Non-invasive MR imaging of human brain lymphatic networks with connections to cervical lymph nodes.

Meningeal lymphatic vessels have been described in animal studies, but limited comparable data is available in human studies. Here we show dural lymphatic structures along the dural venous sinuses in dorsal regions and along cranial nerves in the ventral regions in the human brain. 3D T2-Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery magnetic resonance imaging relies on internal signals of protein rich lymphatic fluid rather than contrast media and is used in the present study to visualize the major human dural lymphatic structures. Moreover we detect direct connections between lymphatic fluid channels along the cranial nerves and vascular structures and the cervical lymph nodes. We also identify age-related cervical lymph node atrophy and thickening of lymphatics channels in both dorsal and ventral regions, findings which reflect the reduced lymphatic output of the aged brain.

The relationship between cerebral blood flow and venous sinus pressure: can hyperemia induce idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in children is associated with cerebral hyperemia, which induces an increase in cerebral venous pressure. The current literature suggests venous pressure scales with blood flow in a linear fashion, however, a linear relationship would not raise the pressure high enough to induce IIH. There is, however, some evidence to suggest that this relationship could be quadratic in nature. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the relationship between cerebral blood flow and the pressure drop across the cerebral venous system. METHODS: 10 CT venogram data sets were collected for this study, with 5 useable geometries created. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were generated using these geometries, with 10 simulations conducted per patient. The flow rates tested ranged from 200 mL/min to 2000 mL/min. 3D pressure and velocity streamline distributions were created and analyzed for each CFD model, with pressure drops across the cerebral venous system determined. The effective and hydraulic diameters were determined at the superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus and both proximal and distal sigmoid sinuses. RESULTS: A quadratic relationship between blood flow and sinus pressure was found, with correlations of 0.99 or above in all five patients. The presence of vortical blood flow was found to explain this trend, with fluid curl and pressure drop correlations being above 0.97. This suggests that the presence of high blood flow should be considered in the diagnostic workup of IIH. CONCLUSIONS: The cerebral venous sinus blood flow and pressure response relationship are quadratic in nature, with the major cause of this being the degree of rotation induced in the flow. The elevated blood flow found in children with IIH can explain the increased ICP that is found, secondary to the increase in venous pressure that develops.

Predicting the need for retreatment in venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disease of raised intra-cranial pressure of unknown etiology. Lateral cerebral venous sinus stenosis (VSS) has been increasingly reported in these patients, and stenting has emerged as an alternative treatment for medically refractory symptoms. Treatment efficacy on meta-analysis appears promising, but identifying which patients are likely to benefit most, and which are likely to require repeat procedures, is currently unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected database of 79 patients treated with venous sinus stenting at a single academic center with minimum follow-up of 18 months. We extracted baseline clinical data, as well as manometry at lumbar puncture and during angiography, and used logistic regression to identify parameters that could predict stent failure. RESULTS: Retreatment rate after successful VSS was 13.9%. Lumbar puncture opening pressure (OP) was shown to significantly predict treatment failure (ß=0.06; OR=1.064 (1.003-1.135); P=0.039). This effect remained significant when age, sex and body mass index were added to the model (ß=0.06; OR=1.066 (1.002-1.140); P=0.043). OP was correlated with venous sinus manometry readings in the superior sagittal and transverse sinus pre-stent placement, as well trans-stenotic gradient (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher lumbar puncture OP was associated with an increased risk of stent failure in transverse sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension, although the performance of this model as a linear discriminator was poor. Further studies are required to better assess which patients are at greatest risk of treatment failure.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is more common in women than in men, possibly due to gender-specific risk factors in young adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the clinical and radiological findings, other risk factors, and clinical course of CVST associated with pregnancy and puerperium differ from those of other CVST cases. We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with CVST in our hospital between September 2007 and December 2019. The risk factors, clinical and radiological characteristics, and follow-up data for female patients with CVST were compared between cases associated with pregnancy and puerperium with those of other cases. A total of 50 female patients with CVST were included in the study. Twenty-four (48%) cases occurred during pregnancy and puerperium. The mean age of the pregnant or puerperal patients was lower than that of the other patients (p = 0.007). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of clinical and neuroradiological findings or presence of any additional risk factors including hereditary thrombophilia. There was also no difference in terms of in-hospital mortality rates and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 6 months between the groups. The clinical presentation of CVST and the frequencies of the presence of other risk factors including genetic thrombophilia in pregnant and puerperal patients were similar to those of non-pregnant female patients. Screening for additional risk factors, especially genetic thrombophilia, should therefore not be neglected in CVST occurring during pregnancy and puerperium.

Prenatal visualisation of the torcular herophili by means of a Doppler technology highly sensitive for low-velocity flow in the expert assessment of the posterior fossa: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of a Doppler technology highly sensitive for low-velocity flow in the antenatal imaging of the torcular herophili (TH) in the second trimester of pregnancy. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Referral Fetal Medicine Unit. POPULATION: Non-consecutive series of singleton pregnancies submitted to antenatal neurosonogram between 20 and 28 weeks of gestation. METHODS: A midsagittal section of the fetal brain was obtained by insonating through the anterior fontanelle, then the MV-Flow™ and LumiFlow™ presets were selected to visualise the TH as the posterior confluence of the superior sagittal sinus and the straight sinus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Evaluation of the anatomic relationship of the TH with the 'transpalatal line' joining the upper bony palate to the fetal skull. RESULTS: A total of 99 pregnant women were recruited, including one fetus with open spina bifida, one with Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) and two with Blake's pouch cysts. In normal fetuses, the TH appeared to lie on or just below the 'transpalatal line'. In the cases of Blake's pouch cyst, the position of the TH appeared normal if compared with controls, whereas in DWM a supra-elevated position of the TH in respect of the transpalatal line was demonstrated. Finally, in the fetus with Chiari II malformation the TH was identified below the 'transpalatal plane'. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal ultrasound visualisation of the TH by means of newly developed Doppler technologies characterised by high sensitivity for low-velocity flow is feasible and allows the indirect evaluation of the insertion of cerebellar tentorium in the second trimester. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Prenatal imaging of the torcular herophili using a Doppler technology highly sensitive for low-velocity flow.

Mechanical and structural characterisation of the dural venous sinuses.

The dural venous sinuses play an integral role in draining venous blood from the cranial cavity. As a result of the sinuses anatomical location, they are of significant importance when evaluating the mechanopathology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite the importance of the dural venous sinuses in normal neurophysiology, no mechanical analyses have been conducted on the tissues. In this study, we conduct mechanical and structural analysis on porcine dural venous sinus tissue to help elucidate the tissues' function in healthy and diseased conditions. With longitudinal elastic moduli values ranging from 33 to 58 MPa, we demonstrate that the sinuses exhibit higher mechanical stiffness than that of native dural tissue, which may be of interest to the field of TBI modelling. Furthermore, by employing histological staining and a colour deconvolution protocol, we show that the sinuses have a collagen-dominant extracellular matrix, with collagen area fractions ranging from 84 to 94%, which likely explains the tissue's large mechanical stiffness. In summary, we provide the first investigation of the dural venous sinus mechanical behaviour with accompanying structural analysis, which may aid in understanding TBI mechanopathology.

Longitudinal analysis of surgical outcome in subjects with pulsatile tinnitus originating from the sigmoid sinus.

A dominant sigmoid sinus with either diverticulum or dehiscence (SS-Div/SS-Deh) is a common cause of pulsatile tinnitus (PT). For PT originating from SS-Div/SS-Deh, an etiology-specific and secure reconstruction using firm materials is vital for optimal outcomes. As a follow-up to our previous reports on transmastoid SS resurfacing or reshaping for SS-Div/SS-Deh, this study aimed to evaluate the long-term results of transmastoid resurfacing/reshaping. We retrospectively reviewed 20 PT patients who were diagnosed with SS-Div/SS-Deh, underwent transmastoid resurfacing/reshaping, and were followed up for more than 1 year postoperatively. For PT, immediate and long-term changes (> 1 year) in loudness and annoyance were analyzed using the visual analog scale (VAS). Additionally, pre and postoperative objective measurements of PT using transcanal sound recording and spectro-temporal analysis (TSR-STA), imaging results, and audiological findings were comprehensively analyzed. Significant improvements in PT were sustained or enhanced for > 1 year (median follow-up period: 37 months, range: 12-54 months). On TSR-STA, both peak and root mean square amplitudes decreased after surgery. Also, the average pure-tone threshold at 250 Hz improved after surgery. Thus, our long-term follow-up data confirmed that the surgical management of PT originating from SS-Div/SS-Deh is successful with regard to both objective and subjective measures.

[Relationships between cerebral and facial venous blood flow]. / Vzaimootnosheniia tserebral'nogo i litsevogo venoznogo krovotoka.

The aspects of disruption of venous blood outflow from face region into skull are well-known; they can occur at any age - from neonatal to old age, however, the possible compensation mechanisms for such disorders are usually difficult to identify. A description is given of a unique case of unilateral epistaxis and a homolateral (right-sided) headache that developed much later. Examination revealed hypoplasia of the left sigmoid sinus and blood overflow of the right sigmoid sinus. After prescription of betahistine in a dose of 24 mg before bedtime and after awakening the headache and nosebleeds disappeared on the second day. The effect was persistent. The case demonstrates previously unknown compensation mechanisms for venous outflow - a retrograde outflow from the skull to the face region.

Changes in mean arterial pressure and end-tidal carbon dioxide content affect venous sinus pressures in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a randomized study.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about how changes in physiologic parameters affect venous sinus pressure measurements, waveforms, or gradients associated with sinus stenosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of changes in cardiovascular and respiratory physiologic parameters on venous sinus pressure and caliber measurements in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) undergoing venous sinus stenting. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized pilot study, eight patients with IIH undergoing venous sinus stenting were randomized to one of two groups. Under general anesthesia, patients underwent venous manometry and waveform recordings twice in succession based on assigned physiologic groups immediately before stenting. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) group maintained normocapnia but modified MAPs in two arms to control for temporal confounding: group A1 (MAP 60-80 mm Hg then 100-110 mm Hg) and group A2 (MAP 100-110 mm Hg then 60-80 mm Hg). The end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) group maintained a high-normal MAP similar to standard neuroanesthesia goals and modified EtCO2: group B1 (EtCO2 24-26 mm Hg then 38-40 mm Hg) and B2 (EtCO2 28-40 mm Hg then 24-26 mm Hg). RESULTS: In group A, superior sagittal sinus (SSS) pressures (ranging from 8 to 76 mm Hg) and trans-stenotic pressure gradients (TSPGs) (ranging from 2 to 67 mm Hg) were seen at MAP of 100-110 mm Hg compared with SSS pressures (4-38 mm Hg) and TSPGs (3-31 mm Hg) at 60-80 mm Hg. In group B, SSS pressures and TSPGs were considerably higher at EtCO2 levels of 38-40 mm Hg (15-57 mm Hg and 3-44 mm Hg, respectively) than at 24-26 mm Hg (8-26 mm Hg and 1-8 mm Hg, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small sample size, this pilot study demonstrates a dramatic effect of both MAP and EtCO2 on venous sinus pressures obtained during venography. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining normal physiologic cardiovascular and respiratory parameters during venous sinus manometry.

Computed Tomography Perfusion Showing Cerebral Hypoperfusion in a Patient with Acute Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis-A Case Report.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare cause of stroke. We report the case of a patient with acute CVST, showing perfusion abnormalities on computed tomography perfusion with perfusion defect in the relevant hemisphere. The defect was found in a region adjacent to the occluded sinus and was not corresponding to an arterial territory. To the best of our knowledge this is the first ever report on CT perfusion abnormalities few hours after acute symptom onset in CVST.

Hemodynamic study on the different therapeutic effects of SSWD resurfacing surgery on patients with pulsatile tinnitus.

Sigmoid sinus wall anomalies (SSWA) are a common pathophysiology of pulsatile tinnitus (PT) and usually treated by sigmoid sinus wall dehiscence (SSWD) resurfacing surgery. However, symptoms of tinnitus remain unrelieved after surgery in some patients with PT, and even new tinnitus appears. The cause of the difference in therapeutic effects is unclear. In this study, eight patient-specific SSWA geometric models were reconstructed on the basis of computed tomography angiography, including four cases of postoperative rehabilitation (group 1, 1-4 cases) and four cases of non-rehabilitation (group 2, 5-8 cases). Transient-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was performed to clarify the SS blood flow pattern and hemodynamic states. The wall pressure distribution on SSWA area, pressure difference, and flow pattern in SS were calculated to evaluate the hemodynamic changes of rehabilitation and non-rehabilitation patients before and after surgery. The difference of hemodynamics between these patients was statistically analyzed. The accuracy of CFD simulation was evaluated by cross validating the numerical and particle image velocimetry experimental results. Results showed that the SSWA area in patients with PT was loaded with high pressure. No difference was found in the hemodynamic characteristics between the two groups pre- and postoperation. When the average pressure (Pavg) and time-average Pavg (TAPavg) on the SSWA area were studied, the TAPavg difference pre- and postoperation between the two groups was found significant (p = 0.0021). The TAPavg difference had a negative change in postoperative rehabilitation patients (case 1, -44.49 Pa vs. case 2, -15.85 Pa vs. case 3, -25.88 Pa vs. case 4, -16.58 Pa). The postoperative TAPavg of non-rehabilitation patients was higher than the preoperative one (case 5, 24.70 Pa vs. case 6, 28.56 Pa vs. case 7, 5.81 Pa vs. case 8, 13.04 Pa). The velocity streamlines in the SS with rehabilitation became smoother and more regular than that without rehabilitation. By contrast, the velocity streamlines in SS without rehabilitation showed increased twisting and curling. No difference was found in time-average volume-averaged vorticity (TAVavgV) between the two groups. Therefore, the high pressure of the vessel wall on SSWA area was one of the causes of PT. The variation of SSWA wall pressure difference before and after PT was the cause of the difference in therapeutic effects after SSWD resurfacing surgery. In patients with SSWA, disordered blood flow in SS was another cause of PT. SSWD repair may relieve tinnitus to some extent, but blood flow disorders may still arise.

Venous sinus stenting improves cerebral autoregulation in a patient with venous sinus stenosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Venous sinus stenosis (VSS) is a type of cerebral venous vascular disease. Cerebral autoregulation is an indicator of cerebral arterial function. The cerebral circulatory system is composed of the venous system and arterial system. Impaired venous function may affect arterial function. Thus, cerebral venous stenosis may influence cerebral autoregulation. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case, a 50-year-old woman with transient blindness and headache was admitted to the hospital. The patient was diagnosed with VSS. A stent was placed at the stenosis. The stent released the intravenous pressure and remitted the patient's symptoms. Measurements of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) were performed at 3 time points: before stenting, after stenting, and 3 months later. The dCA gradually improved after stenting. CONCLUSION: VSS may have an influence on cerebral autoregulation, and effective treatment improves cerebral autoregulation in patients with VSS.

A descriptive study of venous sinus pressures and gradients in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between normal physiologic and pathologic venous sinus pressures in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), which is poorly understood. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed to identify patients with medically refractory IIH who were evaluated by angiography and retrograde venography with venous manometry. Patients were further subdivided into groups based on anatomic factors. RESULTS: 104 patients met inclusion criteria for the study. In the absence of non-invasive venographic screening, 58% of patients in this series were found to have pressure gradients of ≥8 mm Hg; 93% were located near the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction. Opening pressure (OP) is strongly predictive of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) pressures (p<0.001) and also of the presence of a pressure gradient ≥8 mm Hg (p<0.001). Twenty-three percent of patients with an OP <25 had a pressure gradient ≥8 mm Hg compared with 77% of patients with an OP ≥35. Analysis of patients with OP ≤20 suggests that SSS pressures in patients without IIH should be less than 16-18 mm Hg with total cranial gradients <5 mm Hg. Across all patients, a pressure decrement of approximately 1 mm Hg occurs with progressively more caudal transition across anatomic points of measurement. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes intracranial and extracranial venous pressure measurements and gradients in different subgroups of patients with IIH. OP is highly predictive of intracranial venous pressures and significant venous pressure gradients.

Coupling of CSF and sagittal sinus pressure in adult patients with pseudotumour cerebri.

OBJECTIVE: Pseudotumour cerebri syndrome (PTCS including idiopathic intracranial hypertension) is characterised by the symptoms and signs of raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp) in the absence of ventricular dilatation or an intracranial mass lesion. Its aetiology is unknown in the majority of cases but there is much evidence for impaired CSF absorption. Traditionally, sagittal sinus pressure has been considered to be independent of CSF pressure in adults. However, the discovery of stenoses of intracranial venous sinuses and introduction of venous sinus stenting has highlighted the importance of the venous drainage in PTCS. In this study, we have explored the relationship between CSFp and SSp before and during a CSF infusion test and during CSF drainage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients (9 females:1 male) with PTCS underwent infusion studies in parallel with direct retrograde cerebral venography. Both SSp and CSFp were recorded at a baseline and during CSFp elevation in a course of a CSF infusion test. The drainage of CSF after the CSF infusion was performed in 7 patients. In 5 cases, jugular venous pressure was also measured. RESULTS: CSFp and SSp including their amplitudes correlated significantly and strongly both at baseline (R = 0.96; p = 0.001) and during infusion (R = 0.92; p = 0.0026). During drainage, this correlation was maintained until SSp reached a stable value, whereas CSFp continued to decrease. CONCLUSIONS: In this series of ten patients with PTCS, CSFp and SSp were coupled, both at baseline and during infusion. The implications of such coupling for the calculation of CSF outflow resistance are discussed.

Intracranial venous sinus stenosis: hemodynamic assessment with two-dimensional parametric parenchymal blood flow software on digital subtraction angiography.

OBJECTIVE: Intracranial venous sinus stenosis (IVSS) is the most common finding associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A pressure gradient >8-10 mm Hg across the stenosis is considered hemodynamically significant, and typically responds to endovascular stent treatment. Here we assess the venous hemodynamics with two-dimensional (2D) parametric parenchymal blood flow software (Siemens-Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) and its ability to predict significant IVSS. METHODS: Patients with IVSS treated at our institution between 2013 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Measurements of contrast transit time on DSA were calculated with 2D parametric parenchymal blood flow software. Values were obtained proximally and distally to the stenotic region. Venous Stenosis Index (VSI) was defined as the ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) in the pre-stenotic vessel to the AUC in the post-stenotic vessel. VSI was compared between the stenotic and control groups at baseline, and before and after stent deployment in the stenotic group. The accuracy of VSI was assessed using the non-parametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: 11 patients with IVSS treated with venous stent deployment were included. Patients in the control group were similar in age, gender, and absence of major comorbidities. VSI in the IVSS group was significantly higher at baseline compared with the control group (1.42 vs 0.97, p=0.01). Area under the ROC was 0.82. After stent deployment, VSI decreased significantly compared with baseline (1.04 vs 1.42, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: 2D parametric parenchymal blood flow software is a useful tool which can accurately evaluate significant hemodynamic venous stenosis without intracranial catheterization, added radiation exposure, additional contrast injection, and periprocedural risks.

Dural sinus collapsibility, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and the pathogenesis of chronic migraine.

Available evidences suggest that a number of known assumption on idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) with or without papilledema might be discussed. These include (1) the primary pathogenetic role of an excessive dural sinus collapsibility in IIH, allowing a new relatively stable intracranial fluids pressure balance at higher values; (2) the non-mandatory role of papilledema for a definite diagnosis; (3) the possibly much higher prevalence of IIH without papilledema than currently considered; (4) the crucial role of the cerebral compliance exhaustion that precede the raise in intracranial pressure and that may already be pathologic in cases showing a moderately elevated opening pressure; (5) the role as "intracranial pressure sensor" played by the trigeminovascular innervation of dural sinuses and cortical bridge veins, which could represent a major source of CGRP and may explain the high comorbidity and the emerging causative link between IIHWOP and chronic migraine (CM). Accordingly, the control of intracranial pressure is to be considered a promising new therapeutic target in CM.

An in vitro experimental study on the relationship between pulsatile tinnitus and the dehiscence/thinness of sigmoid sinus cortical plate.

Pulsatile tinnitus (PT), characterized as pulse-synchronous, is generally objective. Sigmoid sinus (SS) venous sound is widely suggested to be a possible sound source of PT. The dehiscence and thinness of SS cortical plate (CP) was commonly reported as PT pathology in previous studies, but lack quantitative or biomechanical analysis. In this study, it was aimed to quantify the relationship between venous sound and CP dehiscence/thinness using in vitro experiment. The in vitro models of SS and CP were established based on 3D-printing, with the developed pulsatile venous flow in the SS model. The generated sound signal and the vibration response at the dehiscent/thinned area were analyzed. The sound signal generated in the normal-sized dehiscence model was pulse-synchronous within 100--400 Hz, which had similar acoustic characteristics as the clinical PT sounds. It was concluded that the pulsatile venous sound is produced at TS-SS junction in case of CP dehiscence. The CP, even a thinned one can effectively diminish the venous sound and sound-generating pulsatile vibration at TS-SS junction. The CP dehiscence would induce pulse-synchronous and high pressure venous sound, as well as pulse-synchronous vibration above 20 Hz, regardless of the dehiscence size. On the contrary, the CP thinness would not induce obvious venous sound or pulsatile vibration above 20 Hz.

Correlation between angiographic stenosis and physiologic venous sinus outflow obstruction in idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between degree of angiographic venous sinus stenosis and the trans-stenosis pressure gradient magnitude in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is poorly understood. The present study aimed to assess the utility of angiography, venography, and non-invasive imaging (MRV or CTV) for the diagnosis and characterization of clinically significant VSS. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database was performed to identify patients with medically refractory IIH who were evaluated by angiography and venous manometry for the presence of VSS with associated clinically significant pressure gradient. Angiographic stenosis was measured by two independent raters using novel methodology. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients met inclusion criteria for the study. In total, 70% of patients had clinically significant pressure gradients and were selected for stenting. The optimal percentage stenosis for detection of a significant pressure gradient was 34% stenosis on venous phase arteriography (sensitivity 0.81 and specificity 0.91) and 31% stenosis on venography (0.92 and 0.73). For every 10% increase in stenosis, an approximate increase in pressure gradient of 3.5 mmHg is seen. MRV/CTV had a calculated sensitivity of 0.42, and a negative predictive value of 22%. CONCLUSION: The degree of stenosis predictive of a clinically significant pressure gradient (30-35%) in the venous sinuses is considerably lower than the arterial stenosis at which pathologic hemodynamic alterations occur. While highly predictive of a venous pressure gradient when a stenosis is identified, non-invasive imaging does not appear to be a suitable diagnostic evaluation for the purpose of ruling out clinically significant cerebral VSS.

Venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Stenting of the intracranial venous sinuses is used as a treatment in certain cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Interest in, and experience of, this technique is growing, particularly in recent years. We sought to provide an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of venous stenting in these patients, examining clinical outcomes. METHODS: A literature search of venous stenting in IIH patients was performed. Using random-effects meta-analysis, we evaluated the following outcomes: clinical resolution of papilledema; headaches and pulsatile tinnitus; recurrence of symptoms after stenting; and complications. RESULTS: Twenty articles from 18 different centers were included. In a total of 474 patients. 418 were female (88%). The mean age of the patients was 35, while the mean body mass index (BMI) was 35 kg/m2. Median follow-up was 18 months. The overall rate of improvement in papilloedema was 93.7% (95% CI 90.5% to 96.9%), while the overall rate of improvement or resolution of headache was 79.6% (95% CI 73.3% to 85.9%). Pulsatile tinnitus resolved in 90.3% (95% CI 83.8% to 96.70%), while the overall rate of recurrence of IIH symptoms after stenting was 9.8% (95% CI 6.7% to 13%). The rate of major complications was 1.9% (95% CI 0.07% to 3.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Venous sinus stenting in patients with IIH who are refractory to medical therapy appears to have an excellent safety profile and is associated with significant improvements in headaches, pulsatile tinnitus, and papilledema.