whilst two (not known to be pregnant) received aflibercept. Patients known to be pregnant underwent counselling by an obstetric physician. Five pregnancies resulted in live births. Combining our cases with those previously published, treatment of 41 pregnant women (42 pregnancies) are reported. Indications for treatment included CNV (n = 28/41,68%), DMO (n = 7/41,17%) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (n = 6/41,15%). Bevacizumab (n = 22/41,54%) and ranibizumab (n = 17/41,41%) were given more frequently than aflibercept (n = 2/41,5%). Many (n = 16/41,40%) were unaware of their pregnancy when treated. Most pregnancies resulted in live births (n = 34/42,81%). First trimester miscarriages (n = 5/42,12%) and stillbirths (n = 3/42,7%) mostly occurred in women with significant risk factors. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections may not necessarily compromise obstetric outcomes, although clear associations cannot be drawn due to small numbers and confounders from high rates of first trimester miscarriages in general and inherently high-risk pregnancies. It may be worth considering routinely investigating pregnancy and breastfeeding status in women of childbearing age prior to each injection, as part of anti-VEGF treatment protocols.

Benzodiazepine Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage.

Importance: Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy has raised significant concerns due to the potential harmful effects of this drug class on neonates. Studies on the association between benzodiazepine use and the risk of miscarriage are limited. Objective: To quantify the risk of miscarriage associated with benzodiazepine use during pregnancy after controlling for unmeasured confounders and exposure time trends. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a nationwide, population-based case-time-control study using Taiwan's National Birth Certificate Application database and the National Health Insurance database. Pregnancies resulting in miscarriage between 2004 and 2018 were included in the case group and were 1:1 matched with exposure time-trend control individuals using disease risk score, considering demographic characteristics and prepregnancy comorbidities. Data were analyzed from August 2022 to March 2023. Exposures: Discordant exposures to benzodiazepines during risk period (1-28 days before miscarriage) and 2 reference periods (31-58 days and 181-208 days before the last menstrual period) were compared for each pregnancy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Miscarriage was defined as any pregnancy loss occurring between the first prenatal care visit (usually 8 weeks) and the 19th completed week of pregnancy. Results: This study comprised a total of 3 067 122 pregnancies among 1 957 601 women, 136 134 of which (4.4%) resulted in miscarriage. The mean (SD) age of the study population was 30.61 (5.91) years. The use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of miscarriage (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% CI, 1.52-1.87), and consistent findings were observed across multiple sensitivity analyses considering different time windows and accounting for misclassification. In subgroup analyses, an increased risk of miscarriage was associated with each commonly used individual benzodiazepine, ranging from case-time-control ORs of 1.39 (95% CI, 1.17-1.66) for alprazolam to 2.52 (95% CI, 1.89-3.36) for fludiazepam. Conclusions and Relevance: This nationwide case-time-control study revealed an increased risk of miscarriage associated with benzodiazepine use during pregnancy after accounting for measurable confounders, and results were unlikely to be due to unmeasured confounding. These findings underscore the necessity for health care professionals to meticulously balance the risk-benefit ratio when considering the use of benzodiazepines to treat psychiatric and sleep disorders during pregnancy.

Influence of maternal endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure on adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Maternal endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) exposure, the common environmental pollutants, was capable of involving in adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the evidence of their connection is not consistent. Our goal was to comprehensively explore the risk of EDCs related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. One hundred and one studies were included from two databases before 2023 to explore the association between EDCs and adverse pregnancy outcomes including miscarriage, small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB). We found that maternal PFASs exposure was positively correlated with PTB (OR:1.13, 95% CI:1.04-1.23), SGA (OR:1.10, 95% CI:1.04-1.16) and miscarriage (OR:1.09, 95% CI:1.00-1.19). The pooled estimates also showed maternal PAEs exposure was linked with PTB (OR:1.16, 95% CI:1.11-1.21), SGA (OR:1.20, 95% CI:1.07-1.35) and miscarriage (OR:1.55, 95% CI:1.33-1.81). In addition, maternal exposure to some specific class of EDCs including PFOS, MBP, MEHP, DEHP, and BPA was associated with PTB. Maternal exposure to PFOS, PFOA, PFHpA was associated with SGA. Maternal exposure to BPA was associated with LBW. Maternal exposure to MMP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, BPA was associated with miscarriage. Maternal PFASs, PAEs and BPA exposure may increase adverse pregnancy outcomes risk according to our study. However, the limited number of studies on dose-response hampered further explanation for causal association.