Neuroética: comienza el reinado de las neurociencias en la fundamentación de la ética / Neuroethics: the reign of neuroscience begins in the foundation of the ethics / Neuroética: começa o reinado das neurociências na fundamentação da ética

Resumen: 1] La neurociencia de la ética constituye un progreso al aplicar la ciencia empírica en la investigación del fenómeno moral. 2] Resaltar la importancia de afectos y sentimientos representa una compensación a la excesiva importancia dada a la razón en la formación de los juicios morales. 3] Existen graves dificultades metodológicas al no precisar los conceptos de "intuición", "afectos", "deber" y especialmente qué se entiende por "ética". 4] Pero la investigación científica aprehende al hombre como una "entidad" en sí (presente) y no como una "existencia" (futuro), vale decir, ser-en-el-mundo. 5] En lugar de "tener" una moral el ser humano "es" moral y, como tal, es un proyecto lanzado hacia su más auténtica posibilidad que consiste en apropiarse de su ser-para-la-muerte.

Abstract: 1] The Neuroscience of Ethics constitutes a progress when applying empirical science in the investigation of the moral phenomenon. 2] Emphasizing the importance of affects and feelings represents a compensation for the excessive importance given to reason in the formation of moral judgments. 3] There are serious methodological difficulties by not specifying the concepts of intuition, affections, duty and especially what is understood by ethics. 4] But scientific research apprehends man as an "entity" in himself (present) and not as an "existence" (future), that is, being-in-the-world. 5] Instead of "having" a moral, the human being "is" moral and as such is a project thrown towards its most authentic possibility that consists of appropriating its being-for-death.

Resumo: 1] A neurociência da ética constitui um progresso ao aplicar a ciência empírica na investigação do fenômeno moral. 2] Ressaltar a importância de afetos e sentimentos representa uma compensação à excessiva importância dada à razão na formação dos juízos morais. 3] Existem graves dificuldades metodológicas ao não precisar os conceitos de "intuição", "afetos", "dever" e especialmente o que se entende por "ética". 4] Porém a investigação científica apreende o homem como uma "entidade" em si (presente) e não como una "existência" (futuro), vale dizer, ser-no-mundo. 5] Em lugar de "ter" uma moral o ser humano "é" moral e, como tal, é um projeto lançado à sua mais autêntica possibilidade, que consiste em apropriar-se de seu ser-para-a-morte.

Ética, prudencia y educación médica. De la moral tradicional a la necesidad actual / Ethics, prudence and medical education. From classical moral to current needs

RESUMEN Dentro de las líneas comunes entre la educación médica y la educación en ética se destaca la utilización de la prudencia como virtud. Tanto en la formación clínica como en la moral impera un eje rector: ante todo no hacer daño y procurar el bien en las acciones. Dichas similitudes han sido la constante desde la época clásica griega. Pensadores como Hipócrates y Aristóteles tenían algo en común: ambos eran médicos apasionados y promotores de la vida buena. En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis del juramento hipocrático y se correlaciona con el ideario bioético actual. Asimismo, se pretendió demostrar cómo desde tiempos remotos hasta hoy, con los nuevos retos de los tiempos modernos, la prudencia y la virtud moral se entrelazan de inicio a fin en la formación de los profesionales de la salud (AU).

ABSTRACT Among the common links between medical and ethical education, prudence, as a virtue, is highly important. Both, in clinical training and in moral education there is a main principle: not to damage and seeking good in actions. These similarities have being a constant since the ancient Greece; philosophers like Hippocrates and Aristotle had something in common: both were passionate doctors, and both were sponsors of the good living. In the current article we analyze the Hippocrates oak, stating its relationship with the modern bioethics thoughts. Likewise, we intended to show how, since the ancient times up today, with the new challenges of the modern times, prudence and moral virtue intertwine from the beginning to the end in health professionals training (AU).

The Future of Bioethics: It Shouldn't Take a Pandemic.

The Covid-19 pandemic has concentrated bioethics attention on the "lifeboat ethics" of rationing and fair allocation of scarce medical resources, such as testing, intensive care unit beds, and ventilators. This focus drives ethics resources away from persistent and systemic problems-in particular, the structural injustices that give rise to health disparities affecting disadvantaged communities of color. Bioethics, long allied with academic medicine and highly attentive to individual decision-making, has largely neglected its responsibility to address these difficult "upstream" issues. It is time to broaden our teaching, research, and practice to match the breadth of the field in order to help address these significant societal inequities and unmet health needs.

Medico-legal and bioethical perspectives following the constitutional legitimacy of assisted suicide in Italy.

Assisted suicide is the subject of much debate throughout the world. In Italy, on 24 September 2019, the Italian Constitutional Court legitimised assisted suicide under certain conditions: self-determination capacity, irreversible illness and intense physical/psychological suffering of the patient. This historic judgement surely paved the way for an evolution of the Italian legal framework on the matter but also raised some challenging medico-legal and bioethical questions. This study aims at analysing two of the most controversial among them: the inclusion of psychiatric patients among eligible patients for assisted suicide and the position of physicians related to their right to conscientious objection.

Patient Welfare and Trust.

This January-February 2020 issue marks the start of the Hastings Center Report's fiftieth volume. The issue introduces the column Looking Back, Looking Forward, which we plan to run in this volume only. Conceived by Hastings Center fellows Douglas Diekema and Lainie Friedman Ross, the column will explore the significance of landmark publications from the first fifty years of bioethics. For the first installment, Diekema looks at the unconventional moral position Hans Jonas took in his 1969 essay "Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects." In the lead article, "Trust, Risk, and Race in American Medicine," Laura Specker Sullivan contextualizes patient mistrust within a history of racism in general and in the nation's biomedical research and clinical institutions specifically. Specker Sullivan proposes ways for individual clinicians to improve relationships with distrustful patients and their families. Two commentaries provide additional insights and recommendations about the work of earning patient trust.

What the HEC-C? An Analysis of the Healthcare Ethics Consultant-Certified Program: One Year in.

Efforts to professionalize the field of bioethics have led to the development of the Healthcare Ethics Consultant-Certified (HEC-C) Program intended to credential practicing healthcare ethics consultants (HCECs). Our team of professional ethicists participated in the inaugural process to support the professionalization efforts and inform our views on the value of this credential from the perspective of ethics consultants. In this paper, we explore the history that has led to this certification process, and evaluate the ability of the HEC-C Program to meet the goals it has set forth for HCECs. We describe the benefits and weaknesses of the program and offer constructive feedback on how the process might be strengthened, as well as share our team's experience in preparing for the exam.

Bioethics as a Vocation.

This essay offers practical guidance for the activity of bioethics scholarship in the form of maxims or rules of thumb, explicated by the author's work in bioethics research, mentoring, peer review, and journal editing. It is organized into three sections: (1) education, (2) seeking ideas for projects, and (3) writing papers.

The Advent of the Professional Ethicist: Moral Expertise and Health-Care Ethics Certification.

With the Healthcare Ethics Consultant Certification (HEC-C) offered through the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities (ASBH), the practice of clinical ethics has taken a decisive step into professionalization. But without an unambiguous sense of what clinical ethicists can contribute to the clinical environment, it is unclear what the HEC-C ensures clinical ethicists can do. Though the ASBH enumerates a set of core competencies, many disagree over what role those competencies empower ethicists to serve. Two recent publications are notable for advocating conflicting positions on the question of ethicists' competence: "Ethics Expertise: What It Is, How to Get It, and What to Do with It" by Christopher Meyers (2018) and Rethinking Health Care Ethics by Stephen Scher and Kasia Kozlowska (2018). In response to Scher and Kozlowska's argument that the primary role of ethicists is to create space to engage clinician's moral intuitions, this analysis follows Meyers in contending that ethicists can also contribute a kind of moral expertise. However, acquiring moral expertise is no easy task, and it is unlikely to be substantiated by a certification exam. This analysis draws on research from the psychology of expertise to outline the sort of training needed to cultivate and enhance moral expertise.

The Belmont Report and Innovative Practice.

One of the Belmont Report's most important contributions was the clear and serviceable distinction it drew between standard medical practice and biomedical research. A less well-known achievement of the Report was its conceptualization of innovative practice, a type of medical practice that is often mistaken for research because it is new, untested, or experimental. Although the discussion of innovative practice in Belmont is brief and somewhat cryptic, this does not reflect the significant progress its authors made in understanding innovative practice and the distinctive ethical issues it raises. This article explores the history and broader context of Belmont's conception of innovative practice, its strengths and weaknesses, and its contemporary relevance for scholars working in bioethics and health policy. While this conception of innovative practice deserves our attention, it is inherently limited in some important ways.

What is 'moral distress' in nursing? A feminist empirical bioethics study.

BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of 'moral distress' has continued to be a popular topic for nursing research. However, much of the scholarship has lacked conceptual clarity, and there is debate about what it means to experience moral distress. Moral distress remains an obscure concept to many clinical nurses, especially those outside of North America, and there is a lack of empirical research regarding its impact on nurses in the United Kingdom and its relevance to clinical practice. RESEARCH AIM: To explore the concept of moral distress in nursing both empirically and conceptually. METHODOLOGY: Feminist interpretive phenomenology was used to explore and analyse the experiences of critical care nurses at two acute care trauma hospitals in the United Kingdom. Empirical data were analysed using Van Manen's six steps for data analysis. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The study was approved locally by the university ethics review committee and nationally by the Health Research Authority in the United Kingdom. FINDINGS: The empirical findings suggest that psychological distress can occur in response to a variety of moral events. The moral events identified as causing psychological distress in the participants' narratives were moral tension, moral uncertainty, moral constraint, moral conflict and moral dilemmas. DISCUSSION: We suggest a new definition of moral distress which captures this broader range of moral events as legitimate causes of distress. We also suggest that moral distress can be sub-categroised according to the source of distress, for example, 'moral-uncertainty distress'. We argue that this could aid in the development of interventions which attempt to address and mitigate moral distress. CONCLUSION: The empirical findings support the notion that narrow conceptions of moral distress fail to capture the real-life experiences of this group of critical care nurses. If these experiences resonate with other nurses and healthcare professionals, then it is likely that the definition needs to be broadened to recognise these experiences as 'moral distress'.

Rural Bioethics: The Alaska Context.

With by far the lowest population density in the United States, myriad challenges attach to healthcare delivery in Alaska. In the "Size, Population, and (In)Accessibility" section, we characterize this geographic context, including how it is exacerbated by lack of infrastructure. In the "Distributing Healthcare" section, we turn to healthcare economics and staffing, showing how these bear on delivery-and are exacerbated by geography. In the "Health Care in Rural Alaska" section, we turn to rural care, exploring in more depth what healthcare delivery looks like outside of Alaska's major cities. This discussion continues in the "Alaska's Native Villages" section, which specifically analyzes healthcare in Alaska's indigenous villages, some of the smallest and most isolated communities in the United States. Though many of the ways we could improve Alaskan health care for Alaskan residents are limited by its unique features, the "Justice and Healthcare Delivery" and "Technology and Telemedicine" sections consider ways in which certain policies and technology-including telemedicine-could mitigate the challenges developed in previous sections.

O acesso global e nacional ao tratamento da hemofilia: reflexões da bioética crítica sobre exclusão em saúde / Global and national access to the treatment of hemophilia: reflections from critical bioethics on health exclusion / El acceso global y nacional al tratamiento de la hemofilia: reflexiones de la bioética crítica sobre exclusión en salud

A hemofilia é uma doença rara, hereditária e caracterizada pela falta de fatores de coagulação, o que provoca sangramentos espontâneos e artropatias incapacitantes. O componente mais dispendioso em seu tratamento é a reposição do fator de coagulação. O presente ensaio examina, a partir da perspectiva da Bioética Crítica, modelo teórico baseado na articulação da Teoria Crítica com os Estudos da Colonialidade, o panorama do acesso global ao tratamento e o programa brasileiro. Demonstrou-se um quadro marcado por extremas disparidades de acesso em nível tanto global quanto nacional, cujas causas estão diretamente relacionadas com a formação histórica de um sistema-mundo baseado na dominação dos meios materiais, ideias e instituições pelos países centrais. Para seu enfrentamento, concluiu-se pela necessidade de contínuas pressões sociais, estímulo a uma produção científica e regulação tecnológica verdadeiramente comprometida com o cumprimento do direito fundamental à saúde.(AU)

Hemophilia is a rare, hereditary disease characterized by a lack of clotting factors, which causes spontaneous bleeding and disabling arthropathy. The most expensive component in its treatment is clotting factor replacement therapy. This essay examines, based on the perspective of Critical Bioethics - a theoretical model based on the articulation between Critical Theory and Coloniality Studies -, the panorama related to the global access to that treatment and the Brazilian program. A scenario marked by extreme disparities of access was found, both in the global and in the national levels, whose causes are directly related to the historical formation of a world system based on the domination of material means, ideas and institutions by central countries. To face this situation, a continuous social pressure is needed, as well as incentive to scientific production and technological regulation truly committed to the enforcement of the fundamental right to health.(AU)

La hemofilia es una enfermedad rara, hereditaria, caracterizada por la falta de factores de coagulación, lo que provoca sangrados espontáneos y artropatías discapacitantes. El componente más caro de su tratamiento es la reposición del factor de coagulación. El presente ensayo examina, a partir de la perspectiva de la Bioética Crítica, un modelo teórico basado en la articulación de la Teoría Crítica con los Estudios de la Colonialidad, el panorama del acceso global al tratamiento y el programa brasileño. Demostró ser un cuadro marcado por disparidades extremas de acceso, tanto en nivel global como nacional, cuyas causas están directamente relacionadas con la formación histórica de un sistema de mundo basado en la dominación de los medios materiales, ideas e instituciones por los países centrales. La conclusión para enfrentarlo fue la necesidad de continuas presiones sociales y estímulo a una producción científica y regulación tecnológica verdaderamente comprometidas con el cumplimiento del derecho fundamental a la salud.(AU)

Controlling CRISPR Through Law: Legal Regimes as Precautionary Principles.

Since its advent in 2012, CRISPR has spawned a cottage industry of bioethics literature. One principal criticism of the technology is its virtually instant widespread adoption prior to deliberative bodies conducting a meaningful ethical review of its harms and benefits-a violation, to some, of bioethics' "precautionary principle." This view poorly considers, however, the role that the law can play-and does, in fact, play-in policing the introduction of ethically problematic uses of the technology. This Perspective recounts these legal regimes, including regulatory agencies and premarket approval, tort law and deterrence, patents and ethical licenses, funding agencies and review boards, as well as local politics. Identifying these legal regimes and connecting them to the precautionary principle should be instructive for bioethicists and policy makers who wish to conduct ethical reviews of new applications of CRISPR prior to their introduction.