The effect of Polygonum hyrcanicum Rech. f. hydroalcoholic extract on oxidative stress and nephropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

Diabetic nephropathy, characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, poses a management challenge. This study investigates the effect of Polygonum hyrcanicum extract on diabetic nephropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. In this experimental animal study, the P. hyrcanicum extract was prepared using continuous macerations. Thirty male Albino mice, divided into five groups, were induced with alloxan-induced diabetes. They received intraperitoneal injections of the plant extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) and metformin (300 mg/kg) for four weeks. Kidney and blood samples were collected to assess protein carbonyl, glutathione, lipid peroxidation, TNF-α and IL-6 levels. The amount of total flavonoid and phenolic content in the hydroalcoholic extract of P. hyrcanicum were 7.5 ± 0.3 mg of quercetin and 88.2 ± 1.3 mg gallic acid per gram of extract respectively. The antioxidant activity level of the hydroalcoholic extract was determined to be 1.78 ± 0.51 mM equivalent per gram of extract. Alloxan administration resulted in a significant reduction in glutathione levels and a significant increase in protein carbonyl, lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. hyrcanicum effectively reduced oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), indicating its potential in mitigating diabetic nephropathy. However, no significant difference in efficacy was observed between the 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses in terms of reducing these toxicities.

Effect of pomegranate peel with/without autologous bone marrow on healing of acute cutaneous wounds in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.

Background: Healing of bum wounds is commonly associated with many complications. Every year various new repair materials are developed and experimentally used for treating burn wounds. Humans with diabetes mellitus usually suffer from chronic wound healing. Vascular, neuropathic, immune function, and biochemical abnormalities each contribute to the altered tissue repair. One underlying factor that accompanies all diabetic ulcerations is poor vascular flow, a circumstance that impedes proper wound healing. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of adequate vascular sufficiency and vessel proliferation in tissue repair and the lack thereof in diabetic wound healing. Other studies have looked at whether disarrayed capillary remodeling and maturation of vessels might play a role in impaired diabetic wound healing. Aim: This investigation has been planned to report the influence of treatment with a mixture of both the powder of pomegranate peel (PP) accompanied with an autologous bone marrow (BM) on the cure of burn injuries in experimentally induced diabetic rabbits. Methods: Alloxan monohydrate has been applied to create diabetes in 50 rabbits. Then in each rabbit, two deep second-degree burn wounds were experimentally created. The animals were then divided randomly into 5 treatment sections: non-treatment controls (C1), treated with an available commercial powder for wound (C2), treatment with powder of PP, treatment with alone BM, and the final group treated with PP powder with bone marrow (PPBM). The speed of wound closure and the histopathological changes during healing were measured. The levels of the biomarkers of rabbit platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA) and rabbit protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) were measured on days 0, 4, 8, and 12. Results: Wound healing was markedly more rapid in all the treatment groups versus the control non-treated group. Interestingly, a rapid wound cure was significantly observed in the PPBM group versus the other treatment ones. The histological assessment clarified a significant elevation in the fibroblast and collagen scores in the PPBM group versus the other sections. In addition, there were significant increases in the serum levels of the biomarkers PDGF-AA and PAR-1 among groups. Conclusion: Dependent on the results of current research, it can be concluded that both PP powder with BM PPBM significantly accelerate the healing process of burn wounds in experimentally induced diabetic rabbits.

Chrysin-loaded PEGylated liposomes protect against alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats: the interplay between endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is recognized as a significant complication arising from diabetes mellitus (DM). Pathogenesis of DN is accelerated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which inhibits autophagy and contributes to disease progression. Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism crucial in mitigating cell death induced by ER stress. Chrysin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, can be found abundantly in honey, propolis, and various plant extracts. Despite possessing advantageous attributes such as being an antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anticancer agent, chrysin exhibits limited bioavailability. The current study aimed to produce a more bioavailable form of chrysin and discover how administering chrysin could alter the neuropathy induced by Alloxan in male rats. METHODS: Chrysin was formulated using PEGylated liposomes to boost its bioavailability and formulation. Chrysin PEGylated liposomes (Chr-PLs) were characterized for particle size diameter, zeta potential, polydispersity index, transmission electron microscopy, and in vitro drug release. Rats were divided into four groups: control, Alloxan, metformin, and Chr-PLs. In order to determine Chr- PLs' antidiabetic activity and, by extension, its capacity to ameliorate DN, several experiments were carried out. These included measuring acetylcholinesterase, fasting blood glucose, insulin, genes dependent on autophagy or stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, and histopathological analysis. RESULTS: According to the results, the prepared Chr-PLs exhibited an average particle size of approximately 134 nm. They displayed even distribution of particle sizes. The maximum entrapment efficiency of 90.48 ± 7.75% was achieved. Chr-PLs effectively decreased blood glucose levels by 67.7% and elevated serum acetylcholinesterase levels by 40% compared to diabetic rats. Additionally, Chr-PLs suppressed the expression of ER stress-related genes (ATF-6, CHOP, XBP-1, BiP, JNK, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR by 33%, 39.5%, 32.2%, 44.4%, 40.4%, 39.2%, 39%, and 35.9%, respectively). They also upregulated the miR-301a-5p expression levels by 513% and downregulated miR-301a-5p expression levels by 65%. They also boosted the expression of autophagic markers (AMPK, ULK1, Beclin 1, and LC3-II by 90.3%, 181%, 109%, and 78%, respectively) in the sciatic nerve. The histopathological analysis also showed that Chr-PLs inhibited sciatic nerve degeneration. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that Chr-PLs may be helpful in the protection against DN via regulation of ER stress and autophagy.

Therapeutical Potential of T3 as Adjuvant Therapy in Male Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats.

Alloxan-induced diabetic rats present with hypothyroidism. When treated with triiodothyronine (T3), glycemia and proinflammatory cytokine expression are downregulated, improving insulin sensitivity. The effectiveness of associating T3 with insulin (replacement dose [6 U] and [3 U]) in controlling glycemia was investigated in this experimental model. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic by alloxan injection and sorted into groups treated or not with insulin (3 or 6 U) associated or not with T3 (1.5 µg 100 g-1 BW) for 28 days. Nondiabetic rats constituted the control group. Fasting glycemia, glucose decay rate, and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured in the blood/serum of all animals. Immunoblotting was used to assess total GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles and epididymal white adipose tissue. Cytokine and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression were measured in these tissues and liver. Diabetic rats presented with increased fasting glycemia, inflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB expression, TSH levels, and insulin resistance. In diabetic rats treated with T3 and/or insulin, these parameters were decreased, whereas GLUT4 and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression were increased. T3 combined with 3-U insulin restored the parameters to values of the control group and was more effective at controlling glycemia than 6-U insulin. Thus, a combination of T3 and insulin might represent a promising strategy for diabetes management since it reduces the insulin requirement by half and improves glycemic control of diabetic rats, which could postpone insulin resistance that develops with chronic insulin administration. These findings open a perspective for using thyroid analogues that provide tissue-specific effects, which might result in a potentially more effective treatment of diabetes.

In-vitro and in-vivo antidiabetic activity of aerial parts of Aitchisonia rosea supported by phytochemical and GC-MS analysis.

Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive phytoconstituents which can serve as new therapeutic agents for several diseases. This study examines the antidiabetic potential of Aitchisonia rosea in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and identifies its bioactive phytoconstituents using GC-MS. In vitro, antidiabetic potential was established using the α-amylase inhibition assay. In vivo, antidiabetic potential was investigated by employing the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). GC-MS analysis was used to identify the bioactive phytoconstituents. The in vitro and in vivo tests showed that the aqueous extract of A. rosea possesses better antidiabetic potential. The α-amylase inhibition assay highlighted an IC50 value of 134.87µg/ml. In an oral glucose tolerance test, rats given an aqueous A. rosea extract significantly lowered their blood sugar levels significant reduction in the blood glucose concentration was observed in the oral glucose tolerance test in rats treated with the aqueous A. rosea extract. GC-MS investigation revealed many phytoconstituents, with serverogenin acetate and cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl being important antidiabetic agents. This study found anti-diabetic properties in A. rosea extract. The phytochemical and GC-MS investigation also found serverogenin acetate and cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl, which could be used to develop new antidiabetic drugs.

CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA EXTRACT AND GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA SILVER NANOPARTICLE AGAINST ALLOXAN AND NICOTINAMIDE INDUCED DIABETIC CARDIAC INJURY IN RATS.

Objective - to study the Cardioprotective effect of Glycyrriza glabra ethanolic extract and Glycyrrhiza glabra Silver nanoparticle against alloxan and nicotinamide-induced diabetic cardiac injury in adult female Rats. The current study was performed on 36 days in which the G. glabra extract and G. glabra extract loaded on Silver nanoparticles were given to alloxan and nicotinamide-induced diabetic cardiac injured rats. The Cardioprotective effect has been evaluated biochemically. The results of induction of diabetic cardiac injury for 36 days showed a significantly increased (P˂0.05) serum Cardiac Troponin I (cTn-I) and Creatine Kinase (CK-MB) concentration in the diabetic cardiac injury induced (G2) group when compared with the control group (G1), and showed a significant decrease (P˂0.05) in the serum cTn-I and CK-MB concentration in (G3) group (received G. glabra extract) and (G4) group (G.glabra loaded on silver nanoparticle) in comparison with G2. This study concluded that Glycyrriza glabra extract and Glycyrrhiza glabra Silver nanoparticle have a significant Cardioprotective effect induced by alloxan and nicotinamide.

Novel PLGA-encapsulated-nanopiperine promotes synergistic interaction of p53/PARP-1/Hsp90 axis to combat ALX-induced-hyperglycemia.

The present study predicts the molecular targets and druglike properties of the phyto-compound piperine (PIP) by in silico studies including molecular docking simulation, druglikeness prediction and ADME analysis for prospective therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications. PIP was encapsulated in biodegradable polymer poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) to form nanopiperine (NPIP) and their physico-chemical properties were characterized by AFM and DLS. ∼ 30 nm sized NPIP showed 86.68% encapsulation efficiency and - 6 mV zeta potential, demonstrated great interactive stability and binding with CT-DNA displaying upsurge in molar ellipticity during CD spectroscopy. NPIP lowered glucose levels in peripheral circulation by > 65 mg/dL compared to disease model and improved glucose influx in alloxan-induced in vivo and in vitro diabetes models concerted with 3-folds decrease in ROS production, ROS-induced DNA damage and 27.24% decrease in nuclear condensation. The 25% increase in % cell viability and inhibition in chromosome aberration justified the initiation of p53 and PARP DNA repairing protein expression and maintenance of Hsp90. Thus, the experimental study corroborated well with in silico predictions of modulating the p53/PARP-1/Hsp90 axis, with predicted dock score value of - 8.72, - 8.57, - 8.76 kcal/mol respectively, validated docking-based preventive approaches for unravelling the intricacies of molecular signalling and nano-drug efficacy as therapeutics for diabetics.

Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on oxidative parameters in the serum and brain of mice submitted to the animal model of hyperglycemia.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) on behavioral and oxidative stress parameters in the brain and serum of mice submitted to the animal model of hyperglycemia induced by alloxan, mimicking the main symptom of diabetes mellitus (DM). Adults C57BL/6 male and female mice received an injection of alloxan, and ten days later, the animals were submitted to the PSD for 36 h. The animals' behavioral parameters were evaluated in the open-field test. Oxidative stress parameters [Diacetyldichlorofluorescein (DCF), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione] were assessed in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and serum. The PSD increased the male and female mice locomotion, but the alloxan's pre-administration prevented the PSD-induced hyperactivity. In addition, the male mice receiving alloxan and submitted to the PSD had elevated latency time in the first quadrant and the number of fecal boli, demonstrating increased anxiety-like behavior. The HPA-axis was hyperactivating in male and female mice pre-administered alloxan and/or PSD-submitted animals. The oxidative stress parameters were also increased in the serum of the animals administered alloxan and/or sleep-deprived mice. Despite alloxan or PSD leading to behavioral or biochemical alterations, the one did not potentiate the other in mice. However, more studies are necessary to identify the link between sleep and hyperglycemia.

Mentha piperita silver nanoparticle-loaded hydrocolloid film for enhanced diabetic wound healing in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Mentha piperita silver nanoparticle-loaded carbopol gel for enhanced wound healing in a diabetic rat model. This research further aims to explore bioactive compounds derived from Mentha piperita obtained from high altitude. METHOD: Methanolic extracts of Mentha piperita (MP), Mentha spicata (MS) and Mentha longifolia (ML) were used to synthesise silver nanoparticles (AgNP). AgNP synthesis was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) assay. Antiglycation potential was determined by measuring the fluorescent advanced glycation end products. The bioactive compound identified in the Mentha piperita methanolic (MPM) fraction through electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometric analysis (ESI-MS) was responsible for the highest antiglycation. The effects of MPM and MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol (Sanare Lab, India) on wound healing were compared in male, alloxan-induced, diabetic albino rats (200-250g), divided into control and treated groups. Effects on wound healing were assessed via histopathology. RESULTS: UV-Vis and FTIR confirmed NP synthesis with peaks for flavonoids and polyphenols. SEM and XRD explored the cubical, 30-63nm crystalline NP. The maximum antioxidant and antiglycation potential was observed in order of; MP.AgNP>MS.AgNP>ML.AgNP. The highest antioxidant activity was observed by methanolic and aqueous MP.AgNPs (88.55% and 83.63%, respectively) at 2mg.ml-1, and (75.16% and 69.73%, respectively) at 1mg.ml-1, compared to ascorbic acid (acting as a positive control, 90.01%). MPM.AgNPs demonstrated the best antiglycation potential of 75.2% and 83.3% at 1mg.ml-1 and 2mg.ml-1, respectively, comparable to positive control (rutin: 88.1%) at 14 days post-incubation. A similar trend was observed for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 21mm, 21.6mm and 24.6mm. Rosmarinic acid was the active compound present in Mentha piperita, as identified by ESI-MS. MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol resulted in 100% wound closure compared with control at 20 days post-wounding. In the treatment group, re-epithelialisation was achieved by day 18, compared with 25 days for the positive control group. CONCLUSION: MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol demonstrated safer and more effective biological properties, hence accelerating the diabetic excision wound healing process in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Fructooligosaccharides from Cynoglossum tubiflorus: Effect of the molecular size on their antidiabetic activity in high-fat diet and alloxan induced diabetic rats.

The use of acetylation followed by silica gel column purification allowed the isolation of eight fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from the ethanol extract of Cynoglossum tubiflorus roots. Each FOS was identified by analyzing its FT-IR, HRMS/MS and NMR data, including 1H, 13C and 2D NMR HH COSY, HMBC and NOESY. In diabetic rats treated with a series of FOS from Glc-(Fru)3 to Glc-(Fru)7, a significant inhibition of intestinal α-amylase was observed. This activity increases proportionally with the FOS molecular size. It was found that they delay the absorption of total cholesterol (TC), ldl-cholesterol (LDL-C) and increase HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) in a molecular size-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect on the activity of the digestive enzyme causes a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the level of glucose in the blood as an anti-diabetic action. The ethanolic extract (E.E) exerts a significant effect against α-amylase as well as antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic actions, while its acetylation suppresses these effects. Therefore, this study demonstrates for the first time that pure FOS act as an efficient agent in preventing hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and that this action evolves in the same manner with their molecular size.

Symbiotic Antidiabetic Effect of Lactobacillus casei and the Bioactive Extract of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del. on Mice with Type 2 Diabetes Induced by Alloxan.

The consumption of probiotics protects pancreatic ß-cells from oxidative damage, delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and preventing microvascular and macrovascular complications. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of CDE fermented by Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 39539) (LC) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The oxidative stress identified by catalase (CAT), serum AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, urea, and uric acid were measured. The chemical profiles of the plant extract and the fermented extract were studied using HPLC/MS. The potential of the compounds towards the binding pockets of aldose reductase and PPAR was discovered by molecular docking. A significant reduction in fasting blood glucose in alloxan-treated rats. The CAT showed a significant decrease in diabetic rats. Also, serum AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, urea, and uric acid were significantly decreased in the mixture group. Mild histological changes of pancreatic and kidney tissues suggested that the mixture of probiotics and cleome possesses a marked anti-diabetic effect. Overall, the study suggests that the combination of Cleome droserifolia fermented by Lactobacillus casei exhibits significant antidiabetic activity (p-value=0.05), reduces oxidative stress, improves lipid profiles, and shows potential for the treatment of diabetes.

Antioxidant properties of date seeds extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in alloxan induced damage in rats.

The study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activity and evaluate the protective effects of the date seeds powder kentichi against alloxan-induced damage in the liver, kidney, and pancreas in diabetic's rats. Group 1: control group, that did not receive any treatment, Group 2: alloxan was injected intraperitoneally (120 mg/kg body weight) for two days (Diab), Group 3: treated only by date seeds powder added in the diet (300 g/kg) for 6 weeks (DSPK), Group 4: alloxan-diabetic rats treated with date seeds powder (300 g/kg) (DSPK + Diab). Estimations of biochemical parameters in blood were determined. TBARS, SOD, CAT, and GPx activities were determined. A histopathological study was done by immersing pieces of both organs in a fixative solution followed by paraffin hematoxylin-eosin staining. In addition, the antioxidant activities of DSPK were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ABTS free radical scavenging. The results revealed that date seeds significantly decreased serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine, T-protein, ALP, D-bili and T-bili levels. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities that had been reduced in liver, kidney, and pancreas of the treated group were restored by DSPK treatments and, therefore, the lipid peroxidation level was reduced in the liver, kidney and pancreas tissue compared to the control group. Additionally, the histological structure in these organs was restored after treatment with date seeds powder.

In vitro antioxidant capacity of Corryocactus brevistylus (sanky) and its effect on the pancreas morphology of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. / Capacidad antioxidante in vitro del Corryocactus brevistylus (sanky) y su efecto en la morfología del páncreas de ratas diabéticas inducidas con aloxano.

OBJECTIVE.: To determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity of Corryocactus brevistylus and its effect on glycemia and the pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: The antioxidant capacity of the hydroethanolic extract of sanky (HEES) was evaluated by assessing its ability to reduce 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric ion (FRAP). We used thirty adult rats, which were induced to diabetes with two doses of alloxan (80mg/kg). Rats were distributed into 5 groups (n=6), all groups received treatment by orogastric route for eight days. Group I received water, group II received metformin 14mg/kg and groups III, IV and V received sanky juice at 1.0; 4.0 and 16 mL/kg, respectively. Glycemia was evaluated by the rapid method (glucometer) (first and eighth day). After treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the pancreas was removed for histopathological study. RESULTS.: The antioxidant capacity of HEES by DPPH showed an IC50 of 0.77 mg/mL; the FRAP method showed a TEAC-FRAP of 22.31µg/mg. Glycemia decreased on the eighth day of treatment, with respect to the first day; a decrease in glycemia was also found in groups III-V, when compared to group I. Histologically, groups I-II presented severe atrophy and moderate necrosis of the islets of Langerhans; groups IV-V presented hypertrophy and mild multifocal necrosis at the islet level. CONCLUSIONS.: The extract of sanky showed antioxidant capacity in vitro and the juice exerts a hypoglycemic and protective effect on the pancreas.

OBJETIVO.: Determinar la capacidad antioxidante in vitro del Corryocactus brevistylus y su efecto sobre la glicemia y páncreas de ratas diabéticas inducidas con aloxano. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Se evaluó la capacidad antioxidante del extracto hidroetanólico de sanky (EHES) mediante la capacidad de reducir el 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) y la capacidad de reducir el ion férrico (FRAP). Se utilizaron 30 ratas adultas inducidas a diabetes con dos dosis de aloxano (80mg/kg), formándose cinco grupos (n=6), recibiendo los tratamientos vía orogástrica durante ocho días, el grupo I (agua), II (metformina 14mg/kg), grupos III-IV-V zumo de sanky a 1,0; 4,0 y 16 mL/kg, respectivamente. La glicemia fue evaluada por el método rápido (glucómetro) (primer y octavo día). Terminado el tratamiento los animales fueron sacrificados y se les extrajo el páncreas, para su estudio histopatológico. RESULTADOS.: La capacidad antioxidante del EHES mediante el DPPH, mostró un IC50 de 0,77 mg/mL, y por el método FRAP se observó el TEAC-FRAP de 22,31µg/mg. La glicemia disminuyó en el octavo día de tratamiento, respecto al primer día; también se observó disminución de la glicemia en los grupos III-V, respecto al grupo I. A nivel histológico los grupos I-II presentaron atrofia severa y necrosis moderada de los islotes de Langerhans; los grupos IV-V presentaron hipertrofia y necrosis leve multifocal a nivel del islote. CONCLUSIONES.: El extracto de sanky presenta capacidad antioxidante in vitro y el zumo ejerce un efecto hipoglicemiante y protector en páncreas.

Anti-osteoporosis effects of mammalian lignans and their precursors from flaxseed and safflower seed using zebrafish model.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and tracheloside (TCL) are the main lignan components of flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake, which are by-products of oil extraction. Both SDG and TCL are metabolized into mammalian lignan enterolactone (EL) with the involvement of intestinal bacteria. In this research, we evaluated the anti-osteoporosis effects of SDG and the in vivo metabolites EL and enterodiol (ED) prepared in our previous work, as well as the newly isolated chemical constituents from safflower seed, including TCL, the lactone ring opening product of TCL (OTCL) and two alkaloids on the alloxan-induced zebrafish model. All the compounds showed significant anti-osteoporosis effects at 80 µM, with p < 0.05 for EL and p < 0.001 for other compounds compared with the model. SDG and TCL showed the most significant and concentration-dependent effects, with p < 0.001 compared with model at 20 µM. The alkaloids, N-coumaroylserotonin glucoside and N-feruloylserotonin glucoside, also showed anti-osteoporosis at 20 µM with p < 0.01, whereas EL, ED, and OTCL showed no significant effects. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that SDG and TCL upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes Runx2, SP7, OPG, Col1a1a, Alp, ON, OPN, and OCN in alloxan-treated zebrafish. The in vivo metabolite of lignans, EL, showed significant anti-inflammatory effect (p < 0.01) at 20 µM, which might also help to combat osteoporosis and other complications caused by excessive immune response in the body. The results provided scientific data for using the oil extraction by-products as sources of anti-osteoporosis compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study found that lignans in flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake exhibited anti-osteoporosis effects by upregulating the expression of osteogenic genes, making the oil extraction by-products sources of anti-osteoporosis compounds.

Fucoidan from Sargassum wightii reduces oxidative stress through upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in alloxan-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy rats.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a form of cardiac dysfunction caused by diabetes, increasing heart failure and death. Studies shown that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress significantly affects heart structure and functional changes during diabetic cardiomyopathy. Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharide derived from naturally available seaweeds and reported for various biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory. However, the therapeutic potential of Indian seaweeds against DCM remains largely unexplored. Therefore, the current study aimed to work on the cardioprotective effect of extracted fucoidan from Sargassum wightii (SwF) in alloxan-induced DCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Diabetes (DM) was induced with alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg-1) dissolved in Nacl (0.9%) overnight-fasted rats. Group III, IV rats were DM induced, followed by treated with SwF (150 mg/kg-1) and (300 mg/kg-1). Group V and VI were non-diabetic rats and received SwF (150 mg/kg-1) and (300 mg/kg-1). SwF reduced classical progressive DM complications such as hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyurea in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biochemical analysis showed that SwF decreased blood glucose, cardiac markers enzymes, and lipid peroxidation levels compared to diabetic rats. SwF administration significantly increased Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, Catalase, and NQO1 gene expression. In addition, SwF-treated rats showed reduced heart tissue damage with increased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression. CONCLUSION: The current research concludes that targeting oxidative stress with SwF provided an effective role in the prevention of DCM. Thus, fucoidan could be used to develop functional food ingredients for DCM.

Histologic and Biochemical Effect of Balanite aegyptiaca Fruit Extract on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is among the most prevalent and costly chronic diseases in the world. Unfortunately, immediate prospects for a cure are not available. We aimed to determine the in vivo antidiabetic activity, histologic, and biochemical effect of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit extract on alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were allotted into six groups (n=6). Group I was normal control. Group II was induced with diabetes but not treated.Groups III-V were induced with diabetes and treated with 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg extracts while Group VI was treated with Metformin once daily for 14 days. Animals were euthanized, and blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. The liver, kidney, pancreas, and testis were excised and processed by the paraffin wax method. Result: Oral administration of BA extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced blood glucose, liver enzymes, and creatinine levels in diabetic animals. The extract also improved the body weights of diabetic animals and microscopic anatomy of the pancreas, testis, liver, and kidney parenchyma compared to the control. Conclusion: Balanites aegyptiaca phytochemicals reduced blood glucose level and improved the histology of the liver, kidney, pancreas, and testis. Further study is recommended to identify the phytochemicals and mechanism of action.

Fortification of Fermented Camel Milk with Salvia officinalis L. or Mentha piperita Leaves Powder and Its Biological Effects on Diabetic Rats.

The incorporation of fermented camel milk with natural additives possesses numerous benefits for the treatment of various pathological and metabolic conditions. The present study investigated the impact of fortification of fermented camel milk with sage or mint leaves powder (1 and 1.5%, respectively) on glucose and insulin levels, lipid profile, and liver and kidney functions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The gross chemical composition of sage and peppermint leaves powder was studied. The chemical composition of sage and mint extracts was performed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of sage and mint extracts. Furthermore, a total of forty-two adult normal male albino rats were included in this study, whereas one group was kept as the healthy control group (n = 6 rats) and diabetes was induced in the remaining animals (n = 36 rats) using alloxan injection (150 mg/kg of body weight). Among diabetic rats groups, a control group (n = 6 rats) was kept as the diabetic control group whereas the other 5 groups (6 rats per group) of diabetic rats were fed fermented camel milk (FCM) or fermented camel milk fortified with 1 and 1.5% of sage or mint leaves powder. Interestingly, the oral administration of fermented camel milk fortified with sage or mint leaves powder, at both concentrations, caused a significant decrease in blood glucose level and lipid profile, and an increase in insulin level compared to the diabetic control and FCM groups. Among others, the best results were observed in the group of animals that received fermented camel milk fortified with 1.5% sage powder. In addition, the results revealed that the fermented camel milk fortified with sage or mint leaves powder improved the liver and kidney functions of diabetic rats. Our study concluded that the use of sage and mint leaves powder (at a ratio of 1.5%) with fermented camel milk produces functional food products with anti-diabetic activity.

Phenolics Extracted from Jasminum sambac Mitigates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Apoptotic Mediators and the Nfr-2/HO-1 Pathway in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder defined as hyperglycemia and pancreatic ß-cell deterioration, leading to other complications such as cardiomyopathy. The current study assessed the therapeutic effects of phenolic acids extracted from Jasminum sambac phenols of leaves (JSP) against diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. The rats were divided into four groups, with each group consisting of 20 rats. The rats were given intraperitoneal injections of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. The diabetes-induced groups (III and IV) received treatment for six weeks that included 250 and 500 mg/kg of JSP extract, respectively. In the treated rats, the results demonstrated that JSP extract restored fasting glucose, serum glucose, and hyperlipidemia. Alloxan induced cardiomyopathy, promoted oxidative stress, and altered cardiac function biomarkers, including cardiac troponin I, proBNP, CK-MB, LDH, and IMA. The JSP extract-treated rats showed improved cardiac function indicators, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. In diabetic rats, the mRNA expression of caspase-3, BAX, and Bcl-2 was significantly higher, while Bcl-2, Nrf-2, and HO-,1 was significantly lower. In the treated groups, the expression levels of the BAX, Nrf-2, HO-1, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 genes were dramatically returned to normal level. According to our findings, the JSP extract prevented cardiomyopathy and heart failure in the hyperglycemic rats by improving cardiac biomarkers and lowering the levels of hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, apoptosis, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia.

Effect of heterologous platelet-rich plasma on liver and modulation of glucose metabolism and Wnt signalling pathways in diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: The current study was designed to highlight the effects of heterologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on deteriorated hepatic tissues and impaired glucose metabolism of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. METHODS: 30 male mice were divided into a control (CG), PRP (PG), diabetic (DG), and two treated groups (T1G and T2G). PG was given PRP treatment (0.5 ml/kg body weight) twice a week for four weeks. DG, T1G and T2G were given alloxan (150 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. After confirmation, PRP treatment was given to T1G and T2G for two and four weeks respectively while DG was left untreated. Upon completion of the said experimental period, liver samples were taken for histological and gene expression analyses. RESULTS: The study found that the liver tissue of the DG group showed signs of damage, including hepatocyte ballooning, sinusoid dilatation, and collagen deposition. However, these changes were significantly reduced in both T1G and T2G groups. The expression of several genes related to liver function was also affected, with upregulation of Fbp1 and Pklr, and downregulation of Pck1 in the DG group. PRP treatment restored Fbp1 expression and also increased the expression of glycolytic pathway genes Hk1 and Gck, as well as Wnt signalling pathway genes Wnt2, Wnt4, and Wnt9a in both treated groups. CONCLUSION: Current study revealed that heterologous PRP may partly alleviate high glucose levels in diabetics possibly by mediating glucose metabolism via inhibition of Wnt signalling pathway.

The Effects of Metformin Treatment on Diabetic Albino Rats' Pancreas, Liver, and Kidney Histology.

Metformin, an oral hypoglycemic drug, has traditionally been considered the standard therapy for hyperglycemia. Metformin's several modes of action include inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, anti-glucagon activity, and insulin-sensitizing effect. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Metformin on the liver, pancreatic, and kidney tissues of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Twenty mature albino white male rats were allocated at random into two groups. Intraperitoneal injections of alloxan monohydrate were utilised to induce diabetic Mellitus type II in the first ten rats. The second group of rats were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline. Both groups were then separated into four subgroups: Group 1 consisted of non-diabetic rats that were only administered distilled water (control), Group 2 consisted of non-diabetic rats that were administered metformin at a dose of 1000 mg/kg/day, and Group 3 consisted of diabetic control animals that were administered alloxan intravenously and distilled water orally, but were not given any medications. After seven days of DM induction, diabetic rats were administered Metformin at a dose of 1000 mg/kg/day orally. After one month of therapy, the animals were slaughtered and their organs were harvested. Compared to the control group, the histological results of pancreatic tissue were normal in the treatment groups. In contrast, liver and kidney sections from non-diabetic control, non-diabetic, and diabetic animals given 1000 mg/kg/day of Metformin had normal histology. Still, both tissues of untreated diabetic control mice exhibited lymphocyte infiltration. Metformin has been found to have significant blood glucose lowering properties and the capacity to protect several organs from the negative consequences of diabetes.