RESUMO
Background: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves are recommended as a safe alternative for patients with rubber accelerator allergy. However, allergic contact dermatitis to other chemicals in PVC gloves has been reported. Objective: To analyze single-use PVC medical examination gloves in the United States for the presence of potential contact allergens. Methods: Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 20 unique PVC gloves were analyzed in triplicate for 6 chemicals: benzisothiazolinone, bisphenol A, mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate, tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and triphenyl phosphite. Results: All 20 PVC gloves contained detectable quantities of benzisothiazolinone (range, 0.001-1.48 parts per million [ppm]), bisphenol A (0.01-0.11 ppm), triphenyl phosphate (0.01-2.11 ppm), and triphenyl phosphite (0.001-0.22 ppm). Eighteen (90%) gloves contained mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate (0.001-0.14 ppm) and 3 (15%) contained tricresyl phosphate (0.001-0.002 ppm). Conclusions: Known allergens were present in all 20 PVC gloves. However, the detected levels were mostly low and their relationship with sensitization and elicitation thresholds requires further study.
Assuntos
Compostos Benzidrílicos , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato , Organofosfatos , Fenóis , Fosfitos , Tiazóis , Tritolil Fosfatos , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/química , Luvas Protetoras , Testes do Emplastro , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/diagnóstico , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Maleatos , BorrachaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis to gloves is mostly induced by rubber accelerators. The European baseline series (EBS) appears insufficient to detect glove allergy. Since 2017, it is recommended to use the European rubber series (ERS) and to test the patients' own gloves. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical profile of glove-wearing patients with hand eczema (HE) and to evaluate their sensitisation profile to glove allergens and the value of testing the patients' own gloves. METHODS: We conducted a French multicentre study of patients evaluated for HE between 2018 and 2020 and tested with the EBS, the ERS and their own gloves in patch tests and semi-open (SO) tests. RESULTS: A total of 279 patients were included; 32.6% of patients had positive tests to their own gloves or to glove allergens. Almost 45% of the sensitisations to glove allergens were detected only by the ERS. Among the patients tested both in patch tests and SO tests with their own gloves with positive results, 28% had positive SO tests only. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) gloves were positive in four patients. CONCLUSION: Our series confirms the need to test the ERS. All the patients' gloves must also be tested including PVC gloves. SO tests with gloves are useful as a complement to patch tests.
Assuntos
Dermatite Alérgica de Contato , Eczema , Dermatoses da Mão , Humanos , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/diagnóstico , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Borracha/efeitos adversos , Eczema/etiologia , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Testes do Emplastro , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Dermatoses da Mão/induzido quimicamente , Luvas Protetoras/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: High-level occupational vinyl chloride (VC) exposures have been associated with hepatic hemangiosarcoma, which typically develops following a long latency period. Although VC is genotoxic, a more comprehensive mode of action has not been determined and diagnostic biomarkers have not been established. The purpose of this study is to address these knowledge gaps through plasma metabolomics. METHODS: Plasma samples from polyvinyl chloride polymerization workers who developed hemangiosarcoma (cases, n = 15) and VC exposure-matched controls (n = 17) underwent metabolomic analysis. Random forest and bioinformatic analyses were performed. RESULTS: Cases and controls had similar demographics and routine liver biochemistries. Mass spectroscopy identified 606 known metabolites. Random forest analysis had an 82% predictive accuracy for group classification. 60 metabolites were significantly increased and 44 were decreased vs. controls. Taurocholate, bradykinin and fibrin degradation product 2 were up-regulated by greater than 80-fold. The naturally occurring anti-angiogenic phenol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, was down-regulated 5-fold. Top affected ontologies involved: (i) metabolism of bile acids, taurine, cholesterol, fatty acids and amino acids; (ii) inflammation and oxidative stress; and (iii) nicotinic cholinergic signaling. CONCLUSIONS: The plasma metabolome was differentially regulated in polyvinyl chloride workers who developed hepatic hemangiosarcoma. Ontologies potentially involved in hemangiosarcoma pathogenesis and candidate biomarkers were identified.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Hemangiossarcoma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Metaboloma , Doenças Profissionais/diagnóstico , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Hemangiossarcoma/sangue , Hemangiossarcoma/induzido quimicamente , Hemangiossarcoma/epidemiologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/sangue , Neoplasias Hepáticas/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Profissionais/sangue , Doenças Profissionais/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Polyvinylchloride is universally agreed upon to be the material of choice for tubings and for containers for medical application. Many alterations of the chemical/physical surface conditions, mainly due to an altered extrusion process, could influence its biocompatibility by promoting platelet aggregation. Biocompatibility and safety of the medical device must be preserved, also monitoring the migration of additives within polyvinylchloride during the diffusion process. A large variety of methods are used to verify the correct composition and extrusion of polyvinylchloride but, generally, they need long experimental time and are expensive. The aim of the study is to propose a simple, economic and rapid approach based on Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and Coomassie Blue staining. The method has been used to detect chemical and morphological defects caused by an altered extrusion process on 20/75 polyvinylchloride tubings in a blind test. This approach positively identified altered samples in 80% of the cases. The suggested approach represents a reliable and versatile method to detect and monitor surface defects by an easy, inexpensive and reproducible method.
Assuntos
Segurança de Equipamentos/métodos , Cloreto de Polivinila , Diálise Renal/instrumentação , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Propriedades de Superfície , Humanos , Teste de Materiais/métodos , Plásticos/química , Plásticos/uso terapêutico , Agregação Plaquetária , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/química , Cloreto de Polivinila/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Dialkyl phthalates, including diisononyl phthalate (DINP), have been used as plasticizers in children's products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), such as teethers and toys. Children may be exposed to phthalates when handling or mouthing PVC products because plasticizers are not covalently bound. The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 prohibited certain phthalates from use in child care articles and children's toys. Thus, manufacturers have changed to other plasticizers or non-PVC plastics and there is interest in evaluating the potential health risks of alternative plasticizers. In 2008, CPSC staff purchased 63 children's products comprising 129 individual pieces (articles). Plastics identified FTIR included PVC, polypropylene, polyethylene, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Plasticizers identified by in the 38 PVC articles included acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) (20); di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) (14); 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINX) (13); 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TPIB) (9); di (2 ethyhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (1); and DINP (1). Half of the tested articles contained multiple plasticizers. CPSC measured migration rates using the Joint Research Centre method. Migration rates correlated roughly with plasticizer concentration and inversely with the molecular mass of the plasticizer. We then combined the migration rates with data on mouthing duration to estimate children's exposure to plasticizers in toys and child care articles, and estimated margins of exposure. All margins of exposure were >1,000, suggesting a low risk potential. However, the plasticizers in this study have multiple uses. Exposure from other sources and routes of exposure will be considered in future work.
Assuntos
Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Plastificantes/efeitos adversos , Jogos e Brinquedos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Criança , Cuidado da Criança , Equipamentos e Provisões , Humanos , Plastificantes/análise , Cloreto de Polivinila/análiseRESUMO
The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is often used for PVC medical devices, that are also largely used for intensive care medical treatments, like extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. Due to the toxicological potential of DEHP, the inner exposure of patients with this plasticizer is a strong matter of concern as many studies have shown a high leaching potential of DEHP into blood. In this study, the inner DEHP exposure of patients undergoing ECMO treatment was investigated. The determined DEHP blood levels of ECMO patients and the patients of the control group ranged from 31.5 to 1009 µg/L (median 156.0 µg/L) and from 19.4 to 75.3 µg/L (median 36.4 µg/L), respectively. MEHP blood levels were determined to range from < LOD to 475 µg/L (median 15.9 µg/L) in ECMO patients and from < LOD to 9.9 µg/L (median 3.7 µg/L) in the control group patients, respectively. Increased DEHP exposure was associated with the number of cannulas and membranes of the ECMO setting, whereas residual diuresis decreased the exposure. Due to the suspected toxicological potential of DEHP, its use in medical devices should be further investigated, in particular for ICU patients with long-term exposure to PVC, like in ECMO therapy.
Assuntos
Dietilexilftalato/sangue , Monitoramento Ambiental , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/efeitos adversos , Plastificantes/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Cuidados Críticos , Dietilexilftalato/efeitos adversos , Dietilexilftalato/análogos & derivados , Dietilexilftalato/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plastificantes/uso terapêutico , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Worldwide, plastic waste is increasingly being discharged into the oceans, where it breaks down into smaller particles. Of these particles, the ingestion of microplastics (MPs; particles smaller than 5â¯mm) have been documented in some aquatic animals, including fish, whose health and welfare suffer as a consequence. However, their precise effects are not completely understood. To shed light on this issue, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) specimens were fed diets containing 0 (control), 100 or 500â¯mg polyvinylchloride (PVC) or polyethylene (PE) MPs kg-1 diet for three weeks, after which samples of liver, intestine, skin mucus and head kidney (HK) were obtained. A histological study of the liver and intestine revealed important alterations in the fish fed the MP diets, compared with control fish. At a functional level, PE-MPs, but not PVC-MPs, decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting a certain level of oxidative stress. As regards immunity, the intake of PVC-MPs increased the phagocytic and respiratory burst activities of HK leucocytes whilst the intake of PE-MPs increased skin mucus immunoglobulin M levels and the respiratory burst activity of leucocytes. The results suggest that the short-medium term intake of PVC- or PE-MPs by fish slightly depresses their immunity and produces oxidative stress. However, based on the histological alterations found, it seems that longer exposure times might lead to irreversible damage that could compromise fish health and welfare.
Assuntos
Bass/imunologia , Microplásticos/efeitos adversos , Estresse Oxidativo , Polietileno/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/efeitos adversos , AnimaisRESUMO
Background and objectives: Medical devices such as catheters are used on a large scale to treat heart and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, they present some important drawbacks (structure failure, calcifications, infections, thrombosis, etc.), with the main side effects occurring due to adhesion and proliferation of bacteria and living cells on the surface of the implanted devices. The aim of this work is to modify the surface of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), an affordable biocompatible material, in order to reduce these aforementioned side effects. Materials and Methods: The surface of PVC was modified by depositing a thin layer also of PVC that incorporates an active substance, dicoumarol (a well-known anticoagulant), by spin coating process. The modified surfaces were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to determine the surface morphology and behavior. The samples were tested for Gram-positive (S. aureus ATCC 25923) and Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) standard strains from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Results: The material obtained had a smooth surface with a uniform distribution of dicoumarol, which is released depending on the deposition parameters. The concentration of dicoumarol at the surface of the material and also the release rate is important for the applications for which the surface modification was designed. PVC modified using the proposed method showed a good ability to prevent salt deposition and decreased the protein adhesion, and the resistance to bacterial adherence was improved compared with standard PVC.
Assuntos
Dicumarol/uso terapêutico , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Catéteres/efeitos adversos , Catéteres/microbiologia , Catéteres/normas , Dicumarol/normas , Desenho de Equipamento/métodos , Desenho de Equipamento/normas , Humanos , Cloreto de Polivinila/normas , Cloreto de Polivinila/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Microplastics are widely distributed in freshwater environments. At present, most of the studies on the toxicity of microplastics are concentrated on aquatic feeding animals, but relatively few have addressed freshwater algae. This study investigated the effect of microplastics (polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) exposure on the photosynthetic system of freshwater algae over the logarithmic growth period. The results showed that both PVC and PP had a negative effect on chlorophyll a concentrations of Chlorella (C.) pyrenoidosa and Microcystis (M.) flos-aquae; among them, when the concentration of PVC exceeded 250 mg/L, compared with the control group, the chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa was reduced by 55.23%. For photosynthetic activity, higher concentrations of PVC and PP can induce lower values of Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, and Fv'/Fm', suggesting a larger impact in algae. However, algae were able to adjust, with increased values of Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, and Fv'/Fm'. This dose-negative effect phenomenon also exists in the study of the rapid light-response curves. In addition, comparing the two microplastics, we could see that PVC greatly inhibits the photosynthesis system of freshwater algae. Our study confirmed that microplastics can affect algae growth under certain concentrations, which provides evidence for understanding the risks of microplastics.
Assuntos
Chlorella/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorofila A/química , Microplásticos/efeitos adversos , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Doce , Microcystis/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoplâncton/efeitos dos fármacos , Polipropilenos/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Risco , Poluentes Químicos da Água/efeitos adversosRESUMO
We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the associations between recent home renovation exposure and lung function in children. We randomly recruited 7326 school children residing in 24 districts from seven cities in northeastern China. We collected information about home renovations from parents using a questionnaire and lung function measurements from children using spirometer recordings gathered by trained professionals and expressed as the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). We identified higher odds of diminished lung function among these with home renovation in the previous 2 years compared to those without home renovation in the previous 2 years, for FVC (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.84 [95%CI: 1.58, 2.15]; FEV1: ORs = 2.82 [95%CI: 2.36, 3.36]; PEF: ORs = 1.51 [95%CI: 1.24, 1.83]; and MMEF: ORs = 1.90 [95%CI: 1.60, 2.24]). The associations were stronger among children exposed to new polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring compared to children exposed to other surface materials. Our results were consistent throughout the analysis of each type of renovation materials. In conclusion, recent home renovation exposure was associated with poor lung function among children. Strategies to protect home owners and their families from respiratory hazards during and after renovation are required.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Materiais de Construção/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Criança , China , Cidades , Materiais de Construção/análise , Estudos Transversais , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Pisos e Cobertura de Pisos , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Habitação , Humanos , Masculino , Pico do Fluxo Expiratório , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/análise , Testes de Função Respiratória , Espirometria , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
Neurodevelopment has been studied extensively, especially in respect to abuse, anoxia, nutritional status and prematurity/low birth weight. However, less attention has been paid to innate and environmental factors, as well as to inflammatory conditions that may adversely affect neurodevelopment and learning in children. These include heavy metals, herbicides and polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs), mycotoxins, viral infections and Lyme disease-associated pathogens, as well as number of conditions such as chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) and Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). Early recognition of factors/conditions that could interfere with neurodevelopment is critical. Corrective actions, including the use of some unique natural flavonoids, could have lasting beneficial results.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos dos fármacos , Criança , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Herbicidas/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Inflamação/complicações , Aprendizagem , Doença de Lyme/complicações , Mastocitose/complicações , Metais Pesados/efeitos adversos , Micotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Viroses/complicaçõesRESUMO
It has been several years that a soft transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic sheet, commonly known as "soft glass", or "crystal plate" in China and other developing countries, has quietly and gradually found extensive applications. This material has widely replaced cloth and glass as table cover in household and office, and replaced cloth as door drape in public place in China. In this study, the concentration of plasticizer used in soft glass and the migration of the plasticizer from soft glass to olive oil and porcine skin during contact were determined. The oral exposure of young children to the plasticizer from soft glass was estimated for the first time. Two exposure routes, one via ingestion of contaminated food, the other via mouthing of contaminated hand, were considered. It is found that Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the major plasticizer used in soft glass, which could leach out of the material and migrate easily to the olive oil and porcine skin during contact. A rough estimation of oral exposure for young children to DEHP from soft glass was 126 µg/person/d, which would be converted to 12.6⯵g/kgâ¯bw/d and 7.9⯵g/kgâ¯bw/d, for body weight of 10â¯kg and 16â¯kg, respectively. The estimated exposure dosages would not pose immediate health hazard to the children. The implications of these dosages were also discussed.
Assuntos
Vidro/química , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Plastificantes/química , Plásticos/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Administração Oral , Criança , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ácidos Ftálicos/química , Plásticos/química , Cloreto de Polivinila/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: ECMO is a therapeutic act with a high risk of exposure to diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), plasticizer from PVC tubings. The replacement of this plasticizer with alternative compounds is recommended but the risks associated with the use of new plasticizers have not been evaluated in ECMO situations. METHODS: Ex vivo ECMO models were performed with different flow rates over 6 days to evaluate the migration of plasticizers and their potential toxic risk for patient. The release of plasticizers during ECMO was measured and compared to reference value (derived no effect level, DNEL) and to cytotoxic concentration carried out with MTT test. RESULTS: Trioctyltrimellitate (TOTM), main plasticizer present in circuit (44% w/w), is weakly released during ECMO. Concentrations are not cytotoxic and exposure doses are lower than DNEL. In contrast, DEHP doses are higher than the DNEL despite a lower presence of DEHP in the circuit (0.2%). We have shown that DEHP is not coming from the circuit but from the priming bag. Replacing this bag with a multilayer one avoids the exposure to DEHP. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that circuits made of PVC plasticized with TOTM against DEHP improves the safety of ECMO.
Assuntos
Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/efeitos adversos , Plastificantes/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Animais , Morte Celular , Linhagem Celular , Dietilexilftalato/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Camundongos , ReologiaAssuntos
Rouquidão/epidemiologia , Intubação Intratraqueal/instrumentação , Faringite/epidemiologia , Cloreto de Polivinila , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Estanho , Idoso , Extubação/efeitos adversos , Extubação/instrumentação , Extubação/métodos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Rouquidão/diagnóstico , Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Intubação Intratraqueal/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Faringite/diagnóstico , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Método Simples-Cego , Estanho/efeitos adversosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate mortality risks of angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL), primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other cancers among 9951 men employed between 1942 and 1972 at 35 US vinyl chloride (VC) or polyvinyl chloride plants followed for mortality through 31 December 2013. METHODS: SMR and time-dependent Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to evaluate mortality risks by cumulative VC exposure. RESULTS: Liver cancer mortality was elevated (SMR=2.87, 95% CI 2.40 to 3.40), and ASL and HCC were strongly associated with cumulative VC exposure ≥865 parts per million-years (ppm-years) (ASL: HR=36.3, 95% CI 13.1 to 100.5; and HCC: HR=5.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 17.7 for ≥2271 ppm-years). Excess deaths due to connective and soft tissue cancers (SMR=2.43, 95% CI 1.48 to 3.75), mesothelioma (SMR=2.29, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.00) and explosions (SMR=3.43, 95% CI 1.25 to 7.47) were seen. Mortalities due to melanoma, brain cancer, lung cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were not increased or associated with VC exposure. CONCLUSION: The association between VC and ASL first reported in this cohort 44 years ago persisted and was strongest among workers most highly exposed. VC exposure also was associated with HCC mortality, although it remains possible that misdiagnosis of early ASLs influenced findings.
Assuntos
Hemangiossarcoma/mortalidade , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidade , Indústria Manufatureira , Doenças Profissionais/mortalidade , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Vinil/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Causas de Morte , Humanos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The authors presented data of chemical analytic control of chlorine compounds level in workplace air of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride production, and biomonitoring results of vinyl chloride and 1.2-dichloroethane metabolite - thiodiacetic acid urinary level in workers of this production. Findings are exceeded hygienic norms on maximal concentrations of 1.2-dichloroethane in a workshop for vinyl chloride production from 1.0 to 2.85 MACs and of vinyl chloride in a workshop for polyvinyl chloride production from 2.06 to 5.52 MACs. Urinary levels of thiodiacetic acid were assessed in workers of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride production in dependence on occupation, length of service and post-contact time.
Assuntos
Testes de Carcinogenicidade/métodos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Exposição Ocupacional , Cloreto de Polivinila , Tioglicolatos/urina , Local de Trabalho/classificação , Adulto , Indústria Química/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/normas , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/efeitos adversos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Masculino , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Saúde Ocupacional/normas , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/análise , Federação Russa/epidemiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The increasing prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with variations in indoor environments. In Korea, many inner walls of homes are covered with wallpaper: such walls emit indoor air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde. This randomized, double-blind study investigated the effects of wallpaper on indoor air quality and AD. Thirty-one children (aged three to eight years) with moderate AD were assigned to environmentally-friendly (EF) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallpaper groups. Indoor air concentrations of VOCs, natural VOCs (NVOCs), formaldehyde, and total suspended bacteria were measured before and two (W2) and eight weeks (W8) after wallpapering. Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) evaluations and blood tests were performed during the same period. The EF wallpaper and PVC wallpaper groups showed similar trends in the changes in total VOCs (TVOC) and formaldehyde content in the indoor air. However, the EF wallpaper group showed more improvement on the SCORAD at W2 and W8 than the PVC wallpaper group. The SCORAD index was positively correlated with several indoor air pollutants. Further, the SCORAD index and NVOC % were negatively correlated. Improved SCORAD index and effects of wallpapering on indoor air quality improvements occurred within a short period of time in both groups. We believe that NVOCs in indoor air after EF wallpapering have a beneficial effect on health.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Dermatite Atópica/induzido quimicamente , Monitoramento Ambiental , Formaldeído/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/química , Poluentes Atmosféricos/imunologia , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Materiais de Construção/efeitos adversos , Materiais de Construção/análise , Dermatite Atópica/diagnóstico , Dermatite Atópica/imunologia , Dermatite Atópica/prevenção & controle , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Formaldeído/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/análise , República da Coreia/epidemiologia , Ventilação , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Dietilexilftalato/efeitos adversos , Segurança de Equipamentos , Equipamentos e Provisões/efeitos adversos , Segurança do Paciente , Plastificantes/efeitos adversos , Cloreto de Polivinila/efeitos adversos , Fatores Etários , Animais , Dietilexilftalato/normas , Desenho de Equipamento , Segurança de Equipamentos/normas , Equipamentos e Provisões/normas , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Plastificantes/normas , Cloreto de Polivinila/normas , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
Background: To examine the complications following nasotracheal intubation by documenting the nasal traumas observed with the use of untreated cuffed polyvinyl chloride tube in unprepared nostrils. Methods: Patients who had maxillofacial surgeries under general anesthesia, muscle relaxation and nasotracheal intubation were included in the study. Nasotracheal intubation was carried out after induction of anesthesia was effected with intravenous propofol and suxamethonium by an Anesthetist using well lubricated cuffed polyvinyl chloride tube. Sizes 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0mm were inserted in females while sizes 7.0 and 7.5mm were inserted in males. Occasionally, the natural curve of the tube guides it through the cords without the aid of Magill forceps. Anterior rhinoscopy was performed by otolaryngologist 24 hours after surgery. Results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Sixty four patients were included in the study. They were between the ages of 21 and 63 years (mean 33.2 ± 14.1 years); they were 39 males and 25 females. The most frequently used nasotracheal tube (NT) was size 7.0mm internal diameter. Epistaxis was noticed in 52 (81.2%) patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of epistaxis observed in males and females, and also between right and left nostrils. A total of 46.8% of nasal trauma were inferior turbinate trauma involving the inferior medial aspect. Conclusion: The use of untreated cuffed polyvinyl chloride tube for nasotracheal intubation in unprepared nostrils is associated with a high incidence of epistaxis and nasal trauma.