Designing a Midwife-Led Birth Center Program Based on the MAP-IT Model: A Sequential Explanatory Mixed-Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, medical supervision of the labor and delivery process has expanded beyond its boundaries to the extent that in many settings, childbirth has become a medical event. This situation has influenced midwifery care. One of the significant barriers to midwives providing care to pregnant women is the medicalization of childbirth. So far, the policies and programs of the Ministry of Health to reduce medical interventions and cesarean section rates have not been successful. Therefore, the current study aims to be conducted with the purpose of "Designing a Midwife-Led Birth Center Program Based on the MAP-IT Model". METHODS/DESIGN: The current study is a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design by using the MAP-IT model includes 5 steps: Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Track, providing a framework for planning and evaluating public health interventions in a community. It will be implemented in three stages: The first phase of the research will be a cross-sectional descriptive study to determine the attitudes and preferences towards establishing a midwifery-led birthing center focusing on midwives and women of childbearing age by using two researcher-made questionnaires to assess the participants' attitudes and preferences toward establishing a midwifery-led birthing center. Subsequently, extreme cases will be selected based on the participants' average attitude scores toward establishing a midwifery-led birthing center in the quantitative section. In the second stage of the study, qualitative in-depth interviews will be conducted with the identified extreme cases from the first quantitative phase and other stakeholders (the first and second steps of the MAP-IT model, namely identifying and forming a stakeholder coalition, and assessing community resources and real needs). In this stage, the conventional qualitative content analysis approach will be used. Subsequently, based on the quantitative and qualitative data obtained up to this stage, a midwifery-led birthing center program based on the third step of the MAP-IT model, namely Plan, will be developed and validated using the Delphi method. DISCUSSION: This is the first study that uses a mixed-method approach for designing a midwife-led maternity care program based on the MAP-IT model. This study will fill the research gap in the field of improving midwife-led maternity care and designing a program based on the needs of a large group of pregnant mothers. We hope this program facilitates improved eligibility of midwifery to continue care to manage and improve their health easily and affordably. ETHICAL CODE: IR.MUMS.NURSE.REC. 1403. 014.

In recent decades, medical management of the labor and delivery process has extended beyond its limitations to the extent that in many settings, childbirth has become a medical event. This situation has influenced midwifery care. The global midwifery situation indicates that one in every five women worldwide gives birth without the support of a skilled attendant. One of the significant barriers to midwives providing care to pregnant women is the medicalization of childbirth. In industrialized countries, maternal and infant mortality rates have decreased over the past 60 years due to medical or social reasons. So far, the policies and programs of the Ministry of Health to diminish medical interventions and cesarean section rates have not been successful. Midwifery models in hospital care contain midwives who support women's choices and diverse ideas about childbirth on the one hand, and on the other hand, they must adhere to organizational guidelines as employees, primarily based on a medical and pathological approach rather than a health-oriented and midwifery perspective. Therefore, the current study aims to be conducted with the purpose of "Designing a midwifery-led birth centered maternity program based on the MAP-IT model". It is a Model for Implementing Healthy People 2030, (Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, Track), a step-by-step method for creating healthy communities. Using MAP-IT can help public health professionals and community changemakers implement a plan that is tailored to a community's needs and assets.

Associations between prolonged second stage of labor and maternal and neonatal outcomes in freestanding birth centers: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for second stage management do not provide guidance for community birth providers about when best to transfer women to hospital care for prolonged second stage. Our goal was to increase the evidence base for these providers by: 1) describing the lengths of second stage labor in freestanding birth centers, and 2) determining whether proportions of postpartum women and newborns experiencing complications change as length of second stage labor increases. METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of de-identified client-level data collected in the American Association of Birth Centers Perinatal Data Registry, including women giving birth in freestanding birth centers January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2016. We plotted proportions of postpartum women and newborns transferred to hospital care against length of the second stage of labor, and assessed significance of these with the Cochran-Armitage test for trend or chi-square test. Secondary maternal and newborn outcomes were compared for dyads with normal and prolonged second stages of labor using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Second stage labor exceeded 3 hours for 2.3% of primiparous women and 2 hours for 6.6% of multiparous women. Newborn transfers increased as second stage increased from < 15 minutes to > 2 hours (0.6% to 6.33%, p for trend = 0.0008, for primiparous women, and 1.4% to 10.6%, p for trend < 0.0001, for multiparous women.) Postpartum transfers for multiparous women increased from 1.4% after second stage < 15 minutes to greater than 4% for women after second stage exceeding 2 hours (p for trend < 0.0001.) CONCLUSIONS: Complications requiring hospitalization of postpartum women and newborns become more common as the length of the second stage increases. Birth center guidelines should consider not just presence of progress but also absolute length of time as indications for transfer.

Out-of-Hospital Birth.

Since the 1970s, most births in the United States have been planned to occur in a hospital. However, a small percentage of Americans choose to give birth outside of a hospital. The number of out-of-hospital births has increased, with one in every 61 U.S. births (1.64%) occurring out of the hospital in 2018. Out-of-hospital (or community) birth can be planned or unplanned. Of those that are planned, most occur at home and are assisted by midwives. Patients who choose a planned community birth do so for multiple reasons. International observational studies that demonstrate comparable outcomes between planned out-of-hospital and planned hospital birth may not be generalizable to the United States. Most U.S. studies have found statistically significant increases in perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity for home birth compared with hospital birth. Conversely, planned community birth is associated with decreased odds of obstetric interventions, including cesarean delivery. Perinatal outcomes for community birth may be improved with appropriate selection of low-risk, vertex, singleton, term pregnancies in patients who have not had a previous cesarean delivery. A qualified, licensed maternal and newborn health professional who is integrated into a maternity health care system should attend all planned community births. Family physicians are uniquely poised to provide counseling to patients and their families about the risks and benefits associated with community birth, and they may be the first physicians to evaluate and treat newborns delivered outside of a hospital.

Factors associated with health facility deliveries among mothers living in hospital catchment areas in Rukungiri and Kanungu districts, Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Health facility deliveries are generally associated with improved maternal and child health outcomes. However, in Uganda, little is known about factors that influence use of health facilities for delivery especially in rural areas. In this study, we assessed the factors associated with health facility deliveries among mothers living within the catchment areas of major health facilities in Rukungiri and Kanungu districts, Uganda. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from 894 randomly-sampled mothers within the catchment of two private hospitals in Rukungiri and Kanungu districts. Data were collected on the place of delivery for the most recent child, mothers' sociodemographic and economic characteristics, and health facility water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) status. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for the determinants of health facility deliveries as well as factors associated with private versus public utilization of health facilities for childbirth. RESULTS: The majority of mothers (90.2%, 806/894) delivered in health facilities. Non-facility deliveries were attributed to faster progression of labour (77.3%, 68/88), lack of transport (31.8%, 28/88), and high cost of hospital delivery (12.5%, 11/88). Being a business-woman [APR = 1.06, 95% CI (1.01-1.11)] and belonging to the highest wealth quintile [APR = 1.09, 95% CI (1.02-1.17)] favoured facility delivery while a higher parity of 3-4 [APR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.88-0.99)] was inversely associated with health facility delivery as compared to parity of 1-2. Factors associated with delivery in a private facility compared to a public facility included availability of highly skilled health workers [APR = 1.15, 95% CI (1.05-1.26)], perceived higher quality of WASH services [APR = 1.11, 95% CI (1.04-1.17)], cost of the delivery [APR = 0.85, 95% CI (0.78-0.92)], and availability of caesarean services [APR = 1.13, 95% CI (1.08-1.19)]. CONCLUSION: Health facility delivery service utilization was high, and associated with engaging in business, belonging to wealthiest quintile and having higher parity. Factors associated with delivery in private facilities included health facility WASH status, cost of services, and availability of skilled workforce and caesarean services.

[Opening Status of the Korea Midwifery Birthing Centers and Development of Midwifery Practice Guideline].

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the operational status of the midwifery birthing centers (MBCs) and midwives' job status (Phase 1) and to develop midwifery practice guidelines (MPG) (Phase 2) in Korea. METHODS: In the first phase, the subjects were 15 midwives who operated 11 of 14 MBCs that were opened as of August 2018. The questionnaire consisted of items to measure the operational status of the MBC and midwives' job status. In the second phase, the MPG was developed from literature review, interviews with five midwives opening their MBCs, surveys with 74 midwives, and a validity evaluation conducted by seven experts. RESULTS: The distribution of operating MBCs was five in Gyunggi-do, two each in Seoul and Incheon, one each in Busan, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju-do. The mean age of midwives was 54.3 and all were female. In 2017, a total of 762 births including 81 homebirths were performed by midwives. The job performance was highest in the order of neonatal care 3.81, childbirth care 3.56, and postpartal care 3.53, respectively. The MPG included seven areas of prenatal care, childbirth care, postpartal care, neonatal care, primary health care, law/ethics, and administration, with 56 tasks and 166 task elements. CONCLUSION: This study provides the valid basic data for the operational status of the MBC and the midwives' job status. The MPG describes the midwife's job and may be used as basic data for preparing policies for the development of midwifery practice in Korea.

Implementing Screening Guidelines for Preeclampsia Prevention in a Birth Center: A Quality Improvement Project.

The aim of the project was to identify women at risk for developing preeclampsia who present for birth center care in order to initiate preventative treatment and retain them within the birth center practice. Birth center patients with preeclampsia disqualify for birth center care requiring hospital transfer. The target population consisted of pregnant women choosing birth center care with certified nurse midwives. Quality improvement method was utilized. Over 5-weeks, patients with 12 to 28 weeks' gestation were screened for preeclampsia risk factors; patients with high risk for preeclampsia initiated low-dose aspirin (LDA). All patients were evaluated for preeclampsia diagnosis up to 2 weeks postpartum. Outcomes were evaluated through chart audits. Screening for preeclampsia risk significantly increased LDA use. Preeclampsia screening did not statistically reduce incidences of preeclampsia but did show a moderate reduction. Use of LDA did not statistically reduce preeclampsia diagnoses but had a large reduction effect. Screening for preeclampsia in birth center patients results in increased use of LDA and potentially decreased rates of hospital transfer. Implementing preeclampsia screening is cost-effective and allows for increased patient retention.

The golden hour in Finnish birthing units - An ethnographic study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore midwives' and parents' perceptions and actions as well as the culture surrounding the first hour after the birth of a baby - the golden hour. DESIGN: Short-term ethnographic study, which included observations, informal interviews and focus group interviews. Thematic network analysis was used to analyse the data. SETTING: Two birthing hospitals in Finland. PARTICIPANTS: The first hour following 16 births was observed and informal interviews of attending midwives (n = 10) and parents (n = 3 couples and n = 6 mothers) were conducted to supplement the observations. The 16 cases included both primiparous (n = 8) and multiparous (n = 8) women, as well as vaginal (n = 12) and elective caesarean births (n = 4). Furthermore, two focus group interviews with midwives (n = 9) were conducted to deepen the understanding. FINDINGS: The over-arching theme Unchallenged hospital 'rules' comprised the two main themes of Safety-driven support by midwives and Silent voices of the parents. The hospital guidelines and practices guided the first hour, unchallenged by parents and midwives. Based on the guidelines, all the babies were given skin-to-skin contact early but not immediately. Midwives strictly followed the guidelines and performed many activities with the mothers during the first hour. Embedded power was present: midwives were in control but tended to listen to the parents. Although the mothers displayed a strong need to be close to their babies, their voices were silent in the units. The parents' compliance with midwives and parents' intense focus on the baby strengthened the midwives' embedded power. KEY CONCLUSION: Care culture in birthing units was 'rule-based' and the guidelines and practices sometimes inhibited uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact without questioning. The golden hour was mainly controlled by the maternity care staff. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Re-evaluation of hospital guidelines should enable more woman- and family-centred care. The golden hour is unique to families, and unnecessary separation and interventions should be avoided.

Interprofessional Communication and Collaboration During Emergent Birth Center Transfers: A Quality Improvement Project.

INTRODUCTION: Midwifery care in the birth center setting has proven to be a safe and ideal option for some low-risk women. Although rare, perinatal complications that require emergent transfer to a higher level of care can occur in community birth settings. Optimal perinatal outcomes during emergent transfers depend on excellent interprofessional communication and collaboration. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to implement interprofessional emergent birth center transfer mock drills in order to improve communication and collaboration among birth center midwives, local paramedics, and receiving hospital staff during emergent birth center transfers. PROCESS: Birth center midwives and hospital staff provided education sessions on perinatal emergencies and the scope of practice for midwives for local paramedics. Paramedics' knowledge level was assessed with pretests and posttests, before and after the education sessions, respectively. An interprofessional, collaborative mock drill was then organized and included birth center, paramedic, and hospital staff. All participants received a questionnaire after the drill. OUTCOMES: Mean test scores after paramedic education sessions increased by 43.5% (n = 95, P <.001). The Likert-type scale questionnaire given to mock drill participants after drill completion revealed that 97% indicated probable support for the sustainability of future mock drills in the birth center setting (n = 10). DISCUSSION: Health care providers can help improve perinatal outcomes during emergent transfers from the community setting by having clearly outlined guidelines and procedures and communicating efficiently with interprofessional members of the health care team. Both interprofessional education sessions and collaborative mock drills are effective methods to increase knowledge of perinatal emergencies, thus improving interprofessional communication and collaboration during emergent birth center transfers.

Improving the Experience of Care: Results of the American Association of Birth Centers Strong Start Client Experience of Care Registry Pilot Program, 2015-2016.

In 2018, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation in the United States (US) released report demonstrating birth centers as the appropriate level of care for most Medicaid beneficiaries. A pilot project conducted at 34 American Association of Birth Centers (AABC) Strong Start sites included 553 beneficiaries between 2015 and 2016 to explore client perceptions of high impact components of care. Participants used the AABC client experience of care registry to report knowledge, values, and experiences of care. Data were linked to more than 300 process and outcome measures within the AABC Perinatal Data Registry™. Descriptive statistics, t tests, χ analysis, and analysis of variance were conducted. Participants demonstrated high engagement with care and trust in pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Beneficiaries achieved their preference for vaginal birth (89.9%) and breastfeeding at discharge through 6 weeks postpartum (91.7% and 87.6%). Beneficiaries reported having time for questions, felt listened to, spoken to in a way they understood, being involved in decision making, and treated with respect. There were no variations in experience of care, cesarean birth, or breastfeeding by race. Medicaid beneficiaries receiving prenatal care at AABC Strong Start sites demonstrated high levels of desired engagement and reported receiving respectful, accessible care and high-quality outcomes. More investment and research using client-reported data registries are warranted as the US works to improve the experience of perinatal care nationwide.

Roots Community Birth Center: A culturally-centered care model for improving value and equity in childbirth.

Pernicious racial disparities in birth outcomes in the United States have their roots in structural racism-the systematic allocation of opportunities and resources based on race. These inequities, caused by systemic factors which contribute to lower quality of care, negatively impact the lives of Blacks/African Americans. The development of new maternity care models hold potential to reduce disparities and costs by focusing on the root cause of racism. Roots Community Birth Center is an African American-owned, midwife-led freestanding birth center in North Minneapolis. Roots provides a culturally-centered model of care during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. The culturally-centered care model utilized by Roots Community Birth Center offers culturally-centered care that is community based, accepts Medicaid beneficiaries, and provides prenatal and postpartum visits that are customized to the needs of the birthing individual. Like other institutions, this birth center faces the financial challenges associated with maternity care payment models and inadequate Medicaid reimbursement, challenges that directly interfere with the center's culturally-centered care model which advocates for longer prenatal visits and close follow-up postpartum. The birth center model of care has proven effective; over the last four years Roots has had 284 families with zero preterm births. The culturally-centered care model used by Roots is not currently well-supported by maternity care payment models that were designed in large part to reflect typical care provided by obstetricians and hospitals.

Is the place of birth related to the mother's satisfaction with childbirth? A cross-sectional study in a rural district of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR).

BACKGROUND: The place of birth has been rapidly changing from home to health facility in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) following the strategy to improve the maternal and neonatal mortality. This change in the place of birth might affect the mother's satisfaction with childbirth. The objective of this study was to assess whether the place of birth is related to the mother's satisfaction with childbirth in a rural district of the Lao PDR. METHODS: A community-based survey was implemented in 21 randomly selected hamlets in Xepon district, Savannakhet province, between February and March, 2016. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted with mothers who experienced a normal vaginal birth in the past 2 years. Satisfaction with childbirth was measured by the Satisfaction with Childbirth Experience Questionnaire. Using the median, the outcome variable was dichotomized into "high satisfaction group" and "low satisfaction group". Logistic regression was performed to assess the association between place of birth and satisfaction with childbirth. Three models were examined: In Model 1, only the predictor of interest (i.e., place of birth) was included. In Model 2, the predictor of interest and the obstetrical predictors were included. In Model 3, in addition to these predictors, socio-demographic and economic predictors were included. A mixed-effects model was used to account for the hierarchical structure. RESULTS: Among the 226 mothers who were included in data analysis, 60.2% gave birth at the health facility and the remaining 39.8% gave birth at home. Logistic regression analysis showed that the mothers who gave birth at the health facility were significantly more likely to have a higher level of satisfaction compared to the mothers who gave birth at home (crude odds ratio: 5.44, 95% confidence interval: 3.03 to 9.75). This association remained even after adjusting for other predictors (adjusted odds ratio: 6.05, 95% confidence interval: 2.81 to 13.03). CONCLUSION: Facility-based birth was significantly associated with a higher level of satisfaction with childbirth among the mothers in the study district where maternal and neonatal mortalities are relatively high. The findings of the present study support the promotion of facility-based birth in a rural district of the Lao PDR.

Barriers to women's access to alongside midwifery units in England.

BACKGROUND: Alongside midwifery units (AMUs) are managed by midwives and proximate to obstetric units (OUs), offering a home-like birth environment for women with straightforward pregnancies. They support physiological birth, with fast access to medical care if needed. AMUs have good perinatal outcomes and lower rates of interventions than OUs. In England, uptake remains lower than potential use, despite recent changes in policy to support their use. This article reports on experiences of access from a broader study that investigated AMU organisation and care. METHODS: Organisational case studies in four National Health Service (NHS) Trusts in England, selected for variation geographically and in features of their midwifery units. Fieldwork (December 2011 to October 2012) included observations (>100 h); semi-structured interviews with staff, managers and stakeholders (n = 89) and with postnatal women and partners (n = 47), on which this paper reports. Data were analysed thematically using NVivo10 software. RESULTS: Women, partners and families felt welcome and valued in the AMU. They were drawn to the AMUs' environment, philosophy and approach to technology, including pain management. Access for some was hindered by inconsistent information about the existence, environment and safety of AMUs, and barriers to admission in early labour. CONCLUSIONS: Key barriers to AMUs arise through inequitable information and challenges with admission in early labour. Most women still give birth in obstetric units and despite increases in the numbers of women birthing on AMUs since 2010, addressing these barriers will be essential to future scale-up.

Severity and frequency of moral distress among midwives working in birth centers.

BACKGROUND: When individuals are aware of the appropriate ethical practice, but lack the ability to do it, they will suffer from moral distress. Moral distress is a frequent phenomenon in clinical practice which can have different effects on the performance of physicians, nurses, and midwives, and therefore patients and health care systems. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the severity and frequency of moral distress in midwives working in birth centers. RESEARCH DESIGN: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional research. Researcher-made questionnaire was used to gather data. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: A total of 180 midwives working in the labor ward of the public birth centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were included to the study by census. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Official permission for data collecting was obtained from the directors of the birth centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Then, after explaining the objectives of the study and assuring the confidentially of information, verbal consent of the participants was obtained. FINDINGS: The total mean ± standard deviation of the severity and frequency of moral distress were 3.85 ± 0.75 and 3.03 ± 0.48, respectively. The highest severity and the lowest frequency of moral distress were obtained for the assistance for abortion and the lowest severity of moral distress was related to the organizational domain. However, the highest frequency of moral distress was related to futile care field. The mean of moral distress severity in the midwives with associate degree was significantly lower than other levels of education. Also, there was a significant relationship between age and moral distress frequency (p = 0.010). DISCUSSION: The midwives' moral distress was relatively high as expected. This finding is consistent with the results of similar studies in intensive care unit nurses. CONCLUSION: After identifying the level and most important factors of moral distress among midwives, the next step is empower them to prevent moral distress, in particular efforts to change structures.

Design of Genuine Birth Environment: Midwives Intuitively Think in Terms of Evidence-Based Design Thinking.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate a development project initiated and led by midwives. BACKGROUND: The aim was to design an environment that could accommodate the wish to support professionalism while creating better and more cohesive patient treatment, improved patient safety, greater efficiency, higher quality, and stronger focus on the patient. THEORY: The theoretical and analytical account is conducted within the framework of design thinking (DT), replacing the traditional evidence-based design approach with an evidence-based design thinking (EBDT) process underpinning participatory DT and co-creation. METHOD: Based on a longitudinal case study on a participatory design process, interviews are conducted. DT principles are used in the analysis of the interviews. RESULTS: Genuineness arises when all users experience that the physical setting optimally underpins the birthing situation. It is essential to make visible the importance of the physical setting to human behavior in any situation. CONCLUSION: This study shows that midwives intuitively do EBDT. EBDT commands awareness of both research, design, midwifery care, and perspectives on space from women giving birth and their relatives. Collectively, that can provide the genuine scope of a healing birth environment.

Using a Birth Center Model of Care to Improve Reproductive Outcomes in Informal Settlements-a Case Study.

The world is becoming increasingly urban. For the first time in history, more than 50% of human beings live in cities (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, ed. (2015)). Rapid urbanization is often chaotic and unstructured, leading to the formation of informal settlements or slums. Informal settlements are frequently located in environmentally hazardous areas and typically lack adequate sanitation and clean water, leading to poor health outcomes for residents. In these difficult circumstances women and children fair the worst, and reproductive outcomes for women living in informal settlements are grim. Insufficient uptake of antenatal care, lack of skilled birth attendants and poor-quality care contribute to maternal mortality rates in informal settlements that far outpace wealthier urban neighborhoods (Chant and McIlwaine (2016)). In response, a birth center model of maternity care is proposed for informal settlements. Birth centers have been shown to provide high quality, respectful, culturally appropriate care in high resource settings (Stapleton et al. J Midwifery Women's Health 58(1):3-14, 2013; Hodnett et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000012, 2012; Brocklehurst et al. BMJ 343:d7400, 2011). In this paper, three case studies are described that support the use of this model in low resource, urban settings.

Labour & delivery monitoring patterns in facility births across five districts of India: A cross-sectional observational study.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: India has recorded a marked increase in facility births due to government's conditional cash benefit scheme initiated in 2005. However, concerns have been raised regarding the need for improvement in the quality of care at facilities. Here we report the monitoring patterns during labour and delivery documented by direct observation in reference to the government's evidence-based guidelines on skilled birth attendance in five districts of India. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design with multistage sampling was used for observation of labour and delivery processes of low-risk women with singleton pregnancy in five districts of the country. Trained research staff recorded the findings on pre-tested case record sheets. RESULTS: A total of 1479 women were observed during active first stage of labour and delivery in 55 facilities. The overall frequency of monitoring of temperature, pulse and blood pressure was low at all facilities. The frequency of monitoring uterine contractions and foetal heart sounds was less than the expected norm, while the frequency of vaginal examinations was high at all levels of facilities. Partograph plotting was done in only 15.8 per cent deliveries, and labour was augmented in about half of the cases. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our study point towards a need for improvement in monitoring of maternal and foetal parameters during labour and delivery in facility births and to improve adherence to government guidelines for skilled birth attendance.

Fathers' presence in the birth room - implications for professional practice in the Caribbean.

Aims or Objectives: This study explored the perspectives of Obstetricians and Registered Nurses/Midwives on the presence of expectant fathers in the birth room. METHODS: A qualitative research design was used to explore perceptions and attitudes of Obstetricians and Registered Nurses/Midwives. Data were collected using five focus group and five key informant interviews and analysed using van Manen's [2007. Phenomenology of practice. Phenomenology & Practice, 1(1), 11-30] interpretative phenomenological approach. RESULTS: Four themes emerged (i) perception of the Obstetrician/Registered Nurse/Midwife, (ii) demands on the practitioner, (iii) support for staff and (iv) potential challenges for practice. While participants held positive views, the nature of the birth experience could have negative implications for themselves and expectant fathers. Poor communication could exacerbate negative perceptions in emergency settings. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of expectant fathers in the delivery room could have a positive impact on the birth experience for mothers, fathers and health professionals in the Caribbean. However, it could be challenging in emergencies.

[IVH Prevention for ELBW Preterm Babies in Two Different Perinatal Centers]. / IVH-Prävention bei ELBW-Frühgeborenen in zwei Perinatalzentren.

BACKGROUND: In a project to carefully observe and minimize risk factors of intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) in preterm infants, the incidence decreased markedly at the perinatal Center in Ulm, Germany. By comparing its data with the perinatal center in Leipzig, Germany, we sought to identify what improvements could still be made. METHODS: A retrospective survey was performed, including 189 infants from Leipzig and 89 from Ulm, all of whom weighed less than 1000 grams. A comparison between both perinatal centers was made. RESULTS: IVH was more frequently detected in Leipzig (28.4%) than in Ulm (14.6%, p=0.011), yet only the incidence of mild IVH (grade 1-2) was affected since the incidence of severe IVH did not differ between the 2 centers (p=0.59, Leipzig 6.1%, Ulm 4.5%). Furthermore, several potentially avoidable risk factors of IVH were differentially distributed between the 2 centers. For example, postnatal hypocapnia and postnatal hypothermia occurred with higher frequency in Leipzig than in Ulm. Conversely, rapid postnatal application of surfactant was the rule in Leipzig but not in Ulm. Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate application occurred more frequently in Ulm. CONCLUSION: Both centers avoided certain risk factors for IVH with varying success. These results allow both centers to specifically target the risk factors that occurred with greater frequency to further reduce the incidence of IVH.