RESUMO
Changes to ivermectin (IVM [22,23-dihydro avermectin B1a + 22,23-dihydro avermectin B1b]) toxicokinetics (TK) with and without P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition by cyclosporin A (CsA) were examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout were injected with 175 µg/kg 3H-IVM (8.6 µCi/mg IVM) with or without co-administration of 480 µg/kg CsA into the caudal vasculature. Fish were sacrificed at various time points (0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 24, 48, 96, and 168 h) for organ and tissue sampling (blood, liver, kidney, gill, intestines, brain [5 regions], eye, gonad, and fat) which were analyzed for IVM-derived radioactivity. The IVM concentration decreased over time in blood, liver, kidney, and gill, while concentrations in other tissues remained constant. The highest maximum IVM concentration (Cmax) was found in kidney, followed by liver; the lowest Cmax was found in eye, followed by brain and adipose tissue. The highest % of the administered dose was found in the blood 15 min post-IVM administration, followed by the intestine at 60 min post-IVM administration. P-gp inhibition by CsA did not significantly affect calculated TK parameters (AUC [7.33 ± 0.73 - 11.5 ± 2.5 mgâ¢h/kg], mean residence time [84.7 ± 21 - 125 ± 55 h], T1/2 [58.7 ± 15 - 86.8 ± 38 h], clearance rate [0.0152 ± 0.0033 - 0.0239 ± 0.0024 L/kgâ¢h], or volume of distribution [1.91 ± 0.47 - 2.02 ± 0.33 L/kg]), but resulted in small but significant changes in the % administered dose found in blood and medulla. These results suggest that P-gp plays a limited role in overall IVM TK, and that its role in xenobiotic protection may be much less robust in fish than it is in mammals.
Assuntos
Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP , Ciclosporina , Ivermectina , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Animais , Oncorhynchus mykiss/metabolismo , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/toxicidade , Ivermectina/sangue , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Ciclosporina/farmacocinética , Toxicocinética , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Ivermectin has been used since the 1980s as an anthelmintic and antiectoparasite agent worldwide. Currently, the only available oral formulation is tablets designed for adult patients. A patient-friendly orodispersible tablet formulation designed for pediatric use (CHILD-IVITAB) has been developed and is entering early phase clinical trials. To inform the pediatric program of CHILD-IVITAB, 16 healthy adults were enrolled in a phase I, single-center, open-label, randomized, 2-period, crossover, single-dose trial which aimed to compare palatability, tolerability, and bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of CHILD-IVITAB and their variability against the marketed ivermectin tablets (STROMECTOL) at a single dose of 12 mg in a fasting state. Palatability with CHILD-IVITAB was considerably enhanced as compared to STROMECTOL. Both ivermectin formulations were well tolerated and safe. Relative bioavailability of CHILD-IVITAB compared to STROMECTOL was estimated as the ratios of geometric means for Cmax, AUC 0-∞, and AUC0-last, which were 1.52 [90% CI: 1.13-2.04], 1.27 [0.99-1.62], and 1.29 [1.00-1.66], respectively. Maximum drug concentrations occurred earlier with the CHILD-IVITAB formulation, with a median Tmax at 3.0 h [range 2.0-4.0 h] versus 4.0 h [range 2.0-5.0 h] with STROMECTOL (P = .004). With CHILD-IVITAB, variability in exposure was cut in half (coefficient of variation: 37% vs 70%) compared to STROMECTOL. Consistent with a more controlled absorption process, CHILD-IVITAB was associated with reduced variability in drug exposure as compared to STROMECTOL. Together with a favorable palatability and tolerability profile, these findings motivate for further clinical studies to evaluate benefits of such a patient-friendly ODT formulation in pediatric patients with a parasitic disease, including infants and young children <15 kg.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários , Disponibilidade Biológica , Estudos Cross-Over , Ivermectina , Comprimidos , Humanos , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , Ivermectina/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Feminino , Administração Oral , Adulto , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/administração & dosagem , Antiparasitários/efeitos adversos , Área Sob a Curva , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an effective antiparasitic drug with potent antiviral and antimicrobial activity. This randomized, open-label, 2-sequence, 2-period crossover trial was designed to evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of the NTZ dry suspension in healthy subjects and investigated the effect of food intake on the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of tizoxanide (an active metabolite of NTZ, TIZ). Sixty healthy Chinese subjects were enrolled and received a single dose of 500 mg/25 mL of preparations on days 1 and 4 under overnight fasting or fed conditions, respectively. The plasma concentration of TIZ was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. PK parameters were calculated using WinNonlin 8.2 and BE was evaluated using SAS 9.4. The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratio (test/reference) of maximum concentration (Cmax), the area under the curve from time 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t), and the area under the curve from time 0 to extrapolation to infinity (AUC0-∞) were all within the equivalent interval of 80%-125%, compliant with BE requirements. In comparison with fasting, on taking the reference and test preparations of the NTZ dry suspension after a meal, the AUC0-t increased by 48.9% and 47.3%, respectively, the AUC0-∞ increased by 48.4% and 48.3%, respectively, and the post-meal Tmax was prolonged by 1.8-2 hours. Our results demonstrate that the test and reference preparations were bioequivalent. High-fat meals significantly improve the degree of drug absorption and delay the rate of drug absorption.
Assuntos
Área Sob a Curva , Estudos Cross-Over , Interações Alimento-Droga , Voluntários Saudáveis , Nitrocompostos , Suspensões , Equivalência Terapêutica , Tiazóis , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Administração Oral , Tiazóis/farmacocinética , Tiazóis/administração & dosagem , Tiazóis/sangue , Feminino , Nitrocompostos/farmacocinética , Nitrocompostos/administração & dosagem , Jejum , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/administração & dosagem , Antiparasitários/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta PressãoRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the effect of administration of oral vitamins A and E at different doses on plasma and brain concentrations of ivermectin in mice. The study was carried out on 174 Swiss Albino male mice aged 8-10 weeks. After leaving six mice for method validation, the remaining mice were randomly divided into seven groups with equal numbers of animals. Mice received ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg, subcutaneous) alone and in combination with low (vitamin A: 4000 IU/kg; vitamin E: 35 mg/kg) and high (vitamin A: 30 000 IU/kg; vitamin E: 500 mg/kg) oral doses of vitamins A and E. The plasma and brain concentrations of ivermectin were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector. We determined that high doses of vitamins A and E and their combinations increased the passing ratio of ivermectin into the brain significantly. The high-dose vitamin E and the combination of high-concentration vitamins E and A significantly increased the plasma concentration of ivermectin (P < 0.05). The high-dose vitamins E and A and their high-dose combination increased the brain concentration of ivermectin by 3, 2, and 2.7 times, respectively. This research is the first in vivo study to determine the interaction between P-gp substrates and vitamins E and A.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários , Encéfalo , Ivermectina , Vitamina A , Vitamina E , Animais , Camundongos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ivermectina/sangue , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , Vitamina E/administração & dosagem , Vitaminas , Antiparasitários/sangue , Antiparasitários/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
There are only a few drugs that can seriously lay claim to the title of "wonder drug," and ivermectin, the world's first endectocide and forerunner of a completely new class of antiparasitic agents, is among them. Ivermectin, a mixture of two macrolytic lactone derivatives (avermectin B1a and B1b in a ratio of 80:20), exerts its highly potent antiparasitic effect by activating the glutamate-gated chloride channel, which is absent in vertebrate species. However, in mammals, ivermectin activates several other Cys-loop receptors, including the inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptors and the excitatory nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of brain neurons. Based on these effects on vertebrate receptors, ivermectin has recently been proposed to constitute a multifaceted wonder drug for various novel neurological indications, including alcohol use disorders, motor neuron diseases, and epilepsy. This review critically discusses the preclinical and clinical evidence of antiseizure effects of ivermectin and provides several arguments supporting that ivermectin is not a suitable candidate drug for the treatment of epilepsy. First, ivermectin penetrates the mammalian brain poorly, so it does not exert any pharmacological effects via mammalian ligand-gated ion channels in the brain unless it is used at high, potentially toxic doses or the blood-brain barrier is functionally impaired. Second, ivermectin is not selective but activates numerous inhibitory and excitatory receptors. Third, the preclinical evidence for antiseizure effects of ivermectin is equivocal, and at least in part, median effective doses in seizure models are in the range of the median lethal dose. Fourth, the only robust clinical evidence of antiseizure effects stems from the treatment of patients with onchocerciasis, in which the reduction of seizures is due to a reduction in microfilaria densities but not a direct antiseizure effect of ivermectin. We hope that this critical analysis of available data will avert the unjustified hype associated with the recent use of ivermectin to control COVID-19 from recurring in neurological diseases such as epilepsy.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes , Antiparasitários , Epilepsia , Ivermectina , Antiparasitários/química , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Antiparasitários/toxicidade , Ivermectina/química , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Ivermectina/toxicidade , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Receptores de Canais Iônicos de Abertura Ativada por Ligante com Alça de Cisteína/agonistas , Anticonvulsivantes/química , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Anticonvulsivantes/toxicidade , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Animais , CamundongosRESUMO
High concentrations of ivermectin demonstrated antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of high-dose ivermectin in reducing viral load in individuals with early SARS-CoV-2 infection. This was a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase II, dose-finding, proof-of-concept clinical trial. Participants were adults recently diagnosed with asymptomatic/oligosymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Exclusion criteria were: pregnant or lactating women; CNS disease; dialysis; severe medical condition with prognosis <6 months; warfarin treatment; and antiviral/chloroquine phosphate/hydroxychloroquine treatment. Participants were assigned (ratio 1:1:1) according to a randomised permuted block procedure to one of the following arms: placebo (arm A); single-dose ivermectin 600 µg/kg plus placebo for 5 days (arm B); and single-dose ivermectin 1200 µg/kg for 5 days (arm C). Primary outcomes were serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs) and change in viral load at Day 7. From 31 July 2020 to 26 May 2021, 32 participants were randomised to arm A, 29 to arm B and 32 to arm C. Recruitment was stopped on 10 June because of a dramatic drop in cases. The safety analysis included 89 participants and the change in viral load was calculated in 87 participants. No SADRs were registered. Mean (S.D.) log10 viral load reduction was 2.9 (1.6) in arm C, 2.5 (2.2) in arm B and 2.0 (2.1) in arm A, with no significant differences (P = 0.099 and 0.122 for C vs. A and B vs. A, respectively). High-dose ivermectin was safe but did not show efficacy to reduce viral load.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacocinética , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Antiparasitários/sangue , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Antivirais/sangue , Antivirais/farmacologia , COVID-19/sangue , COVID-19/virologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Ivermectina/sangue , Ivermectina/farmacologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2/crescimento & desenvolvimento , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Ivermectin (IVM) is one of the competitive treatments used for trichinellosis. However, several studies linked its efficacy with early diagnosis and administration to tackle the intestinal phase with limited activity being recorded against encysted larvae. The aim of this study was to employ niosomes for enhancing effectiveness of oral IVM against different stages of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection with reference to nano-crystalline IVM. Mice were randomized into four groups: group Ι, 15 uninfected controls; group ΙΙ, 30 infected untreated controls; group ΙΙΙ, 30 infected nano-crystalline IVM treated, and group ΙV, 30 infected niosomal IVM treated. All groups were equally subdivided into 3 subgroups; (a) treated on the 1st day post infection (dpi), (b) treated on the 10th dpi, and (c) treated on the 30th dpi. Assessment was done by counting adult worms and larvae plus histopathological examination of jejunum and diaphragm. Biochemical assessment of oxidant/antioxidant status, angiogenic, and inflammatory biomarkers in intestinal and muscle tissues was also performed. Both niosomes and nano-crystals resulted in significant reduction in adult and larval counts compared to the infected untreated control with superior activity of niosomal IVM. The superiority of niosomes was expressed further by reduction of inflammation in both jejunal and muscle homogenates. Biochemical parameters showed highly significant differences in all treated mice compared to infected untreated control at different stages with highly significant effect of niosomal IVM. In conclusion, niosomal IVM efficacy exceeded the nano-crystalline IVM in treatment of different phases of trichinellosis.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/administração & dosagem , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , Trichinella spiralis/efeitos dos fármacos , Triquinelose/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Diafragma , Inflamação/patologia , Ivermectina/farmacologia , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Jejuno/patologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipossomos , Masculino , Camundongos , Nanopartículas , Distribuição Aleatória , Trichinella spiralis/fisiologia , Triquinelose/diagnóstico , ZoonosesRESUMO
Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic flatworm causing schistosomiasis, an infectious disease affecting several hundred million people worldwide. Schistosomes live dioeciously, and upon pairing with the male, the female starts massive egg production, which causes pathology. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug used, but it has an inherent risk of resistance development. Therefore, alternatives are needed. In the context of drug repurposing, the cancer drug imatinib was tested, showing high efficacy against S. mansoni in vitro. Besides the gonads, imatinib mainly affected the integrity of the intestine in males and females. In this study, we investigated the potential uptake and distribution of imatinib in adult schistosomes including its distribution kinetics. To this end, we applied for the first time atmospheric-pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AP-SMALDI MSI) for drug imaging in paired S. mansoni. Our results indicate that imatinib was present in the esophagus and intestine of the male as early as 20 min after in vitro exposure, suggesting an oral uptake route. After one hour, the drug was also found inside the paired female. The detection of the main metabolite, N-desmethyl imatinib, indicated metabolization of the drug. Additionally, a marker signal for the female ovary was successfully applied to facilitate further conclusions regarding organ tropism of imatinib. Our results demonstrate that AP-SMALDI MSI is a useful method to study the uptake, tissue distribution, and metabolization of imatinib in S. mansoni. The results suggest using AP-SMALDI MSI also for investigating other antiparasitic compounds and their metabolites in schistosomes and other parasites.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/análise , Antiparasitários/análise , Mesilato de Imatinib/análise , Schistosoma mansoni/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Feminino , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Schistosoma mansoni/citologia , Schistosoma mansoni/metabolismo , Esquistossomose mansoni/tratamento farmacológico , Esquistossomose mansoni/parasitologiaRESUMO
Mass drug administration of ivermectin has been proposed as a possible malaria elimination tool. Ivermectin exhibits a mosquito-lethal effect well beyond its biological half-life, suggesting the presence of active slowly eliminated metabolites. Human liver microsomes, primary human hepatocytes, and whole blood from healthy volunteers given oral ivermectin were used to identify ivermectin metabolites by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of metabolites were determined by mass spectrometry and verified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Pure cytochrome P450 enzyme isoforms were used to elucidate the metabolic pathways. Thirteen different metabolites (M1-M13) were identified after incubation of ivermectin with human liver microsomes. Three (M1, M3, and M6) were the major metabolites found in microsomes, hepatocytes, and blood from volunteers after oral ivermectin administration. The chemical structure, defined by LC-MS/MS and NMR, indicated that M1 is 3â³-O-demethyl ivermectin, M3 is 4-hydroxymethyl ivermectin, and M6 is 3â³-O-demethyl, 4-hydroxymethyl ivermectin. Metabolic pathway evaluations with characterized cytochrome P450 enzymes showed that M1, M3, and M6 were produced primarily by CYP3A4, and that M1 was also produced to a small extent by CYP3A5. Demethylated (M1) and hydroxylated (M3) ivermectin were the main human in vivo metabolites. Further studies are needed to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties and mosquito-lethal activity of these metabolites.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Antiparasitários/sangue , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Células Cultivadas , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Desmetilação , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidroxilação , Ivermectina/sangue , Ivermectina/farmacologia , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin and its antiparasitic activity in two horse breeds. Eight Hutsul and 14 Toric horses were administered ivermectin orally at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected for 96 hr, and faecal samples were collected one day before and on days 14 and 21 after drug administration. Ivermectin concentrations in plasma samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ivermectin concentration was significantly higher in Toric than in Hutsul horses 90 min after ivermectin administration and was maintained at higher level for up to 96 hr. The area under the concentration versus the time curve from 0 to the last sampling point (AUC0ât ) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) were significantly higher in Toric than in Hutsul horses (1792.09 ± 246.22 µg × hr/L vs. 716.99 ± 255.81 µg × hr/L and 62.72 ± 17.97 ng/ml vs. 35.34 ± 13.61 ng/ml, respectively). No parasitic eggs were found in the faecal samples collected from both groups of horses on days 14 and 21 after drug administration. The obtained results indicate that although the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin may differ significantly between horse breeds, these differences do not affect the effectiveness of therapy.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Doenças dos Cavalos/tratamento farmacológico , Cavalos/metabolismo , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Área Sob a Curva , Fezes/parasitologia , Meia-Vida , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Cavalos/classificação , Cavalos/genética , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterináriaAssuntos
Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Antiparasitários/administração & dosagem , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Humanos , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosAssuntos
Albendazol , Cannabis/metabolismo , Interações Medicamentosas , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Equinococose Hepática , Glycyrrhiza/metabolismo , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Adulto , Albendazol/administração & dosagem , Albendazol/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/administração & dosagem , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Equinococose Hepática/sangue , Equinococose Hepática/diagnóstico por imagem , Equinococose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Fígado/parasitologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons/métodosRESUMO
Ivermectin is a widely used antiparasitic drug with known efficacy against several single-strain RNA viruses. Recent data shows significant reduction of SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro by ivermectin concentrations not achievable with safe doses orally. Inhaled therapy has been used with success for other antiparasitics. An ethanol-based ivermectin formulation was administered once to 14 rats using a nebulizer capable of delivering particles with alveolar deposition. Rats were randomly assigned into three target dosing groups, lower dose (80-90 mg/kg), higher dose (110-140 mg/kg) or ethanol vehicle only. A toxicology profile including behavioral and weight monitoring, full blood count, biochemistry, necropsy and histological examination of the lungs was conducted. The pharmacokinetic profile of ivermectin in plasma and lungs was determined in all animals. There were no relevant changes in behavior or body weight. There was a delayed elevation in muscle enzymes compatible with rhabdomyolysis, that was also seen in the control group and has been attributed to the ethanol dose which was up to 11 g/kg in some animals. There were no histological anomalies in the lungs of any rat. Male animals received a higher ivermectin dose adjusted by adipose weight and reached higher plasma concentrations than females in the same dosing group (mean Cmax 86.2 ng/ml vs. 26.2 ng/ml in the lower dose group and 152 ng/ml vs. 51.8 ng/ml in the higher dose group). All subjects had detectable ivermectin concentrations in the lungs at seven days post intervention, up to 524.3 ng/g for high-dose male and 27.3 ng/g for low-dose females. nebulized ivermectin can reach pharmacodynamic concentrations in the lung tissue of rats, additional experiments are required to assess the safety of this formulation in larger animals.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Administração por Inalação , Animais , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/farmacologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Necrose , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Estudo de Prova de Conceito , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transtornos Respiratórios/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Respiratórios/patologiaRESUMO
Ivermectin (IVM) is one of the most widely used antiparasitic drugs worldwide and has become the drug of choice for anthelmintic and tick treatment in beef cattle production. It is known that pharmacokinetic parameters are fundamental to the rational use of a drug and food safety and these parameters are influenced by different factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of IVM in Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and crossbreed cattle (B. indicus × B. taurus) kept under same field conditions and the possible impacts of sex and IVM formulation (1% and 3.15%). It was observed that IVM concentration was significantly affected by breed. The plasma concentrations of IVM, AUC, Cmax , and t1/2ß were significantly higher in B. indicus compared to B. taurus. Crossbreed animals showed an intermediate profile between European and Indian cattle. No alteration in pharmacokinetics parameters was detected when comparing different gender. Concerning the pharmacokinetic data of IVM formulation, it was verified that Tmax , AUC, and t1/2ß were higher in 3.15% IVM animals than those from 1% IVM formulation. The results clearly indicated that the IVM plasma concentrations in B. indicus were higher than that in B. taurus.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Bovinos/genética , Bovinos/fisiologia , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Animais , Antiparasitários/sangue , Área Sob a Curva , Bovinos/sangue , Bovinos/classificação , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Ivermectina/sangue , Masculino , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Curcumin (CUR) has well-known activity against cancer cells and parasites; however, its applications are limited since this is an unstable molecule, which may suffer degradation by light and temperature, also, the low water solubility reduce its bioavailability. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are well-known materials owing to the excellent anion exchange capacity, good biocompatibility and low toxicity. METHODS: Layered double hydroxides nanoparticles prepared with zinc and magnesium cations were used as a vehicle for CUR in Caco-2, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica cultures. The physicochemical properties of Mg-LDH-CUR and Zn-LDH-CUR were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Additionally, the load efficiency, release profiles and photostability of CUR were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV-Vis spectrometry. Then, Mg-LDH-CUR and Zn-LDH-CUR were tested on Caco-2, G. lamblia and E. histolytica cultures. KEY FINDINGS: The experiments demonstrated that Zn-LDH-CUR protects better against photodegradation by UV light, while Mg-LDH-CUR showed increased toxicity against Caco-2 cell, G. lamblia and E. histolytica, in comparison with free CUR. CONCLUSIONS: Layered double hydroxides are good vehicles to improve stability, resistance to degradation of CUR, also they are useful to improve solubility, provide a controlled release and improve the cytotoxic activity. Additionally, it was shown that the composition of the M+2 cation of LDH affects its properties and structure and that this directly influences its biological activity. The findings are important to select the composition of the encapsulation vehicle for a specific activity.
Assuntos
Curcumina/farmacocinética , Hidróxidos , Hidróxido de Magnésio , Nanopartículas , Compostos de Zinco , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Disponibilidade Biológica , Humanos , Hidróxidos/química , Hidróxidos/farmacologia , Hidróxido de Magnésio/química , Hidróxido de Magnésio/farmacologia , Veículos Farmacêuticos/química , Veículos Farmacêuticos/farmacologia , Solubilidade , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Zinco/química , Compostos de Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
We compared the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin premix and ivermectin microspheres in pigs after single and multiple administration regimes. In the single-dose experiments, 24 piglets were randomly divided into three groups and given ivermectin at 0.3 mg/kg using (a) 1.0% ivermectin administered subcutaneously, (b) 0.25% ivermectin premix orally, and (c) 0.25% ivermectin microspheres orally. In the multiple-dose experiment, 6 pigs in two equal groups received ivermectin premix and microspheres orally at 0.3 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days to monitor the valley plasma levels. The plasma samples were detected by fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography, and concentration-time data were fitted to a noncompartmental model. After oral administration of ivermectin microspheres at a single dose, the elimination rate constant (Kel), the half-life (t1/2 ), the peak time (Tmax ), the mean residence time (MRT), and the peak concentration (Cmax ) were 0.012 ± 0.0031/hr, 59.94 ± 20.18 hr, 9.50 ± 0.93 hr, 55.96 ± 11.40 hr, and 37.75 ± 3.45 ng/ml, respectively. The Cmax of microspheres was not statistically different (p > .05) compared with that of premix groups (39.81 ± 5.83 ng/ml). Moreover, the AUC of the microcapsule groups was increased from 1,129.76 ± 245.62 to 1,607.33 ± 343.35 hr ng/ml compared with the premix groups, and the relative bioavailability increased by an average of 17.53% after oral administration with ivermectin microspheres. Multiple-dose administration also indicated pigs fed with ivermectin microspheres can get a higher minimum steady-state concentration and a longer maintenance time than ivermectin premix.
Assuntos
Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Suínos/metabolismo , Administração Oral , Animais , Antiparasitários/administração & dosagem , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Área Sob a Curva , Disponibilidade Biológica , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , MicroesferasRESUMO
Parasitic infections are a major source of human suffering, mortality, and economic loss, but drug development for these diseases has been stymied by the significant expense involved in bringing a drug though clinical trials and to market. Identification of single compounds active against multiple parasitic pathogens could improve the economic incentives for drug development as well as simplifying treatment regimens. We recently performed a screen of repurposed compounds against the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, causative agent of amebic dysentery, and identified four compounds (anisomycin, prodigiosin, obatoclax and nithiamide) with low micromolar potency and drug-like properties. Here, we extend our investigation of these drugs. We assayed the speed of killing of E. histolytica trophozoites and found that all four have more rapid action than the current drug of choice, metronidazole. We further established a multi-institute collaboration to determine whether these compounds may have efficacy against other parasites and opportunistic pathogens. We found that anisomycin, prodigiosin and obatoclax all have broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity in vitro, including activity against schistosomes, T. brucei, and apicomplexan parasites. In several cases, the drugs were found to have significant improvements over existing drugs. For instance, both obatoclax and prodigiosin were more efficacious at inhibiting the juvenile form of Schistosoma than the current standard of care, praziquantel. Additionally, low micromolar potencies were observed against pathogenic free-living amebae (Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba castellanii), which cause CNS infection and for which there are currently no reliable treatments. These results, combined with the previous human use of three of these drugs (obatoclax, anisomycin and nithiamide), support the idea that these compounds could serve as the basis for the development of broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drugs.
Assuntos
Anisomicina/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Parasitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Prodigiosina/farmacologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Animais , Anisomicina/efeitos adversos , Anisomicina/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/efeitos adversos , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Indóis , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Prodigiosina/efeitos adversos , Prodigiosina/farmacocinética , Pirróis/efeitos adversos , Pirróis/farmacocinética , RatosRESUMO
About one-sixth of the world's population is affected by a neglected tropical disease as defined by the World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control. Parasitic diseases comprise most of the neglected tropical disease list and they are causing enormous amounts of disability, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide. The burden of disease of the top five parasitic diseases has been estimated to amount to a total 23 million disability-adjusted life-years. Despite the massive health and economic impact, most drugs currently used for the treatment of parasitic diseases have been developed decades ago and insufficient novel drugs are being developed. The current review provides a compilation of the systemic and target-site pharmacokinetics of established antiparasitic drugs. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs allows for the examination and possibly optimization of existing dosing schemes. Many symptoms of parasitic diseases are caused by parasites residing in different host tissues. Penetration of the antiparasitic drug into these tissues, the target site of infection, is a prerequisite for a successful treatment of the disease. Therefore, for the examination and improvement of established dosing regimens, not only the plasma but also the tissue pharmacokinetics of the drug have to be considered. For the current paper, almost 7000 scientific articles were identified and screened from which 429 were reviewed in detail and 100 were included in this paper. Systemic pharmacokinetics are available for most antiparasitic drugs but in many cases, not for all the relevant patient populations and only for single- or multiple-dose administration. Systemic pharmacokinetic data in patients with organ impairment and target-site pharmacokinetic data for relevant tissues and body fluids are mostly lacking. To improve the treatment of patients with parasitic diseases, research in these areas is urgently needed.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários , Doenças Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Tropical , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Doenças Negligenciadas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The avermectin derivative emamectin benzoate (EMB) has been widely used by salmon industries around the world to control sea lice infestations. Resistance to this anti-parasitic drug is also commonly reported in these industries. The objective of this study was to quantify the number of sea lice potentially exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of EMB while fish clear the drug after treatments. We assessed juvenile sea lice abundance after 38 EMB treatments on six Atlantic salmon farms, in a small archipelago in British Colombia, Canada, between 2007 and 2018. We fitted a standard EMB pharmacokinetic curve to determine the time when fish treated with this product would have EMB tissue concentrations below the recommended target therapeutic level. During the study, we estimated that for each sea lice treatment there was, on average, an abundance of 0.12 juvenile sea lice per fish during the time period when the concentrations of EMB would have been lower than 60ppb, the recommended therapeutic treatment level for sea lice. The findings from this study on metaphylactic anti-parasitic treatments identify a potential driver for drug resistance in sea lice that should be further explored.
Assuntos
Copépodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Animais , Antiparasitários/farmacocinética , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Canadá , Colômbia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Resistência a Medicamentos , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/farmacologia , Fatores de Risco , Salmo salar/metabolismo , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Increased human-pet interactions have led to concerns related to the prevention and treatment of ectoparasite infestations. Fipronil (FIP) is a widely used ectoparasiticide in veterinary medicine available for topical administration; however, its use may cause damage to the owners and the environment. The aim of the study was to develop immediate-release tablets of FIP, as well as to determine its pharmacokinetic properties after oral administration in beagle dogs. The prepared FIP tablets were evaluated for pre-compression (angle of repose, speed flow, and Carr's index) and post-compression (weight variation, friability, thickness, hardness, disintegration time, and dissolution rate) parameters. Orally administered FIP at a dose of 2 mg/kg was rapidly absorbed with Cmáx of 3.13 ± 1.39 µg/mL at 1.83 ± 0.40 h post treatment (P.T.) and metabolized with 1.27 ± 1.04 µg/mL at 2.33 ± 0.82 h P.T. for fipronil sulfone (SULF) (the primary metabolite). The elimination of FIP and SULF occurred slowly and had maintained quantifiable plasma levels in the blood for up to 28 days P.T. The goal of the study is aligned with the concept of One Health, which aims to collaboratively achieve the best health for people, animals, and the environment. Therefore, the use of FIP tablets for the control of ectoparasites in dogs may be a safer alternative for owners and the environment.