RESUMO
Increasing frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms in water sources is a growing global issue. Algicides are usually implemented in summer or autumn when blooms break out, however, the blooms will form again when algicide's concentration declines to a certain extent. Preventing the recovery and growth of cyanobacteria in early spring may be conducive to abatement of the blooms in summer or autumn. In this study solid sodium percarbonate (SPC) was used as an algicide to suppress recovery and growth of Pseudanabaena sp., a common odour-producing cyanobacterium, in early spring (12 °C). Results showed that 3.0 and 6.0 mg/L SPC were able to kill most of the algal cells after 12 h treatment at 12 °C, and the residual cells gradually died during the re-cultivation period at 25 °C. As a control, although SPC also caused most of algal cells to lyse at 25 °C, regrowth of cells was found during the period of re-cultivation at 25 °C. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the dysregulated genes were strongly associated with translation and photosynthesis after SPC treatment. All differentially expressed unigenes related to translation and photosynthesis were down-regulated after SPC oxidation at 12 °C, whereas key genes associated with translation and photosynthesis were upregulated after SPC treatment at 25 °C.
Assuntos
Carbonatos , Cianobactérias , Carbonatos/farmacologia , Cianobactérias/metabolismo , Cianobactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Cianobactérias/genética , Cianobactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estações do Ano , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Owing to population growth and environmental pollution, freshwater aquaculture has been rapidly shrinking in recent years. Aquaculture in saline-alkaline waters is a crucial strategy to meet the increasing demand for aquatic products. The Chinese mitten crab is an important economic food in China, but the molecular mechanism by which it tolerates carbonate alkalinity (CA) in water remains unclear. Here, we found that enzyme activities of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the gills, such as citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase, were markedly reduced under CA stress induced by 40 mM NaHCO3. Secondly, the TCA cycle in the gills is inhibited under acute CA stress, according to proteomic and metabolomic analyses. The expressions of six enzymes, namely aconitate hydratase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, succinate-CoA ligase, and malate dehydrogenase, were downregulated, resulting in the accumulation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid, citric acid, cis-aconitate, and α-ketoglutaric acid. Finally, we testified that if the TCA cycle is disturbed by malonate, the survival rate increases in CA water. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the TCA cycle in the gills is inhibited under CA stress. Overall, the results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of tolerance to saline-alkaline water in crabs, which helped us expand the area for freshwater aquaculture and comprehensively understand the physiological characteristics of crab migration.
Assuntos
Braquiúros , Carbonatos , Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico , Brânquias , Estresse Fisiológico , Animais , Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/metabolismo , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Braquiúros/metabolismo , Braquiúros/fisiologia , Braquiúros/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbonatos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Anaerobic succinate fermentations can achieve high-titer, high-yield performance while fixing CO2 through the reductive branch of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. To provide the needed CO2, conventional media is supplemented with significant (up to 60 g/L) bicarbonate (HCO3-), and/or carbonate (CO32-) salts. However, producing these salts from CO2 and natural ores is thermodynamically unfavorable and, thus, energetically costly, which reduces the overall sustainability of the process. Here, a series of composite hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) were first fabricated, after which comprehensive CO2 mass transfer measurements were performed under cell-free conditions using a novel, constant-pH method. Lumen pressure and total HFM surface area were found to be linearly correlated with the flux and volumetric rate of CO2 delivery, respectively. Novel HFM bioreactors were then constructed and used to comprehensively investigate the effects of modulating the CO2 delivery rate on succinate fermentations by engineered Escherichia coli. Through appropriate tuning of the design and operating conditions, it was ultimately possible to produce up to 64.5 g/L succinate at a glucose yield of 0.68 g/g; performance approaching that of control fermentations with directly added HCO3-/CO32- salts and on par with prior studies. HFMs were further found to demonstrate a high potential for repeated reuse. Overall, HFM-based CO2 delivery represents a viable alternative to the addition of HCO3-/CO32- salts to succinate fermentations, and likely other 'dark' CO2-fixing fermentations.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Ácido Succínico , Fermentação , Dióxido de Carbono/farmacologia , Sais , Succinatos , Escherichia coli , Carbonatos/farmacologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate bone repair in rat dental sockets after implanting nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate (CHA) and nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate containing 5% strontium microspheres (SrCHA) as bone substitute materials. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups: CHA and SrCHA (n=5/period/group). After one and 6 weeks of extraction of the right maxillary central incisor and biomaterial implantation, 5 μm bone blocks were obtained for histomorphometric evaluation. The parameters evaluated were remaining biomaterial, loose connective tissue and newly formed bone in a standard area. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Withney and and Wilcoxon tests at 95% level of significance. Results: The histomorphometric results showed that the microspheres showed similar fragmentation and bio-absorbation (p>0.05). We observed the formation of new bones in both groups during the same experimental periods; however, the new bone formation differed significantly between the weeks 1 and 6 (p=0.0039) in both groups. Conclusion: The CHA and SrCHA biomaterials were biocompatible, osteoconductive and bioabsorbable, indicating their great potential for clinical use as bone substitutes.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Estrôncio/farmacologia , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbonatos/farmacologia , Durapatita/farmacologia , Substitutos Ósseos/farmacologia , Alvéolo Dental/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanoestruturas/uso terapêutico , Alginatos/farmacologia , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/fisiologia , Estrôncio/química , Fatores de Tempo , Regeneração Óssea/fisiologia , Carbonatos/química , Distribuição Aleatória , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Ratos Wistar , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Durapatita/química , Substitutos Ósseos/química , Alvéolo Dental/fisiologia , Ácido Glucurônico/farmacologia , Ácido Glucurônico/química , Nanoestruturas/química , Alginatos/química , Ácidos Hexurônicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Hexurônicos/químicaRESUMO
FUNDAMENTO: A disfunção erétil afeta um grande número de homens no mundo e os inibidores de PDE 5 (iPDE5) estão entre os principais métodos de tratamento desses pacientes. O consumo social de álcool e o ato sexual apresentam uma relação considerável. Portanto, a associação entre álcool e iPDE5 pode ocorrer. O carbonato de lodenafila é um novo iPDE5 desenvolvido por uma empresa brasileira. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a repercussão cardiovascular do carbonato de lodenafila, associado ou não ao álcool, assim como as alterações na farmacocinética que esta associação possa determinar. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado com 15 voluntários sadios que receberam em momentos diferentes o carbonato de lodenafila (CL) na dose de 160 mg em jejum, CL (160 mg) com álcool, ou somente placebo. Esses pacientes foram monitorados por 24 horas, sendo avaliado o quadro clínico, a pressão arterial (PA), a frequência cardíaca (FC), o intervalo QT e também os dados de farmacocinética. RESULTADOS: O carbonato de lodenafila, isoladamente ou associado com álcool, não determinou alterações clínicas significativas na PA ou FC, embora tenha ocorrido diminuição da PA estatisticamente significativa após 4 horas, nos voluntários que receberam medicamento e álcool, assim como um aumento da FC após 6 horas nos pacientes que receberam o CL. A análise do intervalo QT corrigido não mostrou alteração significativa. O álcool aumentou a biodisponibilidade do medicamento em 74 por cento. Houve somente 2 queixas de cefaleia leve, possivelmente associada ao medicamento. CONCLUSÃO: O carbonato de lodenafila, mesmo associado ao álcool, não determinou repercussões clínicas importantes na PA, FC, ou alterações no intervalo QTc; a ingestão com álcool, por sua vez, aumentou significativamente sua biodisponibilidade.
BACKGROUND: Millions of men around the world suffer from erectile dysfunction, for which phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE-5 inhibitors) are currently the first treatment option. Sexual activity and alcohol consumption are closely related, and the simultaneous use of alcohol and PDE-5 inhibitors can happen. Lodenafil carbonate is a new PDE-5 inhibitor, developed by a Brazilian pharmaceutical company. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed at evaluating the cardiovascular safety of lodenafil carbonate, with and without simultaneous alcohol consumption. METHODS: Fifteen male volunteers received 160 mg lodenafil carbonate (LC), in three different moments. Participants were assigned to three groups, treated with LC in fasting condition, with alcohol or receiving only placebo. The volunteers were continuously monitored during 24 hours for physical impairment, blood pressure, heart rate, QT interval and lodenafil's pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS: Lodenafil carbonate alone or with alcohol did not induce clinically relevant modifications in arterial blood pressure or heart rate. A statistically significant decrease in blood pressure was seen four hours after LC and alcohol intake, and an increase in heart rate six hours after intake of lodenafil carbonate alone. The QTc interval was not significantly modified. Lodenafil carbonate bioavailability was increased in 74 percent when drug intake was associated with alcohol. CONCLUSION: These results show that the use of lodenafil carbonate did not have clinically relevant effects on blood pressure or heart rate, and was not associated with QT interval prolongation. The association of lodenafil carbonate and alcohol affected its pharmacokinetic properties, increasing the bioavailability of the drug.
FUNDAMENTO: La disfunción eréctil afecta a un gran número de hombres en el mundo y los inhibidores de PDE5 (iPDE5) están entre los principales métodos de tratamiento de estos pacientes. El consumo social de alcohol y el acto sexual presentan una relación considerable. Por lo tanto, puede ocurrir una asociación entre alcohol e iPDE5. El carbonato de lodenafila es un nuevo iPDE5 desarrollado por una empresa brasileña. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la repercusión cardiovascular del carbonato de lodenafila, asociado o no al alcohol, así como las alteraciones en la farmacocinética que esta asociación pueda determinar. MÉTODOS: Estudio realizado con 15 voluntarios sanos que recibieron en momentos diferentes el carbonato de lodenafila (CL) en la dosis de 160mg en ayunas, CL (160 mg) con alcohol, o solamente placebo. Estos pacientes fueron monitoreados por 24 horas, siendo evaluado el cuadro clínico, la presión arterial (PA), la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), el intervalo QT y también los datos de farmacocinética. RESULTADOS: El carbonato de lodenafila, aisladamente o asociado con alcohol, no determinó alteraciones clínicas significativas en la PA o FC, aunque se haya registrado una disminución de la PA estadísticamente significativa después de 4 horas en los voluntarios que recibieron medicamento y alcohol, así como un aumento de la FC después de 6 horas en los pacientes que recibieron el CL. El análisis del intervalo QT corregido no mostró alteración significativa. El alcohol aumentó la biodisponibilidad del medicamento en un 74 por ciento. Se registraron sólo 2 quejas de cefalea leve, posiblemente asociada al medicamento. CONCLUSIÓN: El carbonato de lodenafila, aun asociado al alcohol, no determinó repercusiones clínicas importantes en la PA, FC, o alteraciones en el intervalo QTc; la ingestión con alcohol, a su vez, aumentó significativamente su biodisponibilidad.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Carbonatos/farmacologia , Sistema Cardiovascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacologia , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Análise de Variância , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/metabolismo , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/fisiopatologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbonatos/farmacocinética , Sistema de Condução Cardíaco/efeitos dos fármacos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacocinética , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
El carbonato de litio es un fármaco de amplio uso en psiquiatría en el tratamiento de las enfermedades afectivas. Su eficacia indiscutible ha significado un considerable aumento de su consumo. Por tal razón nació la idea de incorporar una nueva farmacéutica con un criterio técnico que nos llevara a disminuir costos y/o ampliar cobertura. Nuestro estudio se basó en comparar los parámetros farmacocinéticos y biodisponibilidad del comprimido convencional con la cápsula de carbonato de litio. Se realizó un estudio farmacocinético para ambas formas farmacéuticas de carbonato de litio de 300 mg. cada una, sometiendo a tres voluntarios sanos a una dosis oral de 600 mg. con un intervalo de depuración de un mes entre una forma farmacéutica y otra. Se tomó muestras de sangre a las 1,2,3,4,6,8,12 y 24 hrs., determinándose la concentración plasmática de Litio por Fotometría de Llama. Los parámetros farmacocinéticos encontrados en voluntarios sanos para una dosis de 600 mg. de carbonato de litio son: comprimidos t Máx. -3,0 hrs., c Máx. 0.51 Meq/Lt, Cápsula t Máx 2,0 hrs. c Max. 0,67 Meq/Lt. La vida media (t 1/2) obtenida concuerda con la literatura t 1/2 - (comp) = 13,8 hrs. t 1/2 (cápsula) = 14,6 hrs. El área bajo la curva ABC, equivale en términos prácticos a la biodisponibilidad, demuestra que ambas formas farmacéuticas, cápsulas y comprimidos no presentan diferencias significativas (t = 0,1821; p < 0.45), resultado importante, pues permite respaldar el uso clínico de la cápsula de carbonato de litio y considerarlo como una alternativa viable para nuestros pacientes