RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Standard thoracic auscultation suffers from limitations, and no systematic analysis of breath sounds in asthmatic horses exists. OBJECTIVES: First, characterize breath sounds in horses recorded using a novel digital auscultation device (DAD). Second, use DAD to compare breath variables and occurrence of adventitious sounds in healthy and asthmatic horses. ANIMALS: Twelve healthy control horses (ctl), 12 horses with mild to moderate asthma (mEA), 10 horses with severe asthma (sEA) (5 in remission [sEA-], and 5 in exacerbation [sEA+]). METHODS: Prospective multicenter case-control study. Horses were categorized based on the horse owner-assessed respiratory signs index. Each horse was digitally auscultated in 11 locations simultaneously for 1 hour. One-hundred breaths per recording were randomly selected, blindly categorized, and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Digital auscultation allowed breath sound characterization and scoring in horses. Wheezes, crackles, rattles, and breath intensity were significantly more frequent, higher (P < .001, P < .01, P = .01, P < .01, respectively) in sEA+ (68.6%, 66.1%, 17.7%, 97.9%, respectively), but not in sEA- (0%, 0.7%, 1.3%, 5.6%) or mEA (0%, 1.0%, 2.4%, 1.7%) horses, compared to ctl (0%, 0.6%, 1.8%, -9.4%, respectively). Regression analysis suggested breath duration and intensity as explanatory variables for groups, wheezes for tracheal mucus score, and breath intensity and wheezes for the 23-point weighted clinical score (WCS23). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The DAD permitted characterization and quantification of breath variables, which demonstrated increased adventitious sounds in sEA+. Analysis of a larger sample is needed to determine differences among ctl, mEA, and sEA- horses.
Assuntos
Asma , Doenças dos Cavalos , Cavalos , Animais , Sons Respiratórios/veterinária , Sons Respiratórios/diagnóstico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Prospectivos , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/veterinária , Auscultação/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnósticoRESUMO
As broncopneumonias são afecções importantes na pecuária mundial, representando uma das principais causas de mortalidade de bezerros nos primeiros meses de vida. As medidas preventivas e terapêuticas adotadas geralmente são baseadas em resultados de estudos internacionais, não se conhecendo as bactérias implicadas nos quadros pneumônicos em animais criados no Brasil. Aliado a isso, no primeiro mês de vida, os bezerros demonstram imaturidade do sistema imune, o que tem sido pouco estudado em quadros pneumônicos. Desta maneira, objetivou-se estudar as broncopneumonias em bezerros neonatos, identificando bactérias do trato respiratório posterior de bezerros sadios e com pneumonias naturalmente adquiridas, bem como analisar citologicamente a resposta pulmonar frente a estes patógenos. Para isso amostras de lavado do trato respiratório foram colhidas por traqueocentese durante o primeiro mês de vida dos animais. Verificou-se que não houve diferença na microbiota traqueobrônquica de bezerros sadios em relação aos doentes, discordando dos relatos da literatura internacional, sendo constituída principalmente por: Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa e enterobactérias, permitindo inferir que as medidas profiláticas e terapêuticas adotadas internacionalmente possam não ser tão efetivas para as criações brasileiras. Observou-se também que bezerros neonatos têm uma proporção aproximada de 1:1 de macrófagos e neutrófilos na região traqueobrônquica quando saudáveis, atingindo uma relação aproximada de 1:3 durante os quadros de broncopneumonias, sendo estes perfis provavelmente característicos da idade, período conhecido pela imaturidade do sistema imune e agravado por fatores de manejo que favoreçam uma maior inalação de agentes bacterianos.
Bronchopneumonia is important for world livestock production and one of the major causes of calf mortality during the first months of life. The preventive and therapeutic measures adopted for the disease in calves in Brazil are usually based on the results of international studies; however there is not enough known which bacteria are implicated. In the first month of life calves show immaturity of their immune system, what has been little studied in regard to pneumonia. The present investigation sought to study neonate bronchopneumonia in calves, to identify which bacteria are present in the respiratory tract of healthy and, with naturally acquired pneumonia calves, to analyze the pulmonary cytological response against pathogens. For this purpose, samples of the respiratory tract were collected by tracheocenthesis. It was noted that the microflora of the tracheobronchial region of healthy and diseased calves was the same, but they were different from the one reported by international papers. The flora was constituted mainly by Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterobacteriae, allowing to infer that the prophylactic and therapeutic measures adopted internationally may not be as effective for the Brazilian condition. It was also found that newborn calves have an approximate ratio of 1:1 of macrophages and neutrophils in the tracheobronchial region when they were healthy, reaching a ratio of approximately 1:3 of macrophages and neutrophils when they were with bronchopneumonia. Probably, these profiles are characteristic of the age, a period when exists immaturity of the immune system and influenced by management factors which lead to greater inhalation of bacterial agents.