Adaptação cultural e validação da reason of using face masks cale para brasileiros / Adaptación cultural y validación de la reason of using face mask scale para brasileños / Cultural adaptation and validation of the reason of using face mask scale for brazilians

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar a tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da Reason of Using Face Mask Scale entre brasileiros. Métodos: estudo metodológico realizado entre abril e maio de 2020 mediante as seguintes etapas: tradução; síntese das traduções; retrotradução; comitê de juízes; pré-teste e avaliação das propriedades psicométricas. A coleta dos dados foi online a partir de mensagens enviadas por meio de mídias sociais. O questionário foi disponibilizado a partir de um link e os dados armazenados no Google Forms. Utilizou-se a Análise Fatorial Exploratória, testes de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin e de Esfericidade de Bartlett para constatar se a amostra era adequada e passível de fatoração. Resultados: a escala foi traduzida para o português, avaliada por cinco especialistas, pré-testada com 20 adultos e aplicada em 500 pessoas da população brasileira. O índice de validade de conteúdo para a escala como um todo foi de 0,92. Os valores de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (0,639) e teste de esfericidade de Bartlett (p=0,000) indicaram que os itens eram fatoráveis. A variância explicada foi de 62,18%. Na validade de construto por grupos distintos, obteve-se resultado satisfatório (p<0,05). Conclusão: a Versão Brasileira da escalafoi adaptada para a cultura brasileira, sendo válida para avaliar os motivos para o uso de máscaras entre brasileiros.

RESUMEN Objetivo: realizar la traducción, adaptación cultural y validación de la Reason ofUsingFaceMaskScale entre brasileños. Métodos: estudio metodológico realizado entre abril y mayo de 2020 a través de las siguientes etapas: traducción; síntesis de las traducciones; retrotraducción; evaluación por jueces; pretest y evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas. La recolección de datos se realizó online a partir de mensajes enviados a través de redes sociales. La encuesta se hizo disponible a partir de un enlace y los datos almacenados en Google Forms. Se utilizó el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio, pruebas de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin y de Esfericidad de Bartlett para determinar si la muestra era adecuada y susceptible a la factorización. Resultados: la escala fue traducida al portugués, evaluada por cinco especialistas, pre-testada con 20 adultos y aplicada en 500 personas de la población brasileña. El índice de validez del contenido para la escala como un todo fue de 0,92. Los valores de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (0,639) y test de esfericidad de Bartlett (p=0,000) indicaron que los ítems eran susceptibles a la factorización. La varianza explicada fue de 62,18%. En la validez de constructo por grupos distintos se obtuvo resultado satisfactorio (p<0,05). Conclusión: la Versión Brasileña de la escala fue adaptada para la cultura brasileña yes válida para evaluar los motivos para el uso de máscaras entre brasileños.

ABSTRACT Objective: to carry out the translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Reason of Using Face Mask Scale among Brazilians. Methods: methodological study conducted between April and May 2020 using the following steps: translation; synthesis of translations; back-translation; committee of judges; pre-test and evaluation of psychometric properties. Data collection took place online from messages sent through social media. The questionnaire was made available from a link and the data stored in Google Forms. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's Sphericity tests were used to check if the sample was adequate and factorable. Results: the scale was translated into Portuguese, evaluated by five experts, pre-tested with 20 adults and applied to 500 people from the Brazilian population. The content validity index for the scale as a whole was 0.92. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (0.639) and Bartlett's Sphericity test (p=0.000) values indicated that the items were factorable. The explained variance was 62.18%. In the construct validity for different groups, a satisfactory result was obtained (p<0.05). Conclusion: the Brazilian Version of the scale was adapted to the Brazilian culture and is valid to evaluate the reasons for the use of masks among Brazilians.

Perioperative nurses' experiences of caring for donation after cardiac death organ donors and their family within the operating room.

Background: Worldwide, operating rooms have seen the re-emergence of donation after cardiac death organ donors to increase the number of available organs. There is limited information on the issues perioperative nurses encounter when caring for donor patients after cardiac death who proceed to organ procurement surgery. Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to report a subset of findings derived from a larger study highlighting the difficulties experienced by perioperative nurses when encountering donation after cardiac death organ donors and their family within the operating room during organ procurement surgery from an Australian perspective. Methods: A qualitative grounded theory method was used to explore perioperative nurses' (n = 35) experiences of participating in multi-organ procurement surgery. Results: This paper reports a subset of findings of the perioperative nurses' experiences directly related to donation after cardiac death procedures drawn from a larger grounded theory study. Participants revealed four aspects conceptualised as: 'witnessing the death of the donation after cardiac death donor'; 'exposure to family'; 'witnessing family grief' and 'stepping into the family's role by default'. Conclusion: Perioperative nurses' experiences with donation after cardiac death procedures are complex, challenging and demanding. Targeted support, education and training will enhance the perioperative nurses' capabilities and experiences of caring for the donation after cardiac death donor and their family with the operating room context.

Relación entre afrontamiento y problemas externalizados e internalizados en hermanos de niños con autismo / Relation between coping and externalized and internalized problems in siblings of children with autism

Introducción: El trastorno del espectro autista es un problema del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por la presencia de dificultades en la comunicación social e interacción y en el comportamiento, el cual suele ser estereotipado y con intereses restringidos. El impacto que tiene la presencia de un niño con este trastorno en los hermanos, tiene diferentes matices. Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias de afrontamiento que utilizan los hermanos de niños con trastorno del espectro autista y analizar su relación con problemas externalizados e internalizados. Resultados: Participaron 23 niños (15 niños y 8 niñas) de 8 a 12 años de edad (edad promedio: 9.8; DE= 1,5). Se aplicó una ficha sociodemográfica para niños, la escala infantil de afrontamiento y el cuestionario de problemas internalizados y externalizados para niños. Los resultados indican que el factor disfuncional se utiliza con mucha frecuencia y que existen correlaciones positivas entre el afrontamiento disfuncional con problemas externalizados e internalizados y entre los factores centrado en la emoción y el evitativo con problemas internalizados. Conclusiones: En este grupo de hermanos de niños con trastorno del espectro autista, la correlación significativa entre el afrontamiento disfuncional y los problemas externalizados e internalizados, indica la necesidad de una evaluación profunda de posibles problemas de conducta y emocionales, la necesidad de aprender a responder de manera funcional ante las situaciones cotidianas, así como de una intervención para desarrollar estrategias de afrontamiento funcionales(AU)

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neuro-developmental disorder characterized by the presence of difficulties in social communication, social interaction and behavior, which is usually stereotyped and with restricted interests. The impact of the presence of a child with ASD in the siblings has different connotations and it has been found that these children have more positive than negative aspects. Objective: To identify the coping strategies used by siblings of children with ASD, and analyze their relation with externalized and internalized problems. Results: Participants were 23 children (15 boys and 8 girls) from 8 to 12 years old (average age: 9.8, D.E = 1.5). A socio-demographic index card for children was used in addition to the Children Coping Scale and the Questionnaire on Internalized and Externalized Problems for Children (EIA and CPIEN, by its acronyms in Spanish, respectively). The results indicate that the dysfunctional factor is very frequently used and that there are positive correlations between dysfunctional coping with externalized and internalized problems, and also between the factors focused on emotion and the avoidance with internalized problems. Conclusions: In this group of siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, the significant correlation between disfunctional coping and externalized and internalized problems indicates the need of a deep assesment of possible behavioral and emotional problems, the need to learn how to respond in a functional way to daily life situations, as well as the need of an intervention to develop functional coping strategies(AU)

Características de los cuidadores principales de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística / Characteristics of main caregivers of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

Introducción: Las investigaciones sobre los cuidadores han tomado importancia por los efectos negativos que provoca en las esferas físicas, psicológicas y sociales de estas personas, debido a su dedicación prolongada a la atención de enfermos cuyas dolencias les impiden totalmente su autocuidado. Objetivos: Referir las características de los cuidadores principales de pacientes pediátricos con fibrosis quística. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en el segundo semestre del 2016, con 54 cuidadoras principales de pacientes menores de 19 años, atendidos en los hospitales Pediátrico de Centro Habana, Juan Manuel Márquez, de Marianao, y el William Soler, de Boyeros. Resultados: Las cuidadoras son mujeres, madres en su mayoría, sin vínculo laboral, con nivel educativo medio superior, dedicadas al cuidado de los enfermos a tiempo completo, lo que interfiere su vida personal y social. Ante estas situaciones responden con mediana capacidad de afrontamiento y adaptación ante las situaciones que les generan estrés. Conclusiones: Las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por las cuidadoras están afectadas pues no generan respuestas efectivas que les permita adaptarse y responder a las situaciones de forma óptima, por lo que se requiere reforzar los recursos que están utilizando. La meta de enfermería como ciencia y como disciplina es un factor muy importante para obtener esos recursos necesarios para mejorar la calidad de vida de los niños, adolescentes y sus cuidadores(AU)

Introduction: Research on caregivers has become important because of the negative effects this activity causes in the physical, psychological and social aspects of these people due to their prolonged dedication to the care of patients, whose illnesses prevent them from fully looking for themselves. Objective: To describe the characteristics of the main caregivers of pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the second semester of 2016, with 54 main caregivers of patients under 19 years old that were attended in Centro Habana Pediatric Hospital, Juan Manuel Márquez (Marianao´s municipality Pediatric Hospital), and William Soler (Boyeros municipality´s Pediatric Hospital). Results: Caregivers are women, mostly mothers, with no employment, with a medium superior level of education, who are devoted to caring for the sick patients full-time, and this interferes with their personal and social life. Given these situations, they respond with a medium capacity for coping and adapting to situations that generate stress. Conclusions: Coping strategies used by caregivers are affected because they do not generate effective responses that allow them to adapt and respond to situations in an optimal way, so it is necessary to reinforce the resources they are using. The goal of nursing as a science and as a discipline is a very important factor in obtaining those necessary resources to improve the quality of life of children, adolescents and their caregivers(AU)

[Dimensions of work ethic as predictors of strategies to cope with stress]. / Wymiary etyki pracy jako predyktory strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem.

BACKGROUND: The article presents the mutual relations between the components of work ethic and the strategies of coping with stress used by employees of different branches. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Work ethic was presented as a syndrome of the following attitudes: perceiving work as a moral value, treating work as a central value in life, and the belief in the importance of hard work that leads to success. This ethic also consists of the following components: unwillingness to waste time, disapproval of spare time (anti-leisure), willingness to delay gratification, willingness to act honestly at work (morality/ethic), and being independent (self-reliance). Coping strategies were presented as 3 dimensions (obtained by application of factor analysis of the questionnaire scales COPE (Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced)): proactive cognitive operations, avoidance of action and seeking support. RESULTS: The study conducted on 360 employees of different branches shows that the dimensions of the work ethic are moderately related to strategies emphasizing proactive cognitive operations and poorly related to seeking support and avoidance of action. At the same time, the relations between work ethic and avoidance of action are negative (higher work ethic is linked with lower tendency to avoid action). CONCLUSIONS: Predictors of proactive cognitive operations are unwillingness to waste time, treating work as a central value in life, willingness to act honestly at work (morality/ethic) and being independent (self-reliance). Med Pr 2017;68(6):711-724.

The association between fear of cancer recurrence and quality of life among Chinese cancer survivors: main effect hypothesis and buffering hypothesis.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study is to examine whether fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is related to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Chinese cancer survivors, an understudied population (i.e., main effect hypothesis). Also, we investigated whether the FCR-HRQOL link is moderated by two coping strategies, avoidance and positive reappraisal (i.e., buffering hypothesis). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 238 Chinese cancer survivors in Beijing. Participants completed a set of questionnaires including FCR, coping, and HRQOL. RESULTS: FCR was related to lower physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-beings, even when demographics, cancer-related factors, and coping were taken into account. There was only one moderation effect between FCR and avoidance coping. Surprisingly, the detrimental effect of FCR on spiritual well-being was lessened among those with high avoidance coping such that the negative association between FCR and spiritual well-being was only found in those with low avoidance coping and not among those with high avoidance coping. CONCLUSIONS: Findings largely supported the main effect hypothesis. FCR was associated with diverse domains of HRQOL among Chinese cancer survivors. The buffering hypothesis was largely not supported in this population. Rather, in some cases, the effects of FCR and coping strategies on HRQOL were independent. Thus, ways to attenuate the harmful effects of FCR on HRQOL among Chinese cancer survivors remain unresolved. It is urgent and timely that future studies focus on FCR and HRQOL in this population.

Navigating moral distress using the moral distress map.

The plethora of literature on moral distress has substantiated and refined the concept, provided data about clinicians' (especially nurses') experiences, and offered advice for coping. Fewer scholars have explored what makes moral distress moral If we acknowledge that patient care can be distressing in the best of ethical circumstances, then differentiating distress and moral distress may refine the array of actions that are likely to ameliorate it. This article builds upon scholarship exploring the normative and conceptual dimensions of moral distress and introduces a new tool to map moral distress from emotional source to corrective actions. The Moral Distress Map has proven useful in clinical teaching and ethics-related debriefings.

Psychological Distress in Chimpanzees Rescued From Laboratories.

The United States is one of the last countries allowing invasive research on chimpanzees. Biomedical research on chimpanzees commonly involves maternal deprivation, social isolation, intensive confinement, and repetitive invasive procedures. These physically harmful and psychologically traumatic experiences cause many chimpanzees to develop symptoms of psychopathology that persist even after relocation from laboratories to sanctuaries. Through semistructured interviews with chimpanzee caregivers, direct behavioral observations, and consultation of laboratory records, we were interested in qualitatively analyzing symptoms of psychological distress in a sample of 253 chimpanzees rescued from biomedical research now residing at an accredited chimpanzee sanctuary. We present the results of this analysis and include an illustrative case study of one rescued chimpanzee who engages in self-injurious behaviors and meets modified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. We discuss our results in light of recent policy changes regarding the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research in the United States and their implications for those involved in the rescue and rehabilitation of chimpanzees from biomedical research.

[Providing support to relatives of organ donors in the intensive care unit]. / Betreuung der Angehörigen von Organspendern an der Intensivstation.

BACKGROUND: Providing support and talking to the relatives of organ donors is one of the most difficult tasks in an intensive care unit. The quality of this task, especially the quality of the conversation, can be significantly improved by exact and timely preparation as well as by the creation of the respective framework conditions and training in the area of communication. REQUIREMENTS AND METHODS: The exact preparation includes knowledge about the patient and their relatives, their cultural and religious background, medical data, and the findings of examinations. An important aspect is the knowledge and the consideration of ethical differences in different cultures as well as overcoming language barriers with the help of an interpreter. Team meetings with the treating intensive care physician, the nursing staff, and the transplant coordinator ensure that all questions on the topic brain death and organ donation can be answered satisfactorily. At the beginning of the conversation, the uncomfortable news should be delivered. Only after the relatives have accepted the news about the death which can be recognized by their verbal and non-verbal statements should the doctor turn the conversation to organ donation. CONCLUSION: In the conversation, openness, empathy, authenticity, emotional support as well as friendly/attentive conversation technique are important. Communication skills can be improved through seminars and regular training.

A guest in the house: nursing instructors' experiences of the moral distress felt by students during inpatient psychiatric clinical rotations.

Significant research has been done on the impact of moral distress among nurses, particularly in acute and intensive care settings. However, little research to date has investigated the experiences that nursing students have with moral distress. Additionally, there is a dearth of research on the role of nursing instructors' perceptions of their responsibilities to their students when encountering morally distressing situations. This manuscript describes a qualitative study conducted with eight mental health nursing instructors who acknowledged a responsibility for helping students deal with moral distress and ethical issues, but who also struggled with ways to do so. Additionally, instructors expressed frustration with their "guest" status on inpatient psychiatric units and their powerlessness to effect moral change in a medical model of psychiatric care.

Ethical views, attitudes and reactions of Romanian medical students to the dissecting room.

AIM: Our objective was to evaluate the attitudes and views of first year medical students towards cadaver dissection in anatomy learning and discuss various findings in relation with ethical problems). MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study was conducted at the "Iuliu Hat ieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, during the academic year 2012-2013 at the end of the second semester. There were 121 first year medical students included. We developed a questionnaire to asses among other, the degree of fear, anxiety and stress in the dissection room, methods of coping, ethical aspects of dissection and hand it to the students. RESULTS: 34.7% of students experienced different levels of fear on exposure to the dissection room practical sessions. Many students experienced anxiety in reaction to dissection. In the first semester most students reported physical and behavioral reaction towards certain stimuli, with a decrease in the second semester. Recurring visual images of cadavers, reported by 57% of students in the first semester, dropped to 44.6% in the second semester. Students used most frequently the "rationalization and emotional detachment" as a coping method. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomists, most often the firsts who need to be aware of emotional and ethical issues, need to explain in detail the steps necessary for dissection and that dissection is performed with the respect of legislation, ethics and human rights.

Faith to move mountains: religious coping, spirituality, and interpersonal trauma recovery.

Interpersonal trauma is pervasive globally and may result in long-term consequences physically, cognitively, behaviorally, socially, and spiritually (Bryant-Davis, 2005b). One of the protective factors that have emerged in the literature is religious coping. Religious coping, spirituality, and faith-based approaches to trauma recovery include endorsement of beliefs, engagement in behaviors, and access to support from faith communities. Compared with negative religious coping, spirituality and positive religious coping have been associated with decreased psychological distress, a finding established with survivors of child abuse, sexual violence, intimate partner violence, community violence, and war. This article focuses on spiritual and religious coping among survivors of child abuse, sexual violence, and war; however, research demonstrates increased use of positive religious coping among some survivors with higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Much of the scholarship in this area includes qualitative studies with populations who face increased vulnerability to interpersonal trauma. Research in this area covers the life span from childhood to later adulthood and encompasses both domestic and international studies. The implications of research findings are explored, and future research needs are described. This line of research supports the American Psychological Association (2010) ethical standards that note the recognition of spiritual and religious faith traditions as important aspects of the provision of ethical treatment. Researchers, clinicians, and advocates for trauma survivors are encouraged to attend to the faith traditions and beliefs of persons confronting the potential devastation of traumatic events.

Academic dishonesty and ethical reasoning: pharmacy and medical school students in New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: There is ample evidence to suggest that academic dishonesty remains an area of concern and interest for academic and professional bodies. There is also burgeoning research in the area of moral reasoning and its relevance to the teaching of pharmacy and medicine. AIMS: To explore the associations between self-reported incidence of academic dishonesty and ethical reasoning in a professional student body. METHODS: Responses were elicited from 433 pharmacy and medicine students. A questionnaire eliciting responses about academic dishonesty (copying, cheating, and collusion) and their decisions regarding an ethical dilemma was distributed. Multivariate analysis procedures were conducted. RESULTS: The findings suggested that copying and collusion may be linked to the way students make ethical decisions. Students more likely to suggest unlawful solutions to the ethical dilemma were more likely to disclose engagement in copying information and colluding with other students. CONCLUSIONS: These findings imply that students engaging in academic dishonesty may be using different ethical frameworks. Therefore, employing ethical dilemmas would likely create a useful learning framework for identifying students employing dishonest strategies when coping with their studies. Increasing understanding through dialog about engagement in academic honesty will likely construct positive learning outcomes in the university with implications for future practice.

Acceptance of dying: a discourse analysis of palliative care literature.

The subject of death denial in the West has been examined extensively in the sociological literature. However, there has not been a similar examination of its "opposite", the acceptance of death. In this study, I use the qualitative method of discourse analysis to examine the use of the term "acceptance" of dying in the palliative care literature from 1970 to 2001. A Medline search was performed by combining the text words "accept or acceptance" with the subject headings "terminal care or palliative care or hospice care", and restricting the search to English language articles in clinical journals discussing acceptance of death in adults. The 40 articles were coded and analysed using a critical discourse analysis method. This paper focuses on the theme of acceptance as integral to palliative care, which had subthemes of acceptance as a goal of care, personal acceptance of healthcare workers, and acceptance as a facilitator of care. For patients and families, death acceptance is a goal that they can be helped to attain; for palliative care staff, acceptance of dying is a personal quality that is a precondition for effective practice. Acceptance not only facilitates the dying process for the patient and family, but also renders care easier. The analysis investigates the intertextuality of these themes with each other and with previous texts. From a Foucauldian perspective, I suggest that the discourse on acceptance of dying represents a productive power, which disciplines patients through apparent psychological and spiritual gratification, and encourages participation in a certain way to die.

Doing the best I can do: moral distress in adolescent mental health nursing.

The purpose of this research was to explore the process used by mental health nurses working with adolescents to ameliorate the experience of moral distress. Using grounded theory methodology, a substantive theory was developed to explain the process. All the incidents that led to the experience of moral distress were related to safety and resulted in the nurses asking themselves the question, "Is this the best I can do?" Engaging in dialogue was the primary means nurses used to work through the experience of moral distress. Engaging in dialogue was an ongoing process, and nurses sought out dialogue with a variety of people as they tried to make sense of their experience. Participants identified qualities of dialogue that were helpful or unhelpful as they sought to resolve their moral distress. Participants who had a positive experience of dialogue were able to answer the "Is this the best I can do" question satisfactorily and continue working with adolescents with a renewed focus on the therapeutic relationship. Participants who had a negative experience of dialogue are unable to answer the question and either left the unit or agency or talked about leaving.