RESUMO
Alcaligenes are opportunistic commensal bacteria that reside in gut-associated lymphoid tissues such as Peyer's patches (PPs); however, how they create and maintain their homeostatic environment, without inducing an excessive inflammatory response remained unclear. We show here that Alcaligenes-derived lipopolysaccharide (Alcaligenes LPS) acts as a weak agonist of toll-like receptor 4 and promotes IL-6 production from dendritic cells, which consequently enhances IgA production. The inflammatory activity of Alcaligenes LPS was weaker than that of Escherichia coli-derived LPS and therefore no excessive inflammation was induced by Alcaligenes LPS in vitro or in vivo. Alcaligenes LPS also showed adjuvanticity, inducing antigen-specific immune responses without excessive inflammation. These findings reveal the presence of commensal bacteria-mediated homeostatic inflammatory conditions within PPs that produce optimal IgA induction without causing pathogenic inflammation and suggest that Alcaligenes LPS could be a safe and potent adjuvant.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/agonistas , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Células Cultivadas , Homeostase , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos TransgênicosRESUMO
The mammalian intestinal tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are anatomically restricted to specific niches. However, the mechanisms that regulate anatomical containment remain unclear. Here, we show that interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are present in intestinal tissues of healthy mammals. Depletion of ILCs resulted in peripheral dissemination of commensal bacteria and systemic inflammation, which was prevented by administration of IL-22. Disseminating bacteria were identified as Alcaligenes species originating from host lymphoid tissues. Alcaligenes was sufficient to promote systemic inflammation after ILC depletion in mice, and Alcaligenes-specific systemic immune responses were associated with Crohn's disease and progressive hepatitis C virus infection in patients. Collectively, these data indicate that ILCs regulate selective containment of lymphoid-resident bacteria to prevent systemic inflammation associated with chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/fisiologia , Interleucinas/imunologia , Intestinos/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Tecido Linfoide/imunologia , Tecido Linfoide/microbiologia , Adulto , Alcaligenes/imunologia , Alcaligenes/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Translocação Bacteriana , Doença de Crohn/imunologia , Doença de Crohn/microbiologia , Hepatite C Crônica/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/microbiologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Inflamação , Interleucinas/administração & dosagem , Interleucinas/biossíntese , Intestinos/microbiologia , Complexo Antígeno L1 Leucocitário/metabolismo , Fígado/microbiologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Macaca mulatta , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Baço/microbiologia , Adulto Jovem , Interleucina 22RESUMO
Electron microscopic immunogold labeling experiments were performed with ultrathin sections of plasmolyzed cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus and "whole-mount" samples of spheroplasts and protoplasts. They demonstrated that antigenic determinants of the membrane-bound hydrogenase are exposed, at the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, to the periplasm.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Bactérias/ultraestrutura , Membrana Celular/ultraestrutura , Hidrogenase/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Membrana/ultraestrutura , Alcaligenes/enzimologia , Alcaligenes/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Membrana Celular/imunologia , Polaridade Celular , Epitopos , Hidrogenase/imunologia , Hidrogenase/isolamento & purificação , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/isolamento & purificação , Microscopia Imunoeletrônica , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid method to distinguish Bordetella avium from closely related Bordetella avium-like and B. bronchiseptica bacteria. A monoclonal antibody of the IgM isotype was produced in Balb/c mice against live B. avium strain 75. The monoclonal antibody, in the form of ascites fluid, was added to a bovine serum albumin-glycine buffer (pH 8.6) and adsorbed to 3.03-microns-diameter latex beads. Optimum concentrations of antibody, beads, and bacteria were determined. The latex bead conjugate was tested against 40 isolates of B. avium, 24 isolates of B. avium-like bacteria, 17 isolates of B. bronchiseptica, two isolates of Alcaligenes faecalis, and several other common genera. Strong agglutination occurred with all B. avium isolates and the two isolates of A. faecalis. Weak agglutination occurred with Staphylococcus aureus and two isolates of B. bronchiseptica. There was no agglutination with any of the B. avium-like isolates. The latex bead agglutination test may be useful as an aid in the identification of B. avium when used in conjunction with other criteria.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Bordetella/imunologia , Testes de Fixação do Látex/métodos , Alcaligenes/imunologia , Animais , Bordetella/isolamento & purificação , Bordetella bronchiseptica/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Imunoglobulina M , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
It is established that application of the test-system "age-normal antibodies-leucocytes-lymphocytes" permits refusing in certain cases from the generally-accepted laboratory immunological tests and prognosticate their values depending on the test-system indices when using the regression models. The great incongruity of the predicted and real values of the concrete immunological index may be the manifestation of the risk factors associated with the oncological and other diseases.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Leucócitos , Neoplasias/etiologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Alcaligenes/imunologia , Inibição de Migração Celular , Enterobacteriaceae/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas/análise , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Biológicos , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , FumarRESUMO
In Alcaligenes eutrophus, the formation of the hydrogenases and of five new peptides is subject to the hydrogenase control system. Of these, the B peptide was purified to homogeneity. This protein (Mr, 37,500) was composed of two identical subunits (Mr, 18,800). Antibodies against the B protein were used for its quantification by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. About 4% of the total protein consisted of the B protein; its molar ratio to the NAD-linked hydrogenase was about 4:1. The B protein appeared to be associated with the NAD-linked hydrogenase, as shown by gel filtration analysis with Sephadex G-200. The B protein was not detected in cells that had not expressed the hydrogenase proteins or that lacked the genetic information of the hydrogen-oxidizing character; it was also not detected in Tn5 insertional mutants that were unable to form soluble hydrogenase antigens. Immunochemical analysis of other species and genera than A. eutrophus revealed that only strains able to form a NAD-linked hydrogenase also formed B-protein antigens. The B protein is not required for the catalytic activity of soluble hydrogenase in vitro; its function is at present unknown.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Hidrogenase/metabolismo , Alcaligenes/enzimologia , Alcaligenes/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/análise , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Cromatografia em Gel , Substâncias Macromoleculares , Peso Molecular , Mutação , FenótipoRESUMO
On mild acid hydrolysis of Alcaligenes faecalis lipopolysaccharide, the O-specific polysaccharide containing D-rhamnose and D-xylose in the 3:2 ratio was obtained. Solvolysis of the polysaccharide with hydrogen fluoride in methanol resulted in methyl glycoside of a branched tetrasaccharide including three rhamnose and one xylose residues. Smith degradation of the polysaccharide led to the glycoside of disaccharide composed of two rhamnose residues and glycerol. On the basis of identification of the oligosaccharide fragments, methylation, 1H and 13C NMR analysis (including nuclear Overhauser effect data), it was established that the polysaccharide linear chain is a rhamnan, both xylose residues being attached to one of the rhamnose residues as two branches. The repeating unit of the polysaccharide has the following structure: (Formula: see text).
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/análise , Lipopolissacarídeos/análise , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Epitopos/análise , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Antígenos ORESUMO
Two species of O-antigenic molecules with following sedimentation characteristics S(o)20, W 1,25.10(-13) S, D(o)20, W 9,7.10(-7) cm2/s, M 8000 and S(o)20, W 2,5.10(-13) S, D(o)20, W 5.10(-7) cm2/s, M 23,000-30,000 were detected in the cell wall of the strain Alcaligenes faecalis, a representative species of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms with unidentified taxonomic position. "Light" and "heavy" types of molecules have a lipopolysaccharide nature and show no differences in the monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharide moiety, structural organization of O-chain, or lipid A fatty-acid composition.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/análise , Lipopolissacarídeos/análise , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Fenômenos Químicos , Físico-Química , Epitopos/análise , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Peso Molecular , Antígenos ORESUMO
The efficacy of a commercially produced temperature-sensitive mutant Alcaligenes faecalis vaccine was evaluated in turkeys contact-challenged with one of three strains of A. faecalis. In the vaccinated control group, the vaccine strain of A. faecalis colonized the nasal turbinates but not the trachea, caused no clinical signs of turkey coryza, and induced humoral antibodies. In the vaccinated challenged groups, the vaccine reduced both the severity of lesions and the number of birds exhibiting lesions compared with unvaccinated challenged groups, but it did not prevent colonization of challenge strains of A. faecalis.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Infecções Respiratórias/veterinária , Perus/microbiologia , Animais , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Poults 3 weeks and older developed temporary tracheal resistance to intranasal challenge following inoculation of either Artvax vaccine or formalin-inactivated Bordetella avium bacterin by the intranasal and eyedrop routes. Resistance usually persisted for 3-4 weeks after B. avium challenge. However, with constant exposure to infected controls, the vaccinated birds eventually developed tracheal infection. Day-old poults did not respond to either the Artvax or the bacterin and were completely susceptible to challenge. Two-week-old poults responded to some degree, but poults 3 weeks old and older responded best. Poults inoculated with bacterin by aerosol or by drinking water did not respond as well as those inoculated by the intranasal and eyedrop routes. When poults were given a single subcutaneous injection at 3 weeks of age and challenged 2 weeks later, three of five resisted infection for 18 days.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/uso terapêutico , Bordetella/imunologia , Resfriado Comum/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Perus/imunologia , Animais , Resfriado Comum/imunologia , Feminino , Imunização , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Fatores de Tempo , Perus/microbiologia , VacinaçãoAssuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/análise , Alcaligenes/análise , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Fenômenos Químicos , Química , Cromatografia Gasosa , Cromatografia em Gel , Cromatografia em Papel , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Epitopos/análise , Epitopos/imunologia , Imunização , Substâncias Macromoleculares , Antígenos O , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/imunologia , CoelhosRESUMO
A virulent isolate of Alcaligenes faecalis was examined in turkey tracheal organ cultures (TTOC) for adherence using immunofluorescent staining and for cytotoxicity using light microscopic observation. Treatment of the bacterial culture with trypsin, antiserum specific for A. faecalis, and N-acetylneuraminic acid inhibited the ability of the organism to adhere to TTOC. Treatment of the bacterium with D-galactose partly decreased adherence of the bacterium. Those treatments that inhibited the adherence of A. faecalis also inhibited the cytolytic activity in TTOC. Treatment of the bacterial culture with D-galactose only partly decreased the cytolytic activity. These data indicate that adherence of the organism to TTOC is necessary for the cytolytic activity characteristic of A. faecalis isolates capable of causing alcaligenes rhinotracheitis in turkeys.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Adesividade , Alcaligenes/patogenicidade , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/análise , Carboidratos/farmacologia , Imunofluorescência , Temperatura Alta , Técnicas de Cultura de Órgãos , Traqueia , Tripsina/farmacologia , Perus , Raios Ultravioleta , VirulênciaRESUMO
The hemagglutinin of Alcaligenes faecalis was partially characterized. Hemagglutination (HA) was blocked by enzymes inactivating proteins, by heat, and by antisera but not by sugar-blocking substances. Pili were not determined to be a factor in HA activity. There was no connection between virulence and HA activity.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Hemaglutininas/análise , Perus/microbiologia , Alcaligenes/ultraestrutura , Animais , Eritrócitos/imunologia , Fímbrias Bacterianas/ultraestrutura , Formaldeído/farmacologia , Testes de Hemaglutinação/normas , Hemaglutininas/imunologia , Neuraminidase/farmacologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/farmacologia , Tripsina/farmacologia , Perus/imunologiaRESUMO
Two isolates of Alcaligenes faecalis from turkeys with respiratory disease were indistinguishable physically, biochemically, and for specific agglutinating antibodies. The isolates differed in in vitro cytotoxicity for turkey tracheal organ cultures and in ability to induce clinical rhinotracheitis in poults. The isolate designated NCDp induced in vitro cytotoxic changes in turkey tracheal organ cultures. Additionally, poults inoculated with NCDp developed severe clinical signs of rhinotracheitis, flaccid (collapsing) trachea, bacterial colonization of the cilia, and degeneration and loss of the columnar epithelium from the anterior one third to one half of the trachea. The isolate designated NCDm induced little or no cytotoxic changes in turkey tracheal organ culture. Isolate NCDm caused mild clinical signs of rhinotracheitis and colonized the trachea of inoculated poults, but it caused no other observable changes. A correlation seems to exist between in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo pathogenicity for these isolates of A. faecalis.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Traqueia/patologia , Traqueíte/veterinária , Perus , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Técnicas de Cultura de Órgãos , Rinite/patologia , Rinite/veterinária , Traqueíte/patologiaAssuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/veterinária , Perus , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Feminino , Masculino , Fito-Hemaglutininas , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologiaRESUMO
The immunosuppressive effects and circulating life of Achromobacter glutaminase-asparaginase (GA) covalently attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG) were examined in human subjects following a single iv dose of 1000 IU/m2. Plasma half-life of PEG-GA was 72 hours. Skin test reactivity to recall antigens (mumps and tuberculin) was lost in all four patients tested. In vitro phytohemagglutinin-induced blastogenesis, "natural killing," and phytohemagglutinin-induced cell cytotoxicity was diminished as long as enzyme levels were detectable. In vivo and in vitro activities returned to normal following total plasma clearance of enzyme.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/enzimologia , Asparaginase/farmacologia , Carcinoma Broncogênico/tratamento farmacológico , Glutaminase/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Alcaligenes/imunologia , Asparaginase/administração & dosagem , Asparaginase/metabolismo , Carcinoma Broncogênico/metabolismo , Citotoxicidade Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutaminase/administração & dosagem , Glutaminase/metabolismo , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Turkeys maintained at 75% to 80% relative humidity were more adversely affected by Alcaligenes faecalis infection than turkeys maintained at 20 to 35% relative humidity. Alcaligenes faecalis was reisolated earlier and more often from turkeys maintained at the higher humidity. Clinically, the turkeys maintained at high humidity exhibited both sinusitis and conjunctivitis earlier than the turkeys at low humidity. In both groups, antibody titers as determined by a microagglutination test developed by 2 weeks postinoculation and started to decline after the third week, lymphocytosis was demonstrated at 1 week postinoculation, and a lymphopenia developed at 5 weeks postinoculation.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Umidade , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/etiologia , Testes de Aglutinação/veterinária , Alcaligenes/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologiaRESUMO
During the 1980 growing season in the Sanpete Valley of Utah, about half of the 250 to 300 flocks of turkeys were vaccinated with an oral vaccine against alcaligenes rhinotracheitis (ART). The vaccine consisted of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Alcaligenes faecalis. Most vaccinated birds developed serum antibodies. No outbreaks of ART occurred in vaccinated flocks, although some outbreaks occurred in unvaccinated flocks. During 1979, when on flocks were vaccinated, over 90% of the flocks experienced outbreaks of ART during late summer.
Assuntos
Alcaligenes/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Vacinas Bacterianas , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Rinite/veterinária , Traqueíte/veterinária , Perus , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Rinite/prevenção & controle , Traqueíte/prevenção & controle , UtahAssuntos
Testes de Aglutinação/veterinária , Alcaligenes/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/diagnóstico , Perus , Alcaligenes/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologiaRESUMO
An acute respiratory disease of turkeys in Israel was first reported in November 1978. Alcaligenes faecalis was isolated from sick turkeys and from chickens not affected by the disease. Plate agglutination tests with A. faecalis antigen of 1,067 turkey and 494 chicken serum samples gave variable results: healthy turkeys gave positive reactions and sick turkeys sometimes gave negative ones. All isolated strains were highly sensitive in vitro drug sensitivity tests, but chemotherapy failed in the field. Pathogenicity trials with A. faecalis, given alone or in combination with Yucaipa virus to 8-day-old turkey poults, failed to reproduce the disease.