RESUMO
"On-farm hatching" is one of the proposed alternatives to conventional hatchery-hatching. This solution reduces distress and improves the welfare of the chicks around the hatching period. Therefore, it seemed interesting to compare conventional hatchery and "on-farm" hatching in terms of microbiological and microclimatic conditions. Hatching eggs (Ross 308) were incubated in a commercial hatchery. The control group (HH, 683 eggs) hatched in a conventional hatcher, while the other eggs were transported into the experimental chicken-hall for on-farm hatching, and set in pens directly on litter (OL, 667 eggs) or plastic trays (OT, 678 eggs). One-day-old chicks were also placed in the experimental hall. Microclimatic parameters were controlled every 12 h. The microbiological status of the surface of the eggshells and the litter was assessed based on the total number of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and also the selected individual genus/species of bacteria. The hatchability of HH was 96.4% in comparison to 93.9% and 95.8% for OL and OT, respectively (P > 0.05). On the other hand, 2.1% of the HH chicks were found injured/dead, while only 0.2-0.3% of the on-farm groups were. The total number of aerobic mesophilic microflora on the surface of as-hatched shells was 4.93 ± 0.629 log CFU/g in HH, while only 1.14 ± 0.995 and 1.93 ± 1.709 log CFU/g in OL and OT, respectively (P < 0.001). Similarly, the total count of bacteria in the litter in the on-farm hatched pens was 1.9-fold lower than in pens set with HH chicks (P < 0.001). In summary, on-farm hatching results in hatchability that is no worse than in a conventional hatcher, while the microbiological status of as-hatched eggshells and litter is significantly better. Therefore, on-farm hatching seems to provide appropriate environmental conditions for newly hatched chicks and poses no epizootic risk.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Galinhas , Microclima , Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Abrigo para Animais , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Bem-Estar do AnimalRESUMO
Avian eggshells exhibit excellent antimicrobial properties. In this study, we conducted simulation experiments to explore the defense mechanisms of eggshell membranes with regards to their physical features. We developed a mathematical model for the movement of microorganisms and estimated their penetration ratio into eggshell membranes based on several factors, including membrane thickness, microbial size, directional drift, and attachment probability to membrane fibers. These results not only suggest that an eggshell membrane with multiple layers and low porosity indicates high antimicrobial performance, but also imply that the fibrous network structure of the membrane might contribute to effective defense. Our simulation results aligned with experimental findings, specifically in measuring the penetration time of Escherichia coli through the eggshell membrane. We briefly discuss the significance and limitations of this pilot study, as well as the potential for these results, to serve as a foundation for the development of antimicrobial materials.
Assuntos
Casca de Ovo , Escherichia coli , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Animais , Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Simulação por Computador , Modelos Biológicos , Membranas/metabolismo , Aves , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) are secondary cavity nesters that use natural cavities and artificial nest boxes, the latter of which has been attributed to the recovery of populations across the southeastern US. Continual use of these boxes results in a buildup of bacteria, parasites, and other pathogens. To avoid the accumulation of these deleterious organisms, best management practices include the occasional removal of old nesting material (i.e., wood shavings) and replacement with fresh wood shavings. No studies have been performed on the effects of shaving material on nest box selection, nest success, and bacterial growth. We monitored 142 and 111 nest boxes in Florida and Georgia, USA, respectively, and filled a random sample with aspen or cedar shavings. We then swabbed the surface of 144 and 150 eggs during 2020 and 2021, respectively, to screen for culturable bacteria. We detected no effect of shaving type on nest box selection, nest success, or egg surface bacterial growth. We found 3-8 bacterial colony types (1-123 colony-forming units [CFU]/box) and 1-8 bacterial colony types (3-382 CFU/box) among the Georgia and Florida samples, respectively. We detected no effect from shaving type on Wood Duck reproduction or bacterial growth in the sampled nest boxes. We concluded that both shaving types are suitable nesting materials for box-nesting Wood Duck populations and the continued use of either would be a reasonable decision for managers.
Assuntos
Patos , Comportamento de Nidação , Reprodução , Animais , Patos/microbiologia , Reprodução/fisiologia , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Florida , Georgia , Madeira/microbiologia , FemininoRESUMO
Micro-organisms on the eggshell surface of affect the quality of the egg. Sometimes, these microbes even pose a serious threat to the health of the egg's consumer. Bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer region were sequenced to analyze the microbial diversity on the shell surface of the eggs collected from 4 distinct regions of China: Guyuan (GY; 1.5 million hens), Langfang (LF; 0.1 million hens), Beihai (BH; 1.2 million hens), and Dongguan (DG; 0.2 million hens). The results showed a higher bacterial and fungal abundance on the eggs collected from the northern and southern China farms, respectively. The dominant bacterial phylum detected across all egg samples was Firmicutes. In addition, the shell surfaces of the DG and LF samples harbored abundant levels of Proteobacteria. The dominant fungal phyla detected across all egg samples were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The bacterial compositions on eggshell surfaces differed significantly across all geographic regions, and the fungal composition differed significantly between samples collected from the southern and northern farms (P < 0.05). The abundance and composition of microbial colonies on the eggshell surface varied based on their geographical location (climate and environment) and farming scale (management). Our findings provide an important reference for optimizing the cleaning and disinfection methods for fresh eggs collected from different sources.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Galinhas , Casca de Ovo , Animais , China , Galinhas/microbiologia , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análise , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/genética , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Microbiota , DNA Fúngico/análise , DNA Fúngico/genéticaRESUMO
Manual separation of egg yolk from egg white using the eggshell is common practice in private households. For this, the egg is cracked and both components are separated by passing the egg yolk back and forth between the two halves of the eggshell, allowing the egg white to drip down while the egg yolk remains in the shell. During this process, the egg content naturally gets in contact with the outside of the eggshell, which might lead to a cross-contamination with its microorganisms, thus was correspondingly assessed in this study. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can be found on eggshells. Therefore, this bacterium was used to artificially contaminate the eggshells (n = 22) with concentrations of 3.1 ± 0.6 log10 cfu/g. After separating the egg yolk from the egg white, cross-contamination was determined using culture and qPCR. Altogether, cross-contaminations with C. jejuni were found in 15 egg white (68%) and in three egg yolk (14%) samples. Afterward, 90 eggs from 30 egg packs from different producers in and around Munich (Germany) were obtained for field study purposes. To address the problem of culturing due to a possible viable but nonculturable (VBNC) status of C. jejuni, a method to differentiate viable and dead C. jejuni on eggshell using 10 µM propidium monoazide (PMA) and qPCR was developed. As a result, seven egg packs (23%) were positive for C. jejuni. Of these, only one (3%) was contaminated with viable cells, but still in a concentration of 3.3 log10 cells/g shell. According to these results and considering that eggshells might also be naturally contaminated with other pathogens, the authors recommend avoiding the manual separation technique of egg white and yolk by the eggshell. Especially if raw egg white or yolk is used for preparation of not sufficiently heated foods, where contaminating pathogens are not inactivated during processing, this technique might be a safety hazard for the consumer.
Assuntos
Azidas , Campylobacter jejuni , Propídio/análogos & derivados , Animais , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Clara de Ovo , Ovos , Gema de OvoRESUMO
The cuticle is an invisible barrier that protects the internal egg contents from microorganisms entering through gas exchange pores. Eggs which have a good cuticle are least likely to be penetrated by microorganisms and improved cuticle cover should reduce vertical transmission of microorganisms and improve biosecurity. The aim was to carry out a genome wide association study for cuticle deposition in 3 independent populations of laying hens using tartrazine and lissamine green staining. Eggs from â¼8,000 hens represented 2 White Leghorn and 1 Rhode Island Red breed. Estimates of heritability using pedigree or genomic relationship matrices were in the 0.2 to 0.3 range. The results were breed specific. Across the populations, genomic regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 8 were identified as significantly associated with cuticle deposition. No single loci had a large effect. A comparison was made with genes differentially expressed in the shell gland when cuticle deposition was manipulated, however none were obvious candidates for cuticle deposition. The results support the polygenic nature of the trait and the information will help in the future to understand the genetic variance and what might control cuticle deposition and the microbiological safety of the egg.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Animais , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/veterinária , Galinhas/genética , Galinhas/microbiologia , Óvulo , Genoma , Fenótipo , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , OvosRESUMO
The major pathogen associated with eggs is Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and chlorine washing is the most widely used for sanitization. Microbubble, a novel technique and able to operate in large quantity, has been presented to be an alternative method. Thus, microbubble water combining with ozone (OMB) was applied to disinfect S. Enteritidis spiked on shells at 107 cells per egg. OMB was generated by injecting ozone into a Nikuni microbubble system, then delivered into 10 L of water. After 5, 10, or 20 min of activation time, the eggs were placed into OMB and washed for 30 or 60 s. The controls involved unwashed, water washing, ozone only, and microbubble only (MB). The highest reduction, 5.19 log CFU/egg, was achieved by the combination of 20-min activation and 60-s washing, which was used for following tests of large water quantities. Comparing with the unwashed control, 4.32, 3.73 and 3.07 log CFU/egg reductions were achieved in 25, 80, and 100 L of water, respectively. The other system, Calpeda, with higher motor power was tested in 100 L and obtained a reduction of 4.15 log CFU/egg. The average diameter of bubbles generated by Nikuni and Calpeda pump systems were 29.05 and 36.50 µm, respectively, which both were within the microbubble definition of ISO. Much lower reductions, around 1-2 log10 CFU/egg, were shown with the treatments of ozone only and MB by the same operative parameters. After 15-day storage at ambient temperature, the OMB-treated eggs showed similar sensory quality with the unwashed ones. This is the first study demonstrating that OMB effectively inactivates S. Enteritidis on shell eggs in large quantity of water and does not diminished the sensory characteristics of eggs. Furthermore, bacterial population was under the detection limit in the OMB-treated water.
Assuntos
Ozônio , Animais , Ozônio/farmacologia , Salmonella enteritidis , Água , Microbolhas , Ovos/microbiologia , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Galinhas , Microbiologia de AlimentosRESUMO
Eggshell bacterial communities may affect hatching success and nestling's condition. Nest materials are in direct contact with the eggshells, but the relationships with the eggshell microbiome during incubation have not been fully elucidated. Here, we characterize eggshell and nest material bacterial communities and their changes during incubation in the Oriental Tit (Parus minor). Bacterial communities on the nest material were relatively stable and remained distinct from the eggshell communities and had higher diversity and greater phylogenetic clustering than the eggshell communities from the same nest, resulting in lower phylogenetic turnover rate of nest material microbiome during incubation than expected by chance. While the species diversity of both communities did not change during incubation, we found significantly greater changes in the structure of bacterial communities on the eggshell than on the nest material. However, eggshell microbiome remained distinct from nest material microbiome, suggesting independent dynamics of the two microbiomes during incubation. We detected an increase in the relative abundance of several bacterial taxa on the eggshell that likely come from the bird's skin, feathers, cloaca/intestine, or uropygial secretion which suggests some exchange of bacteria between the incubating bird and the eggshell. Furthermore, incubation appeared to promote the abundance of antibiotic producing taxa on the eggshell, which may hypothetically inhibit growth of many bacteria including pathogenic ones. Our results suggest that the future studies should focus on simultaneous monitoring of absolute abundance as well as relative abundance in communities on eggshells, nest materials, and the incubating bird's body.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Casca de Ovo , Animais , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Filogenia , Aves/microbiologia , PeleRESUMO
Microbial blooms that emerge in commercial hatch cabinets consist of apathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Objectives of the present study included the development of a multipathogen contamination model to mimic commercial conditions and optimization of sampling methods to quantify bacterial or fungal presence within the hatch cabinet. The pathogen challenge mix (PM) was recreated from select bacterial or fungal isolates recovered from an egg homogenate (EH) derived from the contents of infertile eggs and late embryonic mortalities. Isolates selected for PM included Enterococcus faecalis (â¼108 CFU/egg), Staphylococcus aureus (â¼107 CFU/egg), Staphylococcus chromogenes (â¼107 CFU/egg), Aspergillus fumigatus (â¼106 spores/egg), and 2 Escherichia coli (â¼108 CFU/egg) isolates. Challenge (100 µL of PM or EH) was administered using a sterile loop to a 28 mm area on the blunt end of the eggshell at day 19 of embryogenesis (DOE). In 3 experiments, microbiological data were collected from environmental hatcher samples (open-agar plate method), fluff samples, postmortem whole-body chick rinse samples, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) samples to evaluate select bacteria and fungi circulating within the hatch cabinet and colonization of GIT. Cumulative bacterial and fungal recovery from the PM hatching environment from DOE20 to hatch was higher than the nonchallenged group (NC) and EH group at â¼860 and â¼1,730 CFU, respectively. Bacterial recovery from GIT, fluff, and chick rinse samples were similar for the PM and EH group in Exp. 1. However, Aspergillus fumigatus recovery from fluff and chick rinse samples for the PM group was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than the NC and EH group. In Exp. 2 and 3, PM challenge significantly (P < 0.05) increased Gram-negative bacterial recovery from the GIT, fluff and chick rinse samples compared to both the NC and EH group. These data suggest this innovative multispecies environmental contamination model using PM could be utilized to evaluate strategies to mitigate microbial contamination in commercial hatch cabinets in a laboratory setting.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Óvulo , Animais , Bactérias , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Escherichia coliRESUMO
Cleidoic eggs possess very efficient and orchestrated systems to protect the embryo from external microbes until hatch. The cuticle is a proteinaceous layer on the shell surface in many bird and some reptile species. An intact cuticle forms a pore plug to occlude respiratory pores and is an effective physical and chemical barrier against microbial penetration. The interior of the egg is assumed to be normally sterile, while the outer eggshell cuticle hosts microbes. The diversity of the eggshell microbiome is derived from both maternal microbiota and those of the nesting environment. The surface characteristics of the egg, outer moisture layer and the presence of antimicrobial molecules composing the cuticle dictate constituents of the microbial communities on the eggshell surface. The avian cuticle affects eggshell wettability, water vapor conductance and regulates ultraviolet reflectance in various ground-nesting species; moreover, its composition, thickness and degree of coverage are dependent on species, hen age, and physiological stressors. Studies in domestic avian species have demonstrated that changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of eggs with respect to the risk of contamination by bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Moreover, preventing contamination of internal egg components is crucial to optimize hatching success in bird species. In chickens there is moderate heritability (38%) of cuticle deposition with a potential for genetic improvement. However, much less is known about other bird or reptile cuticles. This review synthesizes current knowledge of eggshell cuticle and provides insight into its evolution in the clade reptilia. The origin, composition and regulation of the eggshell microbiome and the potential function of the cuticle as the first barrier of egg defense are discussed in detail. We evaluate how changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of table eggs and vertical transmission of pathogens in the production chain with respect to the risk of contamination. Thus, this review provides insight into the physiological and microbiological characteristics of eggshell cuticle in relation to its protective function (innate immunity) in egg-laying birds and reptiles.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Casca de Ovo , Animais , Galinhas/genética , Casca de Ovo/química , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Casca de Ovo/fisiologia , Ovos , Escherichia coli , Feminino , Imunidade , OviposiçãoRESUMO
Three novel, anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from the eggshell of two separate white leghorn chicken flocks and the ileum of a healthy pig, and designated MMM721T, ISU324 and PIG517 respectively. Cells were pleomorphic and capable of forming long chains of rods or coccoid clusters. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences identified these strains to be within the genus Turicibacter, of which only one species, Turicibacter sanguinis, has been formally described. However, whole genome sequencing of novel isolates returned a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 22.5â% and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of 76.4â% (ANIb) and 86.0â% (ANIm), indicating divergence between the type strain MMM721T and T. sanguinis, suggesting the strains represented a novel species. The major fatty acid methyl esters of strain MMM721T were C16â:â0, C18â:â1 ω7c and C18â:â0. The strains mainly produced the volatile fatty acid lactate, along with smaller amounts of acetate and butyrate. Together, these data indicate that MMM721T, along with ISU324 and PIG517, represent a novel species within the genus Turicibacter. We propose the name Turicibacter bilis sp. nov. for the species. The type strain is MMM721T (=ATCC TSD-238T=CCUG 74757T).
Assuntos
Galinhas , Casca de Ovo , Firmicutes/classificação , Íleo/microbiologia , Filogenia , Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Composição de Bases , Galinhas/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Ácidos Graxos/química , Firmicutes/isolamento & purificação , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Table eggs are an affordable yet nutritious protein source for humans. Unfortunately, eggs are a vector for bacteria that could cause foodborne illness. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium compound (quat) sanitizer against aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and mold load on the eggshell surface of free-range and commercial farms and the post-treatment effect on microbial load during storage. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and molds were enumerated using plate count techniques. The efficacy of the quaternary ammonium sanitizer (quat) was tested using two levels: full factorial with two replicates for corner points, factor A (maximum: 200 ppm, minimum: 100 ppm) and factor B (maximum: 15 min, minimum: 5 min). Quat sanitizer significantly (p < 0.05) reduced approximately 4 log10 CFU/cm2 of the aerobic mesophilic bacteria, 1.5 to 2.5 log10 CFU/cm2 of the mold population, and 1.5 to 2 log10 CFU/cm2 of the yeast population. However, there was no significant (p ≥ 0.05) response observed between individual factor levels (maximum and minimum), and two-way interaction terms were also not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05). A low (<1 log10 CFU/cm2) aerobic mesophilic bacteria trend was observed when shell eggs were stored in a cold environment up to the production expiry date. No internal microbial load was observed; thus, it was postulated that washing with quat sanitizer discreetly (without physically damaging the eggshell) does not facilitate microbial penetration during storage at either room temperature or cold storage. Current study findings demonstrated that the quat sanitizer effectively reduced the microbial population on eggshells without promoting internal microbial growth.
Assuntos
Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Ovos/microbiologia , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/farmacologia , Animais , Bactérias Aeróbias/efeitos dos fármacos , Desinfecção , Microbiologia de Alimentos , HumanosRESUMO
Consumer awareness and distaste towards both bacterial and chemical contaminations on food items have been increasing in recent years. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a cutting-edge technology which has been shown to effectively inactivate bacteria on the treated foods. Although the general NTP with a single plasma jet is appropriate for the continuous operation process, it suffers limitations due to its smaller scanning area. Here, a novel NTP device with a double rotary nozzle jet system was utilized, which could treat an area instead of a point. The shell eggs inoculated with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) were placed on a moving platform under the double rotary nozzle jet system. The efficacy of the NTP treatment on microbial decontamination was evaluated by testing a total of 26 combinations of operating parameters consisting of various plasma power (150, 180, 210 W), argon flow rate (10, 15, 20 slm), repetition of the moving platform (4, 6, 8 times), and speed of the moving platform (5, 10 mm/s). Although significantly higher SE reduction (p < 0.05) was achieved with higher power, more repetitions, larger argon flow rates, and lower speed of the platform, these parameters induced significant alterations in the sensory properties of the treated eggs. By comprehensively considering the bacterial reductions, egg quality, and sensory properties, NTP treatment with combination T (180 W-15 slm-6 times-10 mm/s) was determined to be the optimal parameter, which achieved >4 log CFU/egg of SE reduction and significantly better sensory properties than commercially washed eggs (p < 0.05). Additionally, SEM analysis revealed that NTP treatment with combination T resulted in less damage to egg cuticles compared to commercially washed eggs. This novel NTP device offers an efficient antibacterial activity under shorter exposure time (30 s), smaller argon flow rate (15 slm), and lower power (180 W) without adversely affecting the overall quality of the treated eggs. Therefore, this NTP device equipped with the double rotary jet system possesses a potential solution for future industrial applications.
Assuntos
Desinfecção , Casca de Ovo , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Gases em Plasma , Salmonella enteritidis , Animais , Galinhas , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Desinfecção/instrumentação , Desinfecção/métodos , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Ovos/microbiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos/instrumentação , Microbiologia de Alimentos/métodos , Gases em Plasma/farmacologia , Salmonella enteritidis/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Lower levels of calcium in adults increase the risk for osteoporosis, and in children, low calcium levels can impact their potential adult height. The study objective was to analyze the bioavailability and physicochemical properties of a calcium preparation based on chicken eggs. The base calcium preparation was enriched with one of a variety of biologically active substances, inter alia, vitamin D3, vitamin K, lysine, lactose, magnesium chloride and inulin. The newly developed calcium preparations were subjected to structural analysis using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and the hydrodynamic diameter for the molecules was determined using the dynamic light scattering method and their zeta potential. To determine the optimum storage conditions of calcium preparations, their hygroscopicity and bulk density were determined. The calcium preparations were also added to selected food products, such as apple juice with mango, fruit dessert (jelly) and beef meatballs. The enriched food products were subjected to sensory analysis. The study demonstrated the significant influence of additives to calcium preparation in terms of its hygroscopicity and morphology. It was found that all products with the addition of analyzed preparations were characterized by high sensory desirability. The results presented in the study comprise the basis for the development of new food products, enriched with calcium.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Cálcio/farmacologia , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Sensação , Animais , Casca de Ovo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidrodinâmica , Tamanho da Partícula , Sensação/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletricidade Estática , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted to investigate the effects of iron (Fe, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg) and Bacillus subtilis (2.5 × 109 and 5.0 × 109 CFU/kg) supplementation on reproductive performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, hormone levels, antioxidant indices, and hematological parameters in breeder geese. A total of one hundredtwenty 46-week-old Wulong breeder geese were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 4 replicates per treatment and 5 geese per replicate for 10 wk following 1 wk of adaption. Dietary Fe supplementation increased egg weight (P = 0.036), fertility (P = 0.022), serum total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.022), red blood cell (P = 0.001), hematocrit (HCT, P < 0.001), hemoglobin (HGB, P = 0.005), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV, P < 0.001). Dietary B. subtilis supplementation increased egg production (P = 0.025), eggshell thickness (P = 0.020), apparent phosphorus digestibility (P < 0.001), serum follicle stimulating hormone (P = 0.043), total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.001), HCT (P < 0.001), HGB (P < 0.001), and MCV (P = 0.025), and reduced malondialdehyde level (P = 0.008). The birds fed diets supplemented with 60 mg/kg Fe and 5 × 109 CFU/kg B. subtilis showed the highest percentage of hatched eggs (P = 0.004) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P < 0.001) among the 6 groups. Supplementation of 40 and 60 mg/kg Fe significantly increased the apparent digestibility of calcium compared with that of 80 mg/kg Fe in the birds fed 5.0 × 109 CFU/kg B. subtilis (P = 0.004). Supplementation with 60 and 80 mg/kg Fe in the birds fed 5 × 109 CFU/kg B. subtilis significantly decreased serum urea nitrogen level compared with other 4 groups (P = 0.022). In conclusion, the combination of Fe and B. subtilis effectively improves reproductive performance, eggshell quality, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant status, and hematopoietic function of breeder geese. Dietary addition of 60 mg/kg Fe and 5.0 × 109 CFU/kg B. subtilis was an optimum supplementation dose.
Assuntos
Bacillus subtilis , Suplementos Nutricionais , Digestão , Casca de Ovo , Gansos , Hematopoese , Ferro , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Casca de Ovo/efeitos dos fármacos , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Gansos/sangue , Gansos/fisiologia , Hematopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ferro/farmacologia , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Salmonella is one of the main foodborne pathogens that affect humans and farm animals. The Salmonella genus comprises a group of food-transmitted pathogens that cause highly prevalent foodborne diseases throughout the world. The aim of this study was to appraise the viability of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm under water treatment at room temperature on different surfaces, specifically stainless steel (SS), plastic (PLA), rubber (RB), and eggshell (ES). After 35 D, the reduction of biofilm on SS, PLA, RB, and ES was 3.35, 3.57, 3.22, and 2.55 log CFU/coupon without water treatment and 4.31, 4.49, 3.50, and 1.49 log CFU/coupon with water treatment, respectively. The dR value (time required to reduce bacterial biofilm by 99% via Weibull modeling) of S. Typhimurium without and with water treatment was the lowest on PLA (176.86 and 112.17 h, respectively) and the highest on ES (485.37 and 2,436.52 h, respectively). The viability of the S. Typhimurium on ES and the 3 food-contact surfaces was monitored for 5 wk (35 D). The results of this study provide valuable information for the control of S. Typhimurium on different surfaces in the food industry, which could reduce the risk to consumers.
Assuntos
Biofilmes , Casca de Ovo , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Viabilidade Microbiana , Salmonella typhimurium , Animais , Galinhas , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Manipulação de Alimentos , Salmonella typhimurium/fisiologia , Temperatura , ÁguaRESUMO
The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli on poultry products is an important issue for veterinary and human health due to the zoonotic infection risk for producers and consumers. The present study focuses on testing the efficacy of six different disinfection methods on eggshell samples, aiming to reduce ESBL producing E. coli contamination on the hatching egg. Sterile eggshell cutouts were artificially contaminated with 108 cfu/ml CTX-M-1 producing E. coli and used as a carrier model to analyze the efficacy of six disinfection methods. The contaminated samples were separated into two groups; 1) contaminated and disinfected, 2) contaminated and non-disinfected. Six independent disinfection protocols were performed following product specifications and protocols. Each eggshell sample was separately crushed, and the total viable bacterial count was calculated to determine the disinfection efficacy. Five out of six tested methods (formaldehyde gassing, hydrogen peroxide + alcohol spray, essential oils spray, peracetic acid foam, and low energetic electron radiation) demonstrated a reduction or completely eliminated the initial ESBL producing E. coli contamination. One method (essential oils as cold fog) only partly reached the expected efficacy threshold (reduction of >102 cfu/ml) and the result differed significantly when compared to the reference method i.e. formaldehyde gassing.
Assuntos
Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Desinfecção/classificação , Desinfecção/métodos , Casca de Ovo/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Animais , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Humanos , Técnicas In VitroRESUMO
The cuticle is the outmost layer of the eggshell and may affect the hatchability by modulating eggshell conductance. Three different solutions using acetic acid (AA), vinegar (V), and citric acid (CA) for cuticle removal by egg washing were developed, and the effects of cuticle removal on hatching performance of quail hatching eggs were evaluated. A total of 5,238 fresh quail hatching eggs were randomly divided into 9 treatments as follows: unwashed control, nondipped (CND); washed control, water dipped (CWD); standard control, 0.13% sodium hyperchlorite (CSH); 2% AA (AA2); 4% AA (AA4); 44.4% V (V2); 88.8% V (V4); 2% CA (CA2); and 4% CA (CA4). Overall, AA4, V4, and CA4 treatments significantly improved the hatchability of fertile eggs (95.42%, 94.16% and 95.66%, respectively) (P < 0.05) and the hatchability of CND, CWD, CSH, AA2, V2 and CA2 treatments were 90.98%, 93.00%, 92.27%, 79.44%, 90.37%, and 90.59%, respectively. The eggshell thickness and cuticle quality results showed that all AA, V, and CA solutions can effectively remove the quail eggshell cuticle, and AA4, V4 and CA4 significantly decreased eggshell thickness (P < 0.05). Microbial activity on the eggshell surface in all acid treatments was reduced significantly at day 0 of incubation (P < 0.05) and that significantly decreased than controlled treatments over the incubation period except AA2 treatment. Egg weight loss was lower for all acid treatments than that of the CND treatment (P < 0.05). There was no clear effect of treatments on chick quality. Hatch time in AA4, V4, and CA4 treatments slightly improved compared with controlled treatments (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments for chick livability and live weight at the first 21 D of life. Results of the present study indicate that cuticle removal with AA4, V4, or CA4 could effectively decrease the microbial activity on the eggshell surface during the incubation period and improve hatchability of quail hatching eggs without negative effects on hatch time and performance of quail chicks.
Assuntos
Ácido Acético , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Codorniz , Ácido Acético/farmacologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Ácido Cítrico/farmacologia , Casca de Ovo/efeitos dos fármacos , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Feminino , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
This study was performed to investigate the effects of lignocellulose supplementation (LS) on performance parameters, egg quality, aerobic bacterial load of eggshell, serum biochemical parameters, and jejunal histomorphological traits of laying hens between 18 and 38 wk of age. A total of 640 pullets at 16 wk of age were allotted to 4 treatment groups as 0 kg (control, CONT), 0.5 kg, 1 kg, and 2 kg LS per ton of feed. Body weight (BW), daily feed intake, egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), and efficiency of feed utilization (EF) were determined as the mean of each 3-wk period between 18 and 38 wk of age. Laying hens in the 1 kg LS group had a higher BW mean (1632.1 g, P < 0.001). The highest mean value of EP and EW were observed in 1 kg LS group (81.8% and 57.3 g, respectively), whereas the lowest values were found in the 2 kg LS group (78.6% and 54.4 g, respectively, P < 0.001). The mean of EF was the lowest in the 1 kg LS group (2.72, P < 0.001). There was a decline in eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness in the 2 kg LS, when compared with the 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). The total aerobic bacterial load of the eggshell was the lowest in the 1 kg LS group (4.7 log10 cfu/mL). The level of aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase showed an increment in both the CONT and 2 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). The high level of LS (2 kg per ton of feed) caused a decline in the levels of IgY, IgA and IgM, when compared to the 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). Laying hens in 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups had longer villus height (1335.9 µm) in the jejunum than the others (P < 0.001). These findings showed that the 1 kg LS per ton of feed improved EP and EW, eggshell quality, immunoglobulin levels and intestinal morphology, and decreased the total aerobic bacterial load.
Assuntos
Carga Bacteriana , Galinhas/fisiologia , Casca de Ovo/microbiologia , Jejuno/anatomia & histologia , Lignina/metabolismo , Óvulo/fisiologia , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bactérias Aeróbias/fisiologia , Análise Química do Sangue , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Lignina/administração & dosagem , Distribuição Aleatória , Soro/químicaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) rule on "Prevention of Salmonella Enteritidis in Shell Eggs during Production, Storage, and Transportation," shell eggs intended for human consumption are required to be held or transported at or below 45°F (7.2°C) ambient temperature beginning 36 h after time of lay. Meanwhile, eggs in hatcheries are typically stored at a temperature of 65°F (18.3°C). Although most of those eggs are directed to incubators for hatching, excess eggs have the potential to be diverted for human consumption as egg products through the "breaker" market if these eggs are refrigerated in accordance with FDA's requirement. Combining risk assessment models developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service for shell eggs and for egg products, we quantified and compared Salmonella Enteritidis levels in eggs held at 65°F versus 45°F, Salmonella Enteritidis levels in the resulting egg products, and the risk of human salmonellosis from consumption of those egg products. For eggs stored 5 days at 65°F (following 36 h at 75°F [23.9°C] in the layer house), the mean level of Salmonella Enteritidis contamination is 30-fold higher than for eggs stored at 45°F. These increased levels of contamination lead to a 47-fold increase in the risk of salmonellosis from consumption of egg products made from these eggs, with some variation in the public health risk on the basis of the egg product type (e.g., whole egg versus whole egg with added sugar). Assuming that 7% of the liquid egg product supply originates from eggs stored at 65°F versus 45°F, this study estimates an additional burden of 3,562 cases of salmonellosis per year in the United States. A nominal range uncertainty analysis suggests that the relative increase in the risk linked to the storage of eggs at higher temperature estimated in this study is robust to the uncertainty surrounding the model parameters. The diversion of eggs from broiler production to human consumption under the current storage practices of 65°F (versus 45°F) would present a substantive overall increase in the risk of salmonellosis.