John Ranby FRS, William Hogarth and the Barber Surgeons.

The progress of dentistry towards a profession allied to medicine and surgery was incremental, and a most important step in that process was the separation of the surgeons from the barbers in 1745. Hogarth's illustration of a dentally active barber has been discussed previously in the British Dental Journal. In this paper, his probable contribution to the campaign for separation led successfully by his friend, surgeon John Ranby FRS (1703-1773), through the dramatic and much analysed painting The death of the countess (1743), is analysed. In this paper, it is suggested that William Hogarth was not only aware of the tensions between the physicians, surgeons and barbers that had come to a head, but that he modified the first thoughts, seen in a sketch (now at the Ashmolean, Oxford), to incorporate in this painting, and the print made from it a conspicuous sub-scene, almost central in a composition where the dying countess would be expected to be the only subject, as a satirical comment on that internal conflict.

[Artisanal Surgery in the Early 17th Century. The Practice Journal of a Barber-Surgeon in Münster]. / Handwerkschirurgie im frühen 17. Jahrhundert. Das Praxisjournal eines Münsteraner Barbiers.

This paper presents and analyzes the practice journal of a barber-surgeon in the town of Münster, in Northern Germany, in which he recorded about 950 cases he treated between 1602 and 1614. Based on this source, it examines the clientele and the fees of a German barber-surgeon in the early seventeenth century, and looks at the injuries and complaints for which patients sought his treatment.

[The Unknown Hospital of the Augustinian Hermits of St. Jerome in Rijeka. Contribution to the History of Medicine in Rijeka] / Nepoznati hospital augustinaca pustinjaka rijeckog sv. Jeronima Prilog povijesti medicine u Rijeci

The Order of St. Augustine (Ordo Eremitarum Sancti Augustini) was the first religious community in Rijeka. The monastery of St. Jerome, founded by the noble families of Devin and Walsee, existed from the 14th century till 1788, when it was dissolved by Joseph II. Unfortunately, the past of the Augustine Monastery of St. Jerome is mostly unknown. On the basis of largely unexplored sources in Croatia and overseas, the author reveals several facts about the relation between Rijeka's Augustinian community and medicine. The paper includes an important piece of information concerning the existence of a hospital on the lo-cation of Andrejscica in Rijeka, founded in the 15th century, which has so far been unknown. Augustinian's sources (16th and 18th century) show the presence of several shaver-surgeon (barbitonsorius) and other various relevant topics for the history of medicine in Rijeka - pharmacopola, aromatarius etc.

Barber-Surgeons in Military Surgery and Occupational Health in Finland, 1324-1944.

Barber-surgeons have existed as a medical profession in multiple countries for centuries. This article outlines the exciting history of the barber-surgeons in Finland, focusing on a time frame covering over 600 years, from the Middle Ages until the last barber-surgeon in Finland finished his practice during the Second World War. The barber-surgeons were the first healthcare professionals who focused on the healthcare of soldiers during times of both peace and war. They were able to treat wounds, conduct minor and even major surgeries and perform amputations. The development of the profession and the education and skills of the barber-surgeons are summed up and illuminated. New genealogical sources are also reviewed to profile the barber-surgeons as men, married and of multinational origin. This review summarizes the history of the profession, who the barber-surgeons in Finland were and where they came from. It concludes by noting that the barber-surgeons had a remarkable impact on the development of the professions of surgeons and physicians as well as on the development of occupational healthcare as a whole. However, these impacts are not sufficiently appreciated today.

Cultura dos cuidados afro-brasileiros: barbeiro-sangrador do Brasil imperial e legado para enfermagem / Cultura de los cuidados afrobrasileña: barbero sangrador del Brasil imperial y el legado para la enfermería / The culture of afro-brazilian care: barber-bleeder of imperial Brazil and the legacy for the nursing profession

Objetivo: Descrever, analiticamente, e comentar as práticas de cuidado do barbeiro-sangrador, na diáspora Brasil imperial, como elementos para a construção dos saberes no campo da saúde. Método: Pesquisa na abordagem da história cultural com ênfase na trajetória dos povos negros. Descrição e análise realizaram-se no livro "História Geral da Medicina Brasileira", relacionando-o com as obras de Debret, sobre os cuidados exercidos por negros. Resultados: Foram encontradas descrições do ofício do barbeiro-sangrador, quando relatado na execução do cuidado, mais o instrumental que utilizava e qual era sua posição diante da sociedade. Por Debret localizaram-se três aquarelas de práticas dos barbeiro-sangradores. Conclusão: Revelou-se a existência de um legado cultural afrodescendente no âmbito do cuidado, mesmo diante da querela do saber popular e científico. Porém, o saber popular esteve e está presente na prática e quiçá nas dobras dos cuidados prestados atualmente

Objetivo: Describir analíticamente y hacer comentarios sobre las prácticas de atención barbero-sangrador en Brasil en la diáspora imperial, como elementos para la construcción del conocimiento en el campo de la salud. Método: Investigación con el enfoque en la historia cultural y la historia de la población negra. La descripción y análisis del libro "Historia General de Medicina de Brasil", relacionándola con las obras de Debret, en el cuidado ejercido por los negros. Resultados: Se encontraron las descripciones de artesanía del barbeiro, cuando se dio la implementación de la atención, más el instrumental que utilizaba y cuál era su posición en la sociedad. Además las acuarelas de Debret. Conclusión: Se demostró la ascendencia africana de la existencia del legado cultural en el cuidado, incluso en el conocimiento popular y científico. Sin embargo, el conocimiento popular en la práctica, están tal vez en los pliegues del cuidado actual

Objective: The study's goal has been to analytically describe the barber-bleeder care practices over the Brazilian imperial diaspora period, and also to provide insight about the topic aiming to produce elements for the knowledge building process in the health field. Methods: It is a research on the cultural history approach and the trajectory of black people. The description and analysis were made in the book "Historia Geral da Medicina Brasileira" (Brazilian Medicine General History) by relating it to Debret's work on the care done by the black people. Results: Descriptions of the barber-bleeder work have been found when reported in the care execution, plus the used tools and what was its position before the society. By Debret, three aquarelles were located about the barber-bleeders practices. Conclusion: It was revealed the existence of an African descendant cultural legacy in the care scope, even in the face of the quarrel of popular and scientific knowledge. Nonetheless, popular knowledge has been present, and still does, in the modern care practice

The Oculist's Eye: Connections between Cataract Couching, Anatomy, and Visual Theory in the Renaissance.

We now know that cataract couching involves depressing an occluded crystalline lens to the bottom of the vitreous chamber, but from the time of Galen until the seventeenth-century cataracts were thought to be separate concretions arising between the crystalline lens and the pupil. From Antiquity through the Renaissance, the combination of visual theory in which the crystalline humor is the author of vision, and surgical experience­that couching cataracts restored some degree of sight­resulted in anatomists depicting a large space between the crystalline lens and the pupil. In the Renaissance, oculists­surgical specialists with little higher education or connections to learned surgery or medicine­overwhelmingly performed eye surgeries. This article examines how the experience and knowledge of oculists, of barber-surgeons, and of learned surgeons influenced one another on questions of anatomy, visual theory, and surgical experience. By analyzing the writings of the oculist George Bartisch (c. 1535­1607), the barber-surgeon Ambroise Paré (1510­1590), and the learned surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1533­1619), we see that the oculists' understanding of the eye­an eye constructed out of the probing, tactile experience of eye surgery­slowly lost currency among the learned toward the beginning of the seventeenth century.

[The trajectory of physicians and barber-surgeons in Rio de Janeiro during the second half of the nineteenth century]. / A trajetória de médicos e barbeiros no Rio de Janeiro da segunda metade do século XIX.

This work analyzes aspects of the healing work performed by doctors and barber- surgeons in Rio de Janeiro between 1840 and 1889, based on the names and addresses in the Laemmert Almanaque. This not only provided the geographic location of where these agents were active within the city, but also identified the advertisers who featured repeatedly and those who moved to other locations. By cross-referencing this data with notary public sources and church records, which identified objects used in therapeutic practices, such as fleams, cupping-glasses and lancets, one can to better understand the way these therapists worked in a context characterized by the disqualification of the popular arts of healing, the slavery crisis and changes in academic concepts about diseases.

A trajetória de médicos e barbeiros no Rio de Janeiro da segunda metade do século XIX / The trajectory of physicians and barber-surgeons in Rio de Janeiro during the second half of the nineteenth century

O trabalho analisa aspectos do exercício dos ofícios de cura de médicos e barbeiros-sangradores no Rio de Janeiro, entre 1840 e 1889, com base em nomes e endereços encontrados no Almanaque Laemmert. Além de localizar geograficamente os espaços de atuação desses agentes na cidade, são identificados os anunciantes que se repetiram ao longo do tempo e aqueles que mudaram de endereço. O cruzamento com dados das fontes cartoriais e eclesiásticas, que indicam objetos relacionados à prática terapêutica, como sarjetas, globos para sangrar e navalhas, permite compreender melhor as mudanças na atuação desses terapeutas em contexto caracterizado pela desqualificação das artes de cura populares, a crise da escravidão e mudanças nas concepções acadêmicas sobre as doenças.(AU)

This work analyzes aspects of the healing work performed by doctors and barber- surgeons in Rio de Janeiro between 1840 and 1889, based on the names and addresses in the Laemmert Almanaque. This not only provided the geographic location of where these agents were active within the city, but also identified the advertisers who featured repeatedly and those who moved to other locations. By cross-referencing this data with notary public sources and church records, which identified objects used in therapeutic practices, such as fleams, cupping-glasses and lancets, one can to better understand the way these therapists worked in a context characterized by the disqualification of the popular arts of healing, the slavery crisis and changes in academic concepts about diseases.(AU)

A trajetória de médicos e barbeiros no Rio de Janeiro da segunda metade do século XIX / The trajectory of physicians and barber-surgeons in Rio de Janeiro during the second half of the nineteenth century

O trabalho analisa aspectos do exercício dos ofícios de cura de médicos e barbeiros-sangradores no Rio de Janeiro, entre 1840 e 1889, com base em nomes e endereços encontrados no Almanaque Laemmert. Além de localizar geograficamente os espaços de atuação desses agentes na cidade, são identificados os anunciantes que se repetiram ao longo do tempo e aqueles que mudaram de endereço. O cruzamento com dados das fontes cartoriais e eclesiásticas, que indicam objetos relacionados à prática terapêutica, como sarjetas, globos para sangrar e navalhas, permite compreender melhor as mudanças na atuação desses terapeutas em contexto caracterizado pela desqualificação das artes de cura populares, a crise da escravidão e mudanças nas concepções acadêmicas sobre as doenças.

This work analyzes aspects of the healing work performed by doctors and barber- surgeons in Rio de Janeiro between 1840 and 1889, based on the names and addresses in the Laemmert Almanaque. This not only provided the geographic location of where these agents were active within the city, but also identified the advertisers who featured repeatedly and those who moved to other locations. By cross-referencing this data with notary public sources and church records, which identified objects used in therapeutic practices, such as fleams, cupping-glasses and lancets, one can to better understand the way these therapists worked in a context characterized by the disqualification of the popular arts of healing, the slavery crisis and changes in academic concepts about diseases.

Dublin and Irish politics in the age of Charles Lucas.

INTRODUCTION: In addition to his contributions to medicine, Charles Lucas had a long career in politics, starting in the 1740s as a guild representative on the lower house of Dublin corporation, and culminating in his election to the Irish House of Commons in 1761. By examining the background in Dublin and Irish politics, this paper explores Lucas' impact on the electorate, and how it was that he was able to win a parliamentary seat in Dublin and retain it for a decade while he campaigned in support of a range of important Patriot issues. LUCAS' POLITICAL CAREER: Lucas had none of the qualifications that would normally be required for a successful politician. His father held some land, but as a younger son who had to make a living, Charles was apprenticed to a Dublin apothecary. Nor did he have the political connections that might have compensated for a lack of land, wealth, or status. But Lucas possessed other advantages, notably an education that enabled him to read the city's medieval charters, identifying areas where the Dublin freemen had lost 'ancient rights', and some experience of publishing, so that he could appeal to the electorate. CONCLUSION: Lucas' remarkable political success stemmed from both local circumstances and his own personal qualities.

On the borders: surgeons and their activities in the Venetian State (1540-1640).

Through the biographies of a dynasty of practitioners who were active in some of the mountainous villages of the Venetian Terraferma the article brings to light unknown aspects of the professional world of surgeons. Their activities were profoundly influenced by the economic and geographic peculiarities of the territory where they lived and worked. Provincial towns and their territories offered professional opportunities both to licensed and to non-university trained practitioners. However, it was generally in small villages, especially those situated in border areas and part of the main commercial networks, that surgeons preferred to establish their practices, thus supplementing the medical services supplied by the town. Normally their knowledge was largely empirical and was transmitted from father to son. The apprenticeship-based training does not appear alternative to the academic education typical of learned practitioners: much evidence points to the existence of 'scientific autodidacts', self-taught practitioners who possessed and read medical texts or had attended academic courses, even if only in part. Practising surgery in this area was a highly mobile activity, stretching from the village to the neighbouring valleys, and even to areas outside the boundaries of the city and across the border of the Venetian state. Surgeons, furthermore, were able to transfer their skills and knowledge across a range of different occupations such as shoemakers, leather workers and tailors, a fact that confirms their close ties with the local artisan milieu.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE, SURGERY AND UROLOGY IN BRESLAU/WROCLAW.

The development of medicine in Breslau from the 14th century has been described and its famous physicians, above all Silesians, are introduced. The aim of the study is to present the development history of hospital services and the teaching of medicine, and also the development of urology in Breslau. Well known Breslau surgeons who were interested in surgery of the genitourinary system are also presented. The aim of the study is to present a brief history of Breslau medicine and surgery from its beginning to the end of World War II. The development of urology and its separation from surgery after World War II is also briefly described. Professor Florian Nowacki, Breslaus's first urologist, is also introduced. Extensive research was undertaken for the collection of literature and documents in German and Polish archives and libraries to prepare this study.

First steps in the management of pericardial effusion: who was first to relieve the pericardial sac--Larrey or Romero?

Early reports told us that the first pericardiotomy was performed by Baron Dominique Jean Larrey, Napoleon's chief military surgeon. In this article, we reveal a previous operation of that kind and its publication by Francisco Romero, who had a 9-year head start over Larrey's performance. The aim of this article was to briefly review the two-century-old history of pericardial fenestration.

Jean Falcon (1491-1541), a great surgeon and anatomist of the 16th century.

Jean Falcon, an Aragon native, became a famous surgeon at the Faculty of Montpellier. He was a Royal physician, wealthy enough to live a luxurious life and treat influential patients. His lectures were legendary, and his works gave him fame among the surgeons' class. Of all his manuscripts stands the "Guidon", which became an anatomical surgeons' handbook, worthy of reference from the scientific community for centuries.

[The lithotomist Johannes Palm from Ulm and his family: at the peak of the art of lithotomy]. / Der Ulmer Steinschneider Johannes Palm und seine Familie: am Höhepunkt der Steinschnittkunst: ein Beitrag zur Urologie des 19. Jahrhunderts.

In addition to the local barber surgeons, operations in Ulm were also carried out by travelling lithotomists, or wound physicians, who moved from town to town. The Ulm public medical officer Johannes Scultetus (1595-1645) was of nationwide medical historical importance and whose work"Wundartzneyisches Zeughauß" which was published posthumously was a milestone in surgical literature and included the technique for lithotomy. In the nineteenth century Ulm was the endemic region for urolithiasis and some physicians from the Ulm region were considered to be the most experienced lithotomists. At the end of the Ulm lithotomy period there were various physicians from the Palm family and amongst these Johannes Palm was particularly outstanding. The normal methods of lithotomy used in the nineteenth century varied mainly in the access route to the bladder. The only remaining evidence of the old lithotomists is the classical lithotomy position in the operating room.