William Aldren Turner (1864-1945).

William Aldren Turner (Fig. 1) was born in Edinburgh, the son of William Turner (1832-1916) who at the time was senior demonstrator in Anatomy at the University, later Professor (1867). His paternal grandmother was Margaret Aldren. He was not related to the American endocrinologist Henry Hubert Turner (1892-1970) who described Turner syndrome (monosomy X) in 1938. Fig. 1 William Aldren Turner (1864-1945).

The coronation of the clitoris: formally introducing the corona of the glans clitoris.

The glans clitoris has a corona; however, unlike the corona of the glans penis, the corona of the glans clitoris is practically "nonexistent" as evidenced by the noteworthy absence of its mention and depiction in anatomical and clinical sciences. Accordingly, the corona of the glans clitoris has been neglected in anatomical education and clinical practice. This report details the history regarding the anatomical terminology of the glans and identifies that descriptions of the glans penis, corona of the glans penis, and other penile structures have preceded descriptions of the homologous anatomy of the clitoris by at least a century. Today, recognition of the corona of the glans clitoris, as well as the coronal sulcus and neck of the clitoris should be commonplace. Henceforth, the corona of the glans clitoris and its related anatomy including the sulcus of the glans clitoris and neck of the clitoris should be incorporated into anatomical and clinical language, illustrations, textbooks, education, and practice. Likewise, efforts should be made to propagate knowledge regarding the corona of the glans clitoris, coronal sulcus, and neck of the clitoris to the general public. Giving names to the anatomical structures of the clitoris will undoubtedly increase the awareness of their existence which, in turn, will encourage their clinical assessment and result in decreased morbidity and mortality. Likewise, improved self-awareness of clitoral anatomy will promote self-care which is important in the prevention of disease and the promotion of optimal sexual health.

Dr. Hugo Ariel Hernández-Parada: Análisis Bibliométrico de su Obra y Legado para la Anatomía Chilena / Dr. Hugo Ariel Hernández-Parada: Bibliometric Analysis of his Work and Legacy for Chilean Anatomy

La presente investigación documental con diseño bibliométrico pretender caracterizar la producción científica del Dr. Hugo Ariel Hernández-Parada, fundador del actual Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología de la Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh). Por medio de la búsqueda electrónica en seis bases de datos se identificaron 42 estudios (41 artículos y 1 tesis), cuyo análisis bibliométrico determinó que su quehacer dentro de la investigación en el campo de la Anatomía Humana estuvo centrado en el estudio del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo, seguida del Sistema Nervioso Periférico, Miología y Anatomía de cabeza y cuello. La mayoría de sus obras fueron realizadas en muestras humanas (fetos), publicadas en idioma español, en revistas chilenas, y como autor principal en 41 de los 42 registros encontrados. Por medio de esta investigación, se pretende recordar y rendir homenaje a este destacado anatomista, cuya obra contribuyó al desarrollo y difusión de la Anatomía Humana en Chile.

SUMMARY: This documentary research via bibliometric design, aims to characterize the scientific contribution of Dr. Hugo Ariel Hernández-Parada, the founder of the current Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology of the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh). An electronic search was carried out in six databases, 42 studies (41 articles and 1 thesis) were identified. Their bibliometric analysis determined that the work of these research studies in the field of Human Anatomy was focused on the study of the Autonomous Nervous System, followed by the Peripheral Nervous System, Myology and Anatomy of the head and neck. Most of his works were carried out on human samples (fetuses), published in Spanish in Chilean science journals, and as the main author in 41 of the 42 records found. Through this research, it is intended to remember and offer tribute to this outstanding anatomist, whose work contributed to the development and diffusion of human anatomy in Chile.

The Anatomy Act 1977 (NSW) Dissected: Review and Reform.

This column discusses the Anatomy Act 1977 (NSW) and its regulatory environment. The column begins with examining the history of anatomy regulation in the United Kingdom and Australia. It then goes on to analyse the history of the current anatomy regulation in New South Wales, pointing out areas for reform.

Analysis of the ethical issues in authorship of collaborative research. Observations inspired by the historical case study of Gerard L. Blaes' (Blasius) claim to sole authorship of 'Anatome medullae spinalis'.

This paper discusses the historical context of collaborative research and authorship disputes, exemplified by the complex relationship between Dutch anatomist and physician Gerard L. Blaes and his East-Central European mentee, Daniel Gödtke, during the study of medulla spinalis. The study employs historical analysis to unravel the dynamics of scholarly collaboration, emphasizing the significance of mentorship in scientific progress and the communal nature of knowledge exchange. This historical analysis is based on primary sources and historical records. It underscores Blaes's strategy to circumvent public confrontations regarding the authorship of the seminal work 'Anatome medullae spinalis, et nervorum inde provenientium' (1666). As a teacher, he facilitated his student's participation in a public disputation to avert public authorship conflicts over the book. This ultimately led to the publication of two distinct versions of 'Anatome medullae spinalis.' The first one was co-authored by the mentor and his mentee, while the latter was solely attributed to the mentor. This historical narrative raises essential questions about attributing individual contributions in medical sciences, echoing concerns still pertinent in contemporary academia. Additionally, it makes visible the power dynamics inherent in faculty-students relationships and the potential repercussions of authorship disputes on scholars' reputations. By drawing parallels between historical and modern authorship dilemmas, this study contributes to ongoing discussions on equitable authorship in scientific research and publishing. It not only highlights a historical precedent for the complex dynamics of mentor-mentee collaborations and authorship disputes but also illuminates how these practices continue to influence contemporary academic and publishing customs.

Chinese characters carry special anatomical connotations.

In the domain of anatomy, some Chinese characters in anatomical terms possess distinctive morphological significance. Chinese characters evolved from pictographic characters, with some of these pictographs being created by ancient people based on their own body structure. This implies that the comprehension and depiction of the human body structure have been integral since the inception of Chinese characters, and this knowledge has been passed down and developed through the continued inheritance of Chinese characters. Even today, certain characters retain the appearance to reflect the shape of the human body structure. By examining the characters related to vertebrae, cranial fontanel and heart, we can find the unique and enduring link between Chinese characters and the fields of anatomy as well as Chinese traditional medicine.

History of Czech anatomical terminology.

Latin anatomical terminology has been codified since 1895. However, the situation is different for national anatomical terminologies. There are countries that have standardized anatomical terminology in their language, e.g., Poland, Slovenia, Japan, Spain, Hungary, others, such as the Czech Republic or Slovakia, are still lacking their own standardized and official terminology. In the Bohemian Lands, the first terms describing parts of the human body appeared as early as the ninth century in works written in Cyrillic script. The first comprehensive references to Czech anatomical terminology appeared in the fourteenth century. From the Baroque period, anatomical terms were preserved in the educational works of the Teacher of Nations Jan Amos Comenius' Janua linguarum reserata and Orbis sensualium pictus. Many of these terms have remained almost unchanged to this day, but some of them have acquired a pejorative meaning over time. We present here an overview of the history and examples of these terms describing parts of the human body.

Nomina anatomica-unde venient et quo vaditis?

As the title indicates, this article deals with the origins of anatomic terminology and its development up to the present day. The first attempt to name anatomical structures in animals and humans date back to Alkmaion, i.e. to the fifth century BC. Further work has been done at the same time by the Hippocratics and about 100 years later by Aristotle. As the Alexandrians Erasistratos and Herophilos first in history dissected human bodies, they expanded the anatomical terms. Until Celsus (around Christ's birth) and even later on, anatomical terminology was almost exclusively based on the Greek language. Thus, Celsus and not-as frequently done-Galenos has to be called the father of Latin-based anatomical terminology. Due to several translations including Arabic, first periods of proverbial Bable resulted. Return to systematic order was achieved finally by Andreas Vesal (1514/15-1564) and Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624). But again due to translations into several national languages, the uniformity of the anatomical nomenclature was undermined. Thus, by the end of the nineteenth century, in 1895 the newly founded Anatomische Gesellschaft created a uniform terminology, the Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA). Although it has been revised several times, it is still the very basic of human anatomical terminology. Recently, an attempt was made to replace it by English translations of the original Latin (and also still Greek) terms to mainly get machine-readable denominations. As this will result again in non-uniformity of terminology, the Anatomische Gesellschaft proposes a version of the latest, generally accepted terminology, based on the Latin terms but incorporating recent developments.

Lorenz Fries on the defense of Avicenna, the prince of physicians: Addressed to the medics of Germany (1530).

During the 14th century CE, a pivotal shift took place in the world of medicine as its epicenter transitioned from the Middle East to Europe. The emergence of the European Renaissance sparked skepticism regarding the significance of Avicenna's contributions to the advancement of medicine. This paper explores how the rise of secularization and the Renaissance in Europe marked significant cultural transformations, fostering the spread of literacy. These societal shifts influenced the trajectory of medical thought, and Avicenna's "Canon of Medicine" received both praise and condemnation amidst the evolving intellectual landscape. In this context, Lorenz Fries composed his "Defense of Avicenna," a testament to his profound admiration for Avicenna's legacy. This paper presents an English translation of Fries' 1530 work, and introduces Fries and Avicenna's "Canon," contextualizing Fries' defense within the broader rejection of Arab-language medical texts in the 16th century. It also explores Avicenna's influence on European medicine and anatomy during the Renaissance and highlights the enduring relevance of his contributions to the annals of science. Fries' defense underscores Avicenna's methodological acumen and emphasizes the importance of a robust theoretical foundation in medical practice. Avicenna's integration of Aristotelianism with Platonism highlighted the necessity of a rigorous method informed by theory in medical analysis. Fries' defense remains relevant today, particularly in advocating for systematic medical analysis against subjective approaches. Avicenna's medical philosophy seems nested within a larger, hopeful attempt to resolve the tensions between science or naturalism and religion or spiritualism. The rejection of Avicenna reflects broader conflicts between Aristotelian and Neoplatonic traditions, suggesting a complex interplay of secularization and theological influences in shaping medical thought during the Renaissance.

Manners of terminology and description in Galen's anatomy in the ancient Rome and their historical consequences up to the modern time.

The oldest extant anatomy textbooks compiled in ancient Rome were by Galen who described in writing most of the various parts and organs of the body. History tells us that ever since the time of Galen, anatomical terminology would be a necessary and beneficial feature, but it also brought unexpected and annoying consequences into the field. The benefits are readily apparent in the case of muscle terminology. Galen identified more than 150 different kinds of skeletal muscles, most of which were unnamed, hence difficult to identify without professional knowledge of anatomy. Vesalius introduced detailed anatomical illustrations in Fabrica (1543), which made the identification of the muscles easier. Bauhin then introduced proper descriptive names for the muscles in Theatrum anatomicum (1605), which enabled the identification of the muscles without illustrations. After the terminology became complex and diverse, a logically consistent standard nomenclature was established by Nomina anatomica (1895). The unexpected consequences may be found in the terminology of bones and joints. Galen gave 39 proper names for individual bones, and classified and termed the types of bony joints. Many of these terms have survived in modern anatomy as literal translations of the bone terms, as well as the joint terms. The annoying consequences may be found in the terminology of intestines. Galen divided the small and large intestines into three portions, such that the major part of the small intestine suspended by the mesentery was divided into two without sufficient reason. The Latin translations of jejunum and ileum were, respectively assigned to them by Mondino in his Anatomia written in 1316.

Contributions to the development of an anatomical terminology in Spanish from South America.

The development of a standard anatomical language in Spanish dates back to the early stages of medicine, and its significance lies in the necessity for a common vocabulary to describe the structures of the human body. Anatomists and morphologists have been striving to achieve this goal since the late nineteenth century when the first Anatomical Nomenclature was created in Basel in 1895. Over the years, various versions of the International Anatomical Terminology have been published in Spanish, following the guidelines of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). These versions have been produced in partnership with the Spanish Anatomical Society and have aimed to adjust the terms to the Spanish language and linguistic rules. The Ibero-Latin American Symposia on Anatomical, Histological, and Embryological Terminology (SILAT) have embraced the naming of morphological structures, keeping in mind the Latin and Greek roots, while respecting the translations accepted by the linguistic rules of the official languages. These symposia stick to the principles of universality, precision in structure description, and consistency in terminology. Despite more than a century of progress in anatomical terminology, there is a need for frequent revisions and adjustments to anatomical terms, particularly when translating them into various languages and because of the high number of international publications related to anatomy. A shared anatomical language is essential for the study and application of anatomy across various medical practices and in undergraduate education. Finally, the establishment of anatomical terminology in Spanish represents a long history of efforts to create a universal and precise language in this field. Despite advancements, the revision and adaptation of anatomical terms remain a continuous challenge to keep up with scientific progress and ensure effective communication in the field of anatomy.

George Sclavunos (1869-1954): Anatomical Insights and His Contribution into the "Magenstrasse of Waldeyer".

The purpose of this article is to present a well-known physician and highlight his contribution into an essential, but neglected anatomical feature. George Sclavunos (1869-1954) was a 20th century Greek physician, whose scientific work was a significant milestone in global medical knowledge. In 1899 he became Professor of Anatomy and Head Director of the Department of Anatomy. In 1906 Sclavunos G. published the first volume of the three volume book "Human Anatomy" (1906-1926), which is characterized by its unparalleled illustrations. For more than a century it was the most important book of medical literature in Greece. In 1926 he became a Full Member of the Academy of Athens and was named Life Partner of the International Anatomical Society. His interests included Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, as well as Osteology and Syndesmology. In his book "Human Anatomy", he described for first time the "Sialine Groove of the Stomach", which was described by Waldeyer-Hartz almost at the same time as the "Magenstrasse", a German word that means "stomach road". It is a ribbon-like path that extends along the lesser curvature of the stomach from the gastric cardia to the antrum and releases the gastric content directly into the small intestine. Its importance is confirmed by its association not only with drug delivery, but also with anti-obesity surgical techniques. The old German term has come back into common medical usage in view of the commonly performed Magenstrasse and Mill procedure, a form of bariatric surgery. CONCLUSION: Sclavunos G. managed to observe an anatomical structure that has remained of great importance until today.

History of the hip joint pectineofoveal fold.

Although Josias Weitbrecht described the retinacula of the hip joint in his 1742 Syndesmologia, the anatomist Cesare Amantini of Perugia specifically studied the medial retinacula he referred to as the pectineofoveal fold in a late 19th-century monograph. This particular synovial fold stretches from the lesser trochanter to the osteocartilaginous junction of the femoral head along a virtual line connecting the lesser trochanter and the fovea for the ligament of the head. Although mentioned by some anatomists and radiologists, and despite its possible involvement in specific hip joint pathologies (fractures, impingements), it is surprising that Amantini's pectineofoveal fold remains ignored by most anatomy and clinical anatomy books. This study aims to verify if Cesare Amantini effectively drew attention to this synovial fold for the first time and coined the term "pectineofoveal fold," as well as determine whether most classical textbooks (i.e., published from 1890 to 2017) acknowledge the discovery and include it in the description of the hip joint. A possible evolutionary link between this synovial fold and the ambiens and pectineus muscles exists and should be discussed.

Enseñanza de la Anatomía Humana en la Universidad Austral de Chile: Pasado, Presente y Futuro / Teaching of Human Anatomy at the Universidad Austral de Chile: Past, Present and Future

La presente revisión narrativa trata de caracterizar como ha sido el proceso de enseñanza de la anatomía en la Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), presentando una visión histórica desde los inicios de la Universidad a los tiempos actuales y una reflexión sobre el futuro de la Anatomía Humana. Se describen los orígenes del Instituto de Anatomía de la UACh, primeros académicos, logros institucionales, convenios interinstitucionales; además, se detallan los métodos y estrategias educativas utilizadas en la actualidad para la enseñanza anatómica y se presenta una visión panorámica del porvenir como instituto de docencia e investigación en el campo de la Anatomía humana.

SUMMARY: This narrative review tries to characterize how the anatomy teaching process has been carried out at the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), presenting a historical vision from the beginnings of the University to the present time and a reflection on the future of Human Anatomy. The origins of the Human Anatomy Institute at the UACh, first academics, institutional achievements, inter-institutional agreements are described; in addition, the educational methods and strategies currently used for anatomical teaching are detailed and a panoramic vision of the future as a teaching and research institute in the field of human anatomy is presented.

The Picture of Scientific Surgery: John Hunter and the Reynolds Portrait.

This historical retrospective examines the famous portrait of John Hunter by Sir Joshua Reynolds, focusing on the man and the objects that were chosen to represent his legacy in anatomy and surgery.

Asociación Argentina de Anatomía: sus Inicios / Argentine Association of Anatomy: its Beginnings

Realizamos una reseña de los primeros años de la Asociación Argentina de Anatomía, que se creó en el año 2000 y que actualmente continúa vigente. Se describen sus orígenes, objetivos, primeros presidentes y congresos, así como publicaciones, además de sus relaciones inter-societarias, entre ellas se destaca la Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía.

SUMMARY: We make a review of the first years of the Argentine Association of Anatomy, which was created in the year 2000 and which is currently still in force. Its origins, objectives, first presidents and congresses are described, as well as publications, in addition to its inter-societal relations, among them the Chilean Society of Anatomy stands out.

The Emergence and Effects of the First Anatomy Theatres in Western Europe / El Surgimiento y los Efectos de las Primeras Salas de Anatomía en Europa Occidental

SUMMARY: The spread of the idea that the human body should be learned from cadavers, especially under the leadership of Vesalius, and the strong support of this idea among surgeons and medical students of that period, led to the emergence of anatomy theatres, particularly in the rich centres of Western Europe. Anatomy theatres have become prestigious places that make contributions to financial income for the cities they are located in. They have contributed to the importance of universities with the students they attract. Anatomy has become a more visual and international science because of the spread of anatomical drawings in scientific medical books, the newly invented printing press making it easier to print more books and the increasing interest of the people of the period. Learning medicine has become easier with the spread of visual anatomy books and cadaver studies. Cadaver studies and anatomy theatres, which started to become widespread under the leadership of brave science warriors such as Vesalius, who lived in the Renaissance period, became the subject of the paintings of painters of the period such as Rembrandt under the name anatomy activities. It is beneficial and necessary for society to keep in memory what this period brought to the world of anatomy and the present with its historical processes.

La difusión de la idea de que el cuerpo humano se debe aprender a partir de cadáveres, especialmente bajo el liderazgo de Vesalius, y el fuerte apoyo de esta idea entre los cirujanos y estudiantes de medicina de ese período, condujo al surgimiento de las salas de anatomía, particularmente en los ricos centros de Europa Occidental. Las salas de anatomía se han convertido en lugares de prestigio que contribuyen a los ingresos económicos de las ciudades en las que están ubicados y han contribuido a la importancia de las universidades con los estudiantes que atraen. La anatomía se ha convertido en una ciencia más visual e internacional debido a la difusión de los dibujos anatómicos en los libros médicos científicos, la imprenta recién inventada que facilita la impresión de libros y el creciente interés de la gente de la época. Aprender medicina se ha vuelto más fácil con la difusión de libros de anatomía visual y estudios de cadáveres. Los estudios de cadáveres y las salas de anatomía, que comenzaron a generalizarse bajo el liderazgo de valientes guerreros de la ciencia como Vesalius, que vivió en el Renacimiento, se convirtieron en el tema de las pinturas de artistas de la época como Rembrandt bajo el nombre de actividades de anatomía. Es beneficioso y necesario que la sociedad guarde en la memoria lo que este período trajo al mundo de la anatomía y el presente con sus procesos históricos.

Historia de la Sociedad-Asociación Rioplatense de Anatomía (1964-2000) / History of the Rioplatense Society-Association of Anatomy (1964-2000)

Realizamos una reseña histórica de la Sociedad-Asociación Rioplatense de Anatomía, que fue una agrupación de anatomistas argentino-uruguaya. Se consideran sus orígenes y objetivos, estructura organizativa, congresos y publicaciones. Posteriormente con el crecimiento de la anatomía en ambos países se desdobló en la Asociación Argentina de Anatomía y la Sociedad Uruguaya de Anatomía.

SUMMARY: We carry out a historical review of the Rioplatense Society-Association of Anatomy, which was a group of Argentine-Uruguayan anatomists. Its origins and objectives, organizational structure, congresses and publications are considered. Later, with the growth of anatomy in both countries, it was divided into the Argentine Association of Anatomy and the Uruguayan Society of Anatomy.