Modeling brain pathology to study nose-to-brain drug delivery.

OBJECTIVES: To create a new mucoadhesive dosage form based on PluronicF127 followed by transformation into a gel form upon intranasal administration for targeted delivery to brain tissueMETHODS: Citicoline, cytidine diphosphocholine, designated as CDP-choline, was purchased as a white powder with the molecular weight of 510.31 g/mol. The triblock copolymers of polyethylene glycol-block-polypropylene glycol-block-polyethylene glycol (PEG-PPG-PEG), branded as Pluronic F127, was used. RESULTS: When instilled into the nasal cavity, Pluronic F127 for intranasal administration is transformed into a gel that remains retained for 45-55 minutes, which promotes better penetration of drugs into the brain tissue. CONCLUSION: The polymer's gelling and adhesive properties performed well, which is crucial for further research at the preclinical stage (Tab. 1, Fig. 5, Ref. 28).

Dendrimer grafted albumin nanoparticles for the treatment of post cerebral stroke damages: A proof of concept study.

Stroke is the second largest disease of mortality. The biggest hurdle in designing effective brain drug delivery systems is offered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is highly impermeable to many drugs. Albumin nanoparticles (NP) have gained attention due to their multiple ligand binding sites and long circulatory half-life. Citicoline (CIT) is reported to enhance the acetylcholine secretion in the brain and also helps in membrane repair and regeneration. However, the poor BBB permeation of CIT results in lower levels of CIT in the brain. This demands the development of a suitable delivery platform to completely realize the therapeutic benefit of CIT in stroke therapy. This investigation reports the synthesis and characterization of second generation (2.0 G) dendrimer Amplified Albumin (dAA) biopolymer by FTIR, MALDI-TOF, and surface charge (mV). Further, the synthesized biopolymer has been utilized to develop a CIT nanoformulation using a commercially translatable one-pot process. Release of CIT from biopolymer was performed within an acetate buffer at pH 5 and Phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Further, we investigated the ability of biopolymer to permeate BBB by in vitro permeability assay in bEnd.3 cells. MTT assay of CIT-dAA-NP, CIT-ANP, and 2.0 G PAMAM dendrimers was performed in bEnd.3 cells. Therapeutic efficacy of the synthesized biopolymer was determined by VEGF gene expression within an in vitro hypoxia model in PC12 cells. Thus, this investigation resulted in biopolymers that can be used to deliver any therapeutic agent by altering the permeability of the BBB. Also, cationization by dendrimer grafting is one such strategy that may be used to cationize any other negatively charged polymer, such as albumin. The synthesized biopolymer is not limited to deliver molecules to the brain, but can also be used to increase the loading of negatively-charged drug molecules, siRNA, or any other oligonucleotide.

Enhancement of Retinal Function and of Neural Conduction Along the Visual Pathway Induced by Treatment with Citicoline Eye Drops in Liposomal Formulation in Open Angle Glaucoma: A Pilot Electrofunctional Study.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the retinal function and the relative neural conduction along the visual pathway after treatment with citicoline in liposomal formulation (CLF) eye drops in patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG). METHODS: Twelve OAG patients (mean age ± standard deviation 52.58 ± 11.39 years, intraocular pressure < 18 mmHg under topical hypotensive treatment, Humphrey field analyzer mean deviation - 4.49 ± 2.46 dB) were enrolled. Only one eye of studied patients was treated with CLF eye drops (OMK1-LF®, Omikron Italia, 3 drops/day) (CLF group, 12 eyes) over a period of 4 months. In CLF eyes, pattern electroretinogram (PERG), visual evoked potentials (VEP), and visual field test were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment (month 4). RESULTS: After treatment with CLF eye drops, a significant increase of PERG P50-N95 amplitude and a significant shortening of VEP P100 implicit time were found. In CLF eyes, the shortening of VEP P100 implicit time was significantly correlated with the increase of PERG P50-N95 amplitude. CONCLUSION: Data from this pilot study suggest that treatment with CLF eye drops induces an enhancement of the retinal bioelectrical responses (increase of PERG amplitude) with a consequent improvement of the bioelectrical activity of the visual cortex (shortening of VEP implicit time). FUNDING: Omikron Italia S.r.l. and Opko Health Europe.

Neuroprotective properties of citicoline: facts, doubts and unresolved issues.

Citicoline is the generic name of the pharmaceutical substance that chemically is cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), which is identical to the natural intracellular precursor of phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. Following injection or ingestion, citicoline is believed to undergo quick hydrolysis and dephosphorylation to yield cytidine and choline, which then enter the brain separately and are used to resynthesize CDP-choline inside brain cells. Neuroprotective activity of citicoline has been repeatedly shown in preclinical models of brain ischaemia and trauma, but two recent, large, pivotal clinical trials have revealed no benefits in ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. However, the substance seems to be beneficial in some slowly advancing neurodegenerative disorders such as glaucoma and mild vascular cognitive impairment. This paper critically discusses issues related to the clinical pharmacology of citicoline, including its pharmacokinetics/biotransformation and pharmacodynamics/mode of action. It is concluded that at present, there is no adequate description of the mechanism(s) of the pharmacological actions of this substance. The possibility should be considered and tested that, in spite of apparently fast catabolism, the intact citicoline molecule or the phosphorylated intermediate products of its hydrolysis, cytidine monophosphate and phosphocholine, are pharmacologically active.

In vivo theranostics at the peri-infarct region in cerebral ischemia.

The use of theranostics in neurosciences has been rare to date because of the limitations imposed on the free delivery of substances to the brain by the blood-brain barrier. Here we report the development of a theranostic system for the treatment of stroke, a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. We first performed a series of proteomic, immunoblotting and immunohistological studies to characterize the expression of molecular biomarkers for the so-called peri-infarct tissue, a key region of the brain for stroke treatment. We confirmed that the HSP72 protein is a suitable biomarker for the peri-infarct region, as it is selectively expressed by at-risk tissue for up to 7 days following cerebral ischemia. We also describe the development of anti-HSP72 vectorized stealth immunoliposomes containing imaging probes to make them traceable by conventional imaging techniques (fluorescence and MRI) that were used to encapsulate a therapeutic agent (citicoline) for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. We tested the molecular recognition capabilities of these nano-platforms in vitro together with their diagnostic and therapeutic properties in vivo, in an animal model of cerebral ischemia. Using MRI, we found that 80% of vectorized liposomes were located on the periphery of the ischemic lesion, and animals treated with citicoline encapsulated on these liposomes presented lesion volumes up to 30% smaller than animals treated with free (non-encapsulated) drugs. Our results show the potential of nanotechnology for the development of effective tools for the treatment of neurological diseases.

[Markers of Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary open-angle glaucoma and opportunities of their pharmacological correction].

In order to assess the role of apoptosis in pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) apoptosis markers were studied in blood serum and tear fluid of patients with or suspected to have different stages glaucoma. To date the study of POAC pathogenesis goes along with search of possible ways of pharmacotherapy, neuroprotection is considered to be a promising option. Dynamics of sFas/Apo-1 and sFasL as the markers of Fas-mediated apoptosis was studied during treatment. We used nootropic citicoline as a neuroprotector. The markers were studied using enzyme immunoassay. The results show association of POAG onset and progression with interruption of Fas-mediated apoptosis, indicated by the level and proportion of sFas/Apo-1 and sFasL in tear fluid and in a less degree in blood serum. Characteristic features are detected in Fas/FasL system associated with glaucoma stage and correlating with some clinical and functional parameters (perimetry) that is important for understanding of POAG pathogenesis and for prognosis of disease course.

A rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantitation of choline, an active metabolite of citicoline: Application to in vivo pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study in Indian healthy male volunteers.

A rapid, simple, and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic investigation of choline (CL), active metabolite of citicoline in human plasma using metformin (MF) as IS. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase Phenomenx Gemini C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol:water (containing 10mM ammonium formate) (9:1, v/v). The calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.05-5µg/ml. The validated LC-ESI-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and bioequivalence study of test and reference control release (CR) tablet preparation of citicoline 1000mg after a single oral administration to all 12 healthy male volunteers.

Greatly improved neuroprotective efficiency of citicoline by stereotactic delivery in treatment of ischemic injury.

Limited penetration of neuroprotective drug citicoline into the central nervous system (CNS) by systemic administration led to poor efficiency. A novel method of stereotactic drug delivery was explored to make citicoline bypass the blood brain barrier (BBB) and take effect by direct contact with ischemic neurons. A permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model of rats was prepared. To get the optimal conditions for citicoline administration by the novel stereotactic delivery pathway, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracer method was used, and a dose-dependent effect was given. Examinations of MRI, behavior evaluation, infarct volume assessment and histological staining were performed to evaluate the outcome. This MRI-guided stereotactic delivery of citicoline resulted in a notable reduction (>80%) in infarct size and a delayed ischemic injury in cortex 12 hours after onset of acute ischemia when compared with the systematic delivery. The improved neuroprotective efficiency was realized by a full distribution of citicoline in most of middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory and an adequate drug reaction in the involved areas of the brain. Brain lesions of treated rats by stereotactic delivery of citicoline were well predicted in the lateral ventricle and thalamus due to a limited drug deposition by MRI tracer method. Our study realized an improved neuroprotective efficiency of citicoline by stereotactic delivery, and an optimal therapeutic effect of this administration pathway can be achieved under MRI guidance.

Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2010 update.

This review is based on the previous one published in 2006 -Secades JJ, Lorenzo JL. Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2006; 28 (Suppl B): S1-56-, incorporating the new references until now, having all the information available to facilitate the access to the informacion in one document. This review is focused on the main indications of the drug, as acute stroke and its sequelae, including the cognitive impairment, and traumatic brain injury and its sequelae. There are retrieved the most important experimental and clinical data in both indications.

Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, CDP-choline, or citicoline is an essential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of structural phospholipids in cell membranes, particularly phosphatidylcholine. Following administration by both the oral and parenteral routes, citicoline releases its two main components, cytidine and choline. Absorption by the oral route is virtually complete, and bioavailability by the oral route is therefore approximately the same as by the intravenous route. Once absorbed, citicoline is widely distributed throughout the body, crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches the central nervous system (CNS), where it is incorporated into the membrane and microsomal phospholipid fraction. Citicoline activates biosynthesis of structural phospholipids of neuronal membranes, increases brain metabolism, and acts upon the levels of different neurotransmitters. Thus, citicoline has been experimentally shown to increase norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the CNS. Owing to these pharmacological mechanisms, citicoline has a neuroprotective effect in hypoxic and ischemic conditions, decreasing the volume of ischemic lesion, and also improves learning and memory performance in animal models of brain aging. In addition, citicoline has been shown to restore the activity of mitochondrial ATPase and membrane Na+/K+ATPase, to inhibit activation of certain phospholipases, and to accelerate reabsorption of cerebral edema in various experimental models. Citicoline has also been shown to be able to inhibit mechanisms of apoptosis associated to cerebral ischemia and in certain neurodegeneration models, and to potentiate neuroplasticity mechanisms. Citicoline is a safe drug, as shown by the toxicological tests conducted, that has no significant systemic cholinergic effects and is a well tolerated product. These pharmacological characteristics and the action mechanisms of citicoline suggest that this product may be indicated for treatment of cerebral vascular disease, head trauma (HT) of varying severity, and cognitive disorders of different causes. In studies conducted in the treatment of patients with HT, citicoline was able to accelerate recovery from post-traumatic coma and neurological deficits, achieving an improved final functional outcome, and to shorten hospital stay in these patients. Citicoline also improved the mnesic and cognitive disorders seen after HT of minor severity that constitute the so-called post-concussional syndrome. In the treatment of patients with acute ischemic cerebral vascular disease, citicoline accelerates recovery of consciousness and motor deficit, achieves a better final outcome, and facilitates rehabilitation of these patients. The other major indication of citicoline is for treatment of senile cognitive impairment, either secondary to degenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer disease) or to chronic cerebral vascular disease. In patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, citicoline improves scores in cognitive rating scales, while in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type it stops the course of disease, and neuroendocrine, neuroimmunomodulatory, and neurophysiological benefits have been reported. Citicoline has also been shown to be effective in Parkinson disease, drug addictions, and alcoholism, as well as in amblyopia and glaucoma. No serious side effects have occurred in any series of patients treated with citicoline, which attests to the safety of treatment with citicoline.

Therapeutic applications of citicoline for stroke and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a review of the literature.

Citicoline (CDP-choline; cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine), a form of the essential nutrient choline, shows promise of clinical efficacy in elderly patients with cognitive deficits, inefficient memory, and early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Citicoline has also been investigated as a therapy in stroke patients, although the results of trials to date are inconclusive. Produced endogenously, citicoline serves as a choline donor in the metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of acetylcholine and neuronal membrane phospholipids, chiefly phosphatidylcholine. The principal components of citicoline, choline and cytidine, are readily absorbed in the GI tract and easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Exogenous citicoline, as the sodium salt, has been researched in animal experiments and human clinical trials that provide evidence of its cholinergic and neuroprotective actions. As a dietary supplement, citicoline appears useful for improving both the structural integrity and functionality of the neuronal membrane that may assist in membrane repair. This review, while not intended to be exhaustive, highlights the published, peer-reviewed research on citicoline with brief discussions on toxicology and safety, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics.

Effects of citicholine and dimethylsulfoxide on transepithelial transport of passively diffused drugs in the Caco-2 cell culture model.

The objective of this study was to determine, using a Caco-2 cell monolayer model, the extent to which the paracellular and transcellular routes are altered by citicholine (CDP-Ch) and DMSO in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). The apparent permeability (Papp) of mannitol in the presence of 4% (w/v) HSA was investigated using 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0% (v/v)) of DMSO. The Papp for mannitol ranged from 0.56 x 10(-6) to 0.89 x 10(-6) cm/s (mean 0.77 x 10(-6)). Increasing the concentration of DMSO does not appear to have an effect on the paracellular transport of mannitol and on the transepithelial resistance (TEER) of the monolayer, (P>0.05). The effect of citicholine (CDP-Ch) was investigated in confluent Caco-2 cell monolayers incubated in the presence of 2, 4, 10, 40, 60, 100 and 200 mM CDP-Ch at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere of 7% CO(2) and 95% relative humidity. Papp of mannitol and diltiazem in the presence of CDP-Ch ranged from 0.53 x 10(-6) to 8.52 x 10(-6) cm/s and from 1.30 x 10(-5) to 2.71 x 10(-5) cm/s, respectively. CDP-Ch may have an effect on the stability of the tight junction complex resulting in an increase in the apparent permeability of mannitol.

Application of 4-hydroxyantipyrine and acetaminophen O-sulfate as biodistribution promoter.

The effects of 4-hydroxyantipyrine (4-OH), a major metabolite of antipyrine and its sulfate, 4-hydroxyantipyrine O-sulfate (4-S), on the pharmacokinetics of citicoline and thiopental sodium were investigated in rats. The concomitant use of 4-OH increased significantly the tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp) of citicoline in the brain and liver and that of thiopental sodium in the brain, liver, and heart, while 4-S did not affect them. The permeability clearance of blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Kin) and the total distribution volume (Vdbr) of citicoline were not affected by either 4-OH or 4-S. However, those of thiopental sodium were significantly increased by not only 4-OH but also by 4-S. On the other hand, the plasma concentration of antipyrine was significantly decreased by the intravenous bolus coadministration of N-acetyl-p-aminophenyl O-sulfate (APAPS) at steady-state plasma concentration of antipyrine. A similar reduction was not observed with the intravenous coadministration of acetaminophen (APAP). The Kp value of antipyrine was significantly increased in the brain by the coadministration of APAPS, but was not affected by APAP. The increment in the drug distribution to the brain with the concomitant use of 4-OH (or APAPS) observed in this study is useful information for the application of drug combinations as biodistribution promoters.

Enhanced therapeutic effect of cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline when associated with GM1 containing small liposomes as demonstrated in a rat ischemia model.

PURPOSE: Cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline (CDPc) was encapsulated in long-circulating unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) to improve the drug's biological effectiveness. METHODS: SUVs made up of diaplmitoylphosphatidylcholine/diaplmitoylphosphatidylserine /cholesterol (7:4:7 molar ratio) and 8 mol % of ganglioside GM1 were prepared by extrusion through polycarbonate filters (mean diameter 50 nm). The formulation effectiveness was evaluated by an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia on Wistar rats. RESULTS: The enhanced delivery of CDPc into the brain improved the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug. CDPc-loaded SUVs improved the survival rate of ischemized and reperfused Wistar rats (320-350 g) by approximately 66% compared with the free drug. Liposome formulation was also able to effectively protect the brain against peroxidative damage caused by post-ischemic reperfusion. SUVs lowered the conjugated diene levels of the cerebral cortex. The liposomal delivery system did not alter the distribution patterns in the various cerebral lipid fractions of the drug, radiolabeled with 14C-CDPc. CONCLUSIONS: CDPc-loaded SUVs were able to protect the brain against damage induced by ischemia. A possible clinical application is envisaged.

CDP-choline: pharmacological and clinical review.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, CDP-choline or citicoline, is an essential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of the structural phospholipids of cell membranes, especially in that of phosphatidylcholine. Upon oral or parenteral administration, CDP-choline releases its two principle components, cytidine and choline. When administered orally, it is absorbed almost completely, and its bioavailability is approximately the same as when administered intravenously. Once absorbed, the cytidine and choline disperse widely throughout the organism, cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the central nervous system (CNS), where they are incorporated into the phospholipid fraction of the membrane and microsomes. CDP-choline activates the biosynthesis of structural phospholipids in the neuronal membranes, increases cerebral metabolism and acts on the levels of various neurotransmitters. Thus, it has been experimentally proven that CDP-choline increases noradrenaline and dopamine levels in the CNS. Due to these pharmacological activities, CDP-choline has a neuroprotective effect in situations of hypoxia and ischemia, as well as improved learning and memory performance in animal models of brain aging. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that CDP-choline restores the activity of mitochondrial ATPase and of membranal Na+/K+ ATPase, inhibits the activation of phospholipase A2 and accelerates the reabsorption of cerebral edema in various experimental models. CDP-choline is a safe drug, as toxicological tests have shown; it has no serious effects on the cholinergic system and it is perfectly tolerated. These pharmacological characteristics, combined with CDP-choline's mechanisms of action, suggest that this drug may be suitable for the treatment of cerebral vascular disease, head trauma of varying severity and cognitive disorders of diverse etiology. In studies carried out on the treatment of patients with head trauma, CDP-choline accelerated the recovery from post-traumatic coma and the recuperation of walking ability, achieved a better final functional result and reduced the hospital stay of these patients, in addition to improving the cognitive and memory disturbances which are observed after a head trauma of lesser severity and which constitute the disorder known as postconcussion syndrome. In the treatment of patients with acute cerebral vascular disease of the ischemic type, CDP-choline accelerated the recovery of consciousness and motor deficit, attaining a better final result and facilitating the rehabilitation of these patients. The other important use for CDP-choline is in the treatment of senile cognitive impairment, which is secondary to degenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) and to chronic cerebral vascular disease. In patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, CDP-choline improves scores on cognitive evaluation scales, while in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, it slows the disease's evolution. Beneficial neuroendocrine, neuroimmunomodulatory and neurophysiological effects have been described. CDP-choline has also been shown to be effective as co-therapy for Parkinson's disease. No serious side effects have been found in any of the groups of patients treated with CDP-choline, which demonstrates the safety of the treatment.

Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline.

CDP-choline, supplied exogenously as citicoline, has beneficial physiological actions on cellular function that have been extensively studied and characterized in numerous model systems. As the product of the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from choline, CDP-choline and its hydrolysis products (cytidine and choline) play important roles in generation of phospholipids involved in membrane formation and repair. They also contribute to such critical metabolic functions as formation of nucleic acids, proteins, and acetylcholine. Orally-administered citicoline is hydrolyzed in the intestine, absorbed rapidly as choline and cytidine, resynthesized in liver and other tissues, and subsequently mobilized in CDP-choline synthetic pathways. Citicoline is efficiently utilized in brain cells for membrane lipid synthesis where it not only increases phospholipid synthesis but also inhibits phospholipid degradation. Exogenously administered citicoline prevents, reduces, or reverses effects of ischemia and/or hypoxia in most animal and cellular models studied, and acts in head trauma models to decrease and limit nerve cell membrane damage, restore intracellular regulatory enzyme sensitivity and function, and limit edema. Thus, considerable accumulated evidence supports use of citicoline to enhance membrane maintenance, membrane repair, and neuronal function in conditions such as ischemic and traumatic injuries. Beneficial effects of exogenous citicoline also have been postulated and/or reported in experimental models for dyskinesia, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disease, aging, Alzheimer's disease, learning and memory, and cholinergic stimulation.

Liposomes as in-vivo carriers for citicoline: effects on rat cerebral post-ischaemic reperfusion.

Citicoline is a therapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of brain injury, for example in cerebrovascular disease or traumatic accidents. Unfortunately, the strong polar nature of this drug prevents it crossing the blood-brain barrier. In this paper, the possibility of efficiently trapping citicoline in liposomes to improve its therapeutic effects is reported. The citicoline-encapsulation efficiency, drug leakage and size analysis of various liposome systems were studied. The real therapeutic effectiveness of these citicoline liposome formulations was evaluated by biological assay. The effects of free and liposome encapsulated citicoline on survival rate of ischaemic reperfused male Wistar rats (80-100 g) were investigated. Of the phospholipid mixtures used in citicoline liposome formulation the best in terms of delivery and therapeutic effects was 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine: dipalmitoyl-DL-alpha-phosphatidyl-L-serine:cholesterol (7:4:7 molar ratio). This phospholipid mixture was also assayed for brain conjugated diene levels in rats, since this parameter is an index of lipid peroxidation in rat cerebral cortex during post-ischaemic reperfusion. A citicoline-loaded phospholipid mixture has produced an increase in rat survival rate of about 24% and a reduction in diene levels of 60%, compared to the free drug.

Effects of orally administered cytidine 5'-diphosphate choline on brain phospholipid content.

Cytidine, as cytidine 5'-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline), is important for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in cell membranes. To investigate whether exogenous CDP-choline could affect brain phospholipid composition, we supplemented the diet of mice with this drug (500 mg/kg/day) for 27 months in 3-month-old mice and for 90, 42, and 3 days in 12-month-old mice, and measured their levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and the content of phosphatidylinositol plus phosphatidic acid in the cerebral cortex. After 27 months of treatment, PC and PE increased significantly by 19% (P < 0.05) and by 20% (P < 0.01), respectively. PS levels increased by 18% (not statistically significant). Similar elevations in PC and PE levels were obtained when older mice were treated for only 3 months (P < 0.05). No changes were observed with shorter treatment periods. These results suggest that chronic administration of CDP-choline can have effects on brain phospholipid composition that may underlie its reported utility in various neurologic disorders.

Biochemical rationale for the use of CDPcholine in traumatic brain injury: pharmacokinetics of the orally administered drug.

A pharmacokinetic analysis of CDPcholine has been carried out treating either rats or dogs by oral administration with the double labelled molecule. [methyl-14C,5-3H]CDPcholine represents a useful tool to test the structural integrity of this compound during the transmembrane transport and to follow the metabolic fate of cytidine and choline fragments. Furthermore, the identification of the labelled metabolites of the exogenously administered CDPcholine in the various organs allows us to draw inferences about its pharmacological mechanism(s). These studies appear of great interest in view of the extensive therapeutic use of the molecule in the treatment of several CNS pathologies including traumatic brain injury. The results of this work can be summarized as follows. (a) The molecule is rapidly cleaved at the level of the pyrophosphate bridge and a fast uptake of the hydrolytic products occurs. (b) The metabolism of the molecule is characterized by a differential utilization of the two moieties by the various organs. Liver is the most active organ in utilizing CDPcholine with a preferential uptake of the choline fragment. (c) The [3H]cytidine moiety, in all the organs examined, appears to be incorporated into the nucleic acid fraction via the cytidine nucleotide pool. The [14C]choline moiety is in part converted into betaine, which in turn acts as methyl donor to homocysteine, yielding [14C]methionine, subsequently incorporated into proteins. The time-dependent increase in the labelling of phospholipids is indicative of a recycling of choline methyl groups via CDPcholine and/or S-adenosylmethionine. (d) The uptake of CDPcholine by the brain is relatively low; however, a good metabolic utilization of the drug can be observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Preparation, properties and therapeutic potential of cytidine diphosphocholine incorporated into liposomes]. / Preparazione, proprietà e potenzialità terapeutiche della citidin-difosfocolina associata a liposomi.

Cytidine diphosphocholine (CDC) was incorporated into unilamellar egg lecithin liposomes with a yield of 23% and subsequently administered to rats by intracardiac injection. Unlike free CDC, 0.2% of which was absorbed by the brain, 21% of the CDC-liposomes was absorbed by the brain, while their relative distribution among brain phospholipids was similar. The changes in blood concentration and brain content of CDC, with and without liposomes, were measured at different times after administration. The CDC-liposome association significantly increased, unlike CDC alone, the levels of dopamine catabolites in the striatum of rats treated with haloperidol (0.15 mg/Kg/die) after 5 days of intravenous administration (20 mg/Kg/die).