Ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction of capecitabine by multi-stimuli responsive molecularly imprinted polymer modified with chitosan nanoparticles followed by HPLC analysis.

An ultrasonic-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction was developed by a multi-stimuli responsive molecularly imprinted polymer based on chain transfer agent-modified chitosan nanoparticles for enrichment and separation of trace capecitabine in a real sample. The synthesized particles were carefully characterized and it was found that a uniform pH-sensitive imprinted polymeric shell is obtained on the surface of Fe3O4@chitosan core with enough saturation magnetization (29 emu g-1). Desirable adsorption capacity (91 mg g-1) and high imprinting factor (IF = 3.6) toward capecitabine were exhibited by the Langmuir isotherm model. Under optimized conditions, which were achieved by experimental design, the detection limit (S/N = 3) was 1.9 ng mL-1. The obtained relative mean recoveries of capecitabine using high-performance liquid chromatography were in the range of 93 to 102% in a human plasma sample with RSD less than 5.5%. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of ultrasonic-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction by multi-stimuli responsive molecularly imprinted polymer based on chain transfer agent-modified chitosan nanoparticles and high-performance liquid chromatography for enrichment and separation of capecitabine in the real sample.

A review of the bioanalytical methods for the quantitative determination of capecitabine and its metabolites in biological matrices.

The bioanalysis of the oral anticancer drug capecitabine and its metabolites has been investigated extensively over the past years. This paper reviews methods for the bioanalysis of capecitabine and its metabolites. The focus of this review will be on sample pre-treatment, chromatography and detection. Furthermore, the choice of standards and analytical problems encountered during analysis of capecitabine and its metabolites in biological matrices will be discussed. The major challenges in the bioanalysis of capecitabine and its metabolites are the simultaneous extraction and analysis due to the differences in polarity of the analytes. Furthermore we evaluate currently described methods for the quantification of capecitabine and its metabolites. Future wishes and perspectives are stated that could serve as an inspiration for further development of assays for the quantification of capecitabine and its metabolites.