Polymers Enhance Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride Solubility.

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic with a wide range of antibacterial activities. Due to low solubility, poor stability, and low bioavailability, clinical preparation development is limited. We sought to improve these solubility and dissolution rates by preparing solid dispersions. A hydrophilic polymer was selected as the carrier, and a solid dispersion was prepared using a medium grinding method, with samples characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and particle size distribution (PSD). To maximize CTC solubility and stability, different polymer types and optimal drug-to-polymer ratios were screened. The solubility of optimized povidone K30 (PVPK30) (1/0.75, w/w)-, hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) (1/2, w/w)-, and gelatin (1/1, w/w)-based solid dispersions was 6.25-, 7.7-, and 3.75-fold higher than that of pure CTC powder, respectively. Additionally, in vitro dissolution studies showed that the gelatin-based solid dispersion had a higher initial dissolution rate. SEM and PS analyses confirmed that this dispersion had smaller and more uniform particles than PVPK30 and HP-ß-CD dispersions. Therefore, successful solid polymer dispersion preparations improved the CTC solubility, dissolution rates, and stability, which may have potential as drug delivery systems.

A liter scale synthesis of hierarchically mesoporous UiO-66 for removal of large antibiotics from wastewater.

The presence of antibiotics in water sources is a significant concern due to their potential environmental impact and the risks to human health. In the present research, hierarchically mesoporous UiO-66 (HP-UiO-66) with a high surface area (1011 m2/g) and large pore volume was synthesized using the reflux method on the liter scale. The successful synthesis was confirmed by FT-IR, XRD, FESEM/EDS, N2-adsorption/desorption, and zeta potential techniques. The HP-UiO-66 was utilized to remove two large structure antibiotics, chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC), and oxytetracycline (OTC). Box Behnken design was used to investigate the factors affecting the removal process and the interactions between them. The maximum adsorption capacities for OTC and CTC antibiotics were 252.9 mg/g and 234.2 mg/g at 35 °C, respectively. The sum of the normalized error method was applied to the analysis of various error functions in the nonlinear fitting of equilibrium and kinetic data. The CTC and OTC adsorption kinetic followed a fractal-like pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir isotherm fitted well to adsorption data. The results demonstrate that HP-UiO-66 can be used as a recyclable and efficient adsorbent for large molecule antibiotics removal.

Pb(II) and chlortetracycline immobilization and economy of biologically amended coastal soil.

To study the pollutants immobilization and economy of biologically amended coastal soil, Alternanthera philoxeroides biomass (Bm), biochar (Bc), and dodecyldimethyl betaine (BS) modified Bc (BS-Bc) were used to amend coastal soil from Jialing, Fu, and Qu River. A runoff experiment was used to simulate the longitudinal migration and morphological changes of Pb(II) and chlortetracycline (CTC) in each amended coastal soil, and the economy of pollutants immobilization by different amended coastal soil were compared. The equilibrium time of Pb(II) and CTC in each amended coastal soil ranked in the order of BS-Bc-amended > Bc-amended > Bm-amended > unamended coastal soil. The average Pb(II) and CTC flow rate in different amended coastal soils presented an opposite trend with the equilibrium time. Pb(II) and CTC content all reduced with the increasing runoff length. Under the same soils, the content changes presented Bm and Bc amended > unamended > BS-Bc amended. CEC and clay content of coastal soils were the key factors affecting Pb(II) and CTC immobilization. The immobilization mechanisms were electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, surface precipitation, and complexation to Pb(II) and ion exchange and complexation to CTC. The economy of Pb(II) and CTC immobilization ranged from 0.5 to 9.0 and from 1.0 to 5.4 mg/¥, and coastal soil amended by BS-Bc had practical application value and high economy.

Natural pyrite-stimulative periodate activation: efficiency and mechanism study.

Natural pyrite (NP) is an alternative catalyst for wastewater purification via advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). However, the activation performance and mechanism of periodate (PI) by NP have not yet been revealed. Herein, this work examines the activation performance of NP towards PI and its application in the degradation of antibiotic wastewater. Interestingly, 95.69% of chlortetracycline (CTC) was degraded by NP within 20 min via PI activation. Besides, NP shows effective degradation of various pollutants such as rhodamine B (65.81%), sulfamethoxazole (89.04%), and sodium butylxanthate (99.77%) within 20 min. The active species quenching experiment suggested that the active species ∙ OH , IO 3 ∙ , 1O2 and the active complex of PI bonded with NP surface participated in CTC degradation. In addition, Fe(II) on NP surface is the main active site for PI activation, while Sn2- species accelerates the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) and promotes sustained PI activation. This work provides new ideas for the application of NP in environmental pollution control.

Comprehensive insight into adsorption of chlortetracycline hydrochloride by room-temperature synthesized water-stable Zr-based metal-organic gel/sodium alginate beads.

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) is one of the prevailing antibiotic pollutants that harm both environmental ecosystem and human health. Herein, Zr-based metal-organic gels (Zr-MOGs) with lower-coordinated active sites and hierarchically porous structures are fabricated via a facile straightforward room-temperature strategy for CTC treatment. More importantly, we incorporated the powder Zr-MOGs into low-cost sodium alginate (SA) matrix to achieve shaped Zr-based metal-organic gel/SA beads for enhancing the adsorption ability and ameliorating the recyclability. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities of Zr-MOGs and Zr-MOG/SA beads could reach 143.9 mg/g and 246.9 mg/g, respectively. What's more, in the manual syringe unit and continuous bead column experiments, Zr-MOG/SA beads could achieve an eluted CTC removal ratio as high as 96.3% and 95.5% in the river water sample, respectively. On top of that, the adsorption mechanisms were put forward as a combination of pore filling, electrostatic interaction, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, coordination, π-π interaction as well as hydrogen bonding interaction. This study outlines a workable strategy for the facile preparation of candidate adsorbents for wastewater treatment.

Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Degradation of Tetracycline Antibiotics Treated by Cold Atmospheric Plasmas.

The abuse of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) has caused serious environmental pollution and risks to public health. Degradation of TCs by cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) is a high efficiency, low energy consumption and environmentally friendly method. In this study, a reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is applied to study the interactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in CAPs and TCs (including tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and demeclocycline (DMC)). As revealed by the simulation data at the atomic level, the main reaction sites on TCs are the C2 acylamino, the C4 dimethylamine, the C6 methyl group, the C8 site on the benzene ring and the C12a tertiary alcohol. The interaction between ROS and TCs is usually initiated by H-abstraction, followed by the breaking and formation of the crucial chemical bonds, such as the breaking of C-C bonds, C-N bonds and C-O bonds and the formation of C=C bonds and C=O bonds. Due to the different structures of TCs, when the ROS impact OTC, CTC and DMC, some specific reactions are observed, including carbonylation at the C5 site, dechlorination at the C7 site and carbonylation at the C6 site, respectively. Some degradation products obtained from the simulation data have been observed in the experimental measurements. In addition, the dose effects of CAP on TCs by adjusting the number of ROS in the simulation box are also investigated and are consistent with experimental observation. This study explains in detail the interaction mechanisms of degradation of TCs treated by CAPs with the final products after degradation, provides theoretical support for the experimental observation, then suggests optimization to further improve the efficiency of degradation of TCs by CAPs in applications.

Adsorption and transformation of tetracyclines on alpha alumina particles with surface modification by anionic surfactant.

The adsorption and transformation of tetracyclines (TCs) antibiotics, including oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and tetracycline (TC), on the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant-modified α-Al2O3 particles were comprehensively investigated in this study. The TCs adsorption was significantly enhanced by using the modified adsorbents compared with the use of the unmodified adsorbents. The experimental conditions were systematically optimized and found to be pH 4, NaCl 1 mM, the contact time of 180 min, and the adsorbent dosage of 25 mg. mL-1. The high maximum adsorption capacities were approximately 320, 85, and 91 mg. g-1 for TC, OTC, and CTC, respectively. Meanwhile, the great removal efficiencies of the three antibiotics TC, OTC, and CTC were correspondingly 91.85, 88.4, and 98.3%. The TCs adsorption isotherm and kinetics on the SDS-modified α-Al2O3 particles mainly governed by the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions were clarified by a suitable two-step model, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and zeta potential measurements. Meanwhile, the TCs structural transformation determined by the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measurement was promoted through the adsorption on the α-Al2O3 surface. The TCs transformation rates strongly affected by the TCs adsorption were in the order of CTC > TC > OTC. The found results are promised that the SDS-modified α-Al2O3 particles might behave as high-performance adsorbents to remove the TCs from aqueous solutions.

Degradation of chlortetracycline hydrochloride by peroxymonosulfate activation on natural manganese sand through response surface methodology.

This work studies the degradation of chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) by activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with natural manganese sand (NMS). Meanwhile, the NMS was characterized and analyzed by isothermal nitrogen adsorption (BET), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It can be induced that NMS material may contain C, O, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, and K, and the proportion of each is 6%, 9%, 13%, 34%, 27%, 5%, and 6%. Critical parameters, including initial pH value, catalyst dosage, and PMS amount, were optimized through response surface methodology. One of the essential significances of response surface methodology (RSM) is the establishment and optimization of the mathematical model to reduce the complexity of the experimental process. It can provide the degree of mutual influence between various factors and optimize the response based on the investigated factors. Results indicated that 81.65% of CTC could be degraded under the optimized conditions of PMS amount 2.02 g/L, the NMS dosage 0.29 g/L and pH 3.87. Also, it shows that NMS is the most powerful of each factor on the degradation efficiency. We proposed the degradation pathways of CTC from the liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) results. Therefore, NMS could be applied as an efficient activator of peroxymonosulfate to purify the water and wastewater.

Rapid Degradation of Chlortetracycline Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation with Hydrogen Peroxide.

Chlortetracycline (CTC), which has been frequently detected in surface water, is generated primarily by the discharge of high-concentration CTC wastewater from pharmaceutical and livestock plants. The development of effective CTC degradation technology is critical. In this study, the extent of CTC degradation at 80 mg/L was investigated by combining hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results indicate degradation ratios of 88.7% and 93.8% at 5 and 30 min, respectively. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms of CTC degradation were determined via HPLC-MS. The CTC degradation pathways include ring openings, C-N bond cleavage, demethylation, dehydroxylation, and desaturation in the sole system of HC, and a series of additional reactions, such as glycine conjugation and the cleavage of C-C double bonds, occurs in the binary system of HC + H2O2. Nevertheless, the treated water poses ecological risks and cannot be directly discharged into the environment. Therefore, HC + H2O2 treatment may be a rapid and effective primary method for the degradation of high-concentration CTC in pharmaceutical factories.

Hydroxyl radical and carbonate radical facilitate chlortetracycline degradation in the bio-photoelectrochemical system with a bioanode and a Bi2O3/CuO photocathode using bicarbonate buffer.

The single-chamber bio-photoelectrochemical system (BPES) with a bioanode and a Bi2O3/CuO photocathode is developed for chlortetracycline (CTC) degradation under simulated solar irradiation, using phosphate buffer solution (PBS) or NaHCO3 as buffer solution. The optimized Bi2O3/CuO photocathode possesses rich vacancies, great photoresponse capability, and exhibits great photocatalytic activity toward CTC degradation due to its Z-scheme structure. Electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and reactive species trapping experiments reveal that superoxide radicals/hydroxyl radicals are both the main radicals contributing to CTC degradation. Moreover, carbonate radical plays a more effective role toward CTC degradation, resulting in 40% improvement for CTC degradation in the BPES within 2 h. Higher current density (maximum of 137.6 A m-2) and more negative cathode potential are obtained from the illuminated BPES with NaHCO3 buffer. Possible mechanism and pathways of CTC degradation are proposed. This study contributes to the development of BPESs for antibiotics degradation.

Diastereomer recognition of three pairs of tetracyclines by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE: Stereoisomer profiling is always a difficult issue. Based on the difference between diastereomers, usually because of steric hindrance, isomers can be differentiated by mass spectrometry (MS), although it is often not an easy task. In the current study, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline could be distinguished from their respective 4-epimers by MS. METHODS: The electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn ) analyses were carried out on a Bruker 3000plus ion trap mass spectrometer. For MS/MS experiments, the collision energy was set between 0.18 and 0.45 V to perform energy-resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS). Test solutions were prepared in methanol/water (90:10, v/v) at a concentration of 10 µg/mL. RESULTS: Compared with the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectrum of protonated tetracycline, the most abundant peak changed from m/z 427 to m/z 410 for 4-epitetracycline. For chlortetracycline and its 4-epimer, differences in relative abundance were observed too. In the CID spectrum of a fragment ion of doxycycline, the abundance of m/z 154 was relatively higher than for the 4-epimer, showing the same trend as in the CID spectra of the other two pairs of tetracyclines. CONCLUSIONS: The CID spectra of tetracycline and chlortetracycline were different from those of their 4-epimers. The CID spectra of protonated doxycycline and its 4-epimer showed only a subtle difference, but the m/z 154 fragment ion in the CID spectra of the fragment ion at m/z 428 offers the possibility to differentiate both epimers.

Identification of tetracycline combinations as EphB1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment of neuropathic pain.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the synaptic EphB1 receptor tyrosine kinase is a major mediator of neuropathic pain, suggesting that targeting the activity of this receptor might be a viable therapeutic option. Therefore, we set out to determine if any FDA-approved drugs can act as inhibitors of the EphB1 intracellular catalytic domain. An in silico screen was first used to identify a number of tetracycline antibiotics which demonstrated potential docking to the ATP-binding catalytic domain of EphB1. Kinase assays showed that demeclocycline, chlortetracycline, and minocycline inhibit EphB1 kinase activity at low micromolar concentrations. In addition, we cocrystallized chlortetracycline and EphB1 receptor, which confirmed its binding to the ATP-binding domain. Finally, in vivo administration of the three-tetracycline combination inhibited the phosphorylation of EphB1 in the brain, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and effectively blocked neuropathic pain in mice. These results indicate that demeclocycline, chlortetracycline, and minocycline can be repurposed for treatment of neuropathic pain and potentially for other indications that would benefit from inhibition of EphB1 receptor kinase activity.

Effects of lime amendment on the organic substances changes, antibiotics removal, and heavy metals speciation transformation during swine manure composting.

Aerobic composting has been used for a long time for bioconversion of manure wastes, however, its application has been limited due to slow transition of organic matters and influence of heavy metals and antibiotics residues. Compost with lime addition can speed up the composting process, while its effects on the evolution of organic matters, heavy metals and antibiotics need to be further investigated. In this research, the effects of lime amendment on organic substances changes was assessed by the spectroscopic characteristics. Besides, chlortetracycline (CTC) removal and Cu, Zn chemical speciation transformation were also evaluated. Results showed that the humic acid-like substances region of fluorescence regional integration (FRI-EEM) increased from 20.5% to 40.9% and 20.6%-32.6%, respectively, in lime addition treatment and control after 15 days of composting, indicating that the addition of lime remarkably improved the transition of organic matter and accelerated the maturity process. Besides, 94.04% of CTC in the manure was removed when lime was added, higher than 86.10% in the control group. The transformation of zinc from exchangeable and reducible into oxidizable and residual fractions was improved while the transformation of copper was affected slightly. Therefore, lime is a suitable amendment material for manure composting, which can accelerate the transition of organic matters due to the regulation of composting pH, as well as eliminate harmful CTC and bioavailable heavy metal, thus promoting the further utilizing of organic substance.

Research on the Impact and Mechanism for the Inhibition of Micrococcus Catalase Activity by Typical Tetracyclines.

As potential inhibitors target to biological enzymes, antibiotics may have certain impacts on the biochemical treatment process. With micrococcus catalase (CAT) served as the target molecule, the impact and inhibition mechanism for typical tetracyclines (TCs) were evaluated. Toxicity experiments showed that TCs had significant inhibition on CAT in the sequence of tetracycline>chlortetracycline>oxytetracycline>doxycycline. To clarify the inhibition mechanism between TCs and CAT which was explored with the assistance of fluorescence spectroscopy and MOE molecule simulation. According to fluorescence analysis, TCs quenched the fluorescence signal of CAT by the mode of static quenching. Combined with toxicity data, it could be presumed that TCs combined with the catalytic active center and thus inhibited CAT. Above presumption was further verified by the molecular simulation data. When TCs combined with the catalytic center of CAT, the compounds have increased combination areas and prominent energy change (compared with the compounds formed by TCs and noncatalytic center recommend by MOE software). IBM SPSS statistics showed that TC toxicity positively correlated with the hydrogen bonds such as O13→Glu252, O1←Arg195, and O6→Asp249, but negatively correlated with the hydrogen bonds such as O10→Pro363, O10→Lys455, and O12 â†’ Asn127. TC toxicity also positively correlated with the ion bonds ofN4-Glu252, but negatively correlated with the ion bonds of N4-Asp379. Hydrogen bonds and ion bonds for above key sites were closely related to the inhibition effect of TCs on CAT.

Quantification of Veterinary Antibiotics in Pig and Poultry Feces and Liquid Manure as a Non-Invasive Method to Monitor Antibiotic Usage in Livestock by Liquid Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry.

Antibiotics are active substances frequently used to treat and prevent diseases in animal husbandry, especially in swine and poultry farms. The use of manure as a fertilizer may lead to the dispersion of antibiotic residue into the environment and consequently the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Most pharmaceutical active ingredients are excreted after administration, in some cases up to 90% of the consumed dose can be found in the feces and/or urine as parent compound. Therefore, due to antibiotic metabolism their residues can be easily detected in manure. This article describes a method for simultaneous analysis of ciprofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tiamulin, trimethoprim and tylosin in feces, liquid manure and digestate. Antibiotics were extracted from the different matrices with McIlvaine-Na2EDTA buffer solution and the extract was purified by the use two techniques: d-SPE and SPE (Strata-X-CW cartridges) and final eluent was analyzed by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC was followed to conduct the validation of the method. Recoveries obtained from spiked pig and poultry feces and liquid manures samples ranged from 63% to 93% depending on analytes. The analysis of 70 samples (feces, liquid manure and digestate) revealed that 18 samples were positive for the presence of doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, enrofloxacin, tiamulin and lincomycin. The results obtained in the presented study demonstrated that animal feces can be used as a non-invasive method detection antibiotic usage in animal production.

ß-Cyclodextrin Polymerized in Cross-Flowing Channels of Biomass Sawdust for Rapid and Highly Efficient Pharmaceutical Pollutants Removal from Water.

Water pollution arising from pharmaceuticals has raised great concerns about the potential risks for biosphere and human health. However, rapid and efficient removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water remains challenging. Wood sawdust, a byproduct of the wood-processing industry, is an abundant, cost-effective, and sustainable material with a unique hierarchically porous microstructure. These features make wood sawdust quite interesting as a filtration material. Here, we report a novel cross-flow filtration composite based on ß-cyclodextrin-polymer-functionalized wood sawdust (ß-CD/WS) in which the pharmaceutical contaminant water flows through the sawn-off vessel channels and the micropores on the surface of the cell walls, generating the turbulence. Such water flow characteristics ensure full contact between pharmaceutical pollutants and ß-CD grafted on the cellulose backbone of wood sawdust, thereby enhancing the water treatment efficiency. Consequently, the ß-CD/WS filter device shows a high removal efficiency of over 97.5% within 90 s for various pharmaceutical contaminants including propranolol, amitriptyline, chlortetracycline, diclofenac, and levofloxacin, and a high saturation uptake capacity of 170, 156, 257, 159, and 185 mg g-1, respectively. The high-performance wood-sawdust-based cross-flow filtration opens new avenues for solving the global water pollution issues, especially those caused by pharmaceutical contaminants.

Simultaneous determination of olaquindox, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline in feeds by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection adopting online synchronous derivation and separation.

Olaquindox, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline were widely used in feed as antibiotics and growth promoter to improve feed conversion efficiency and increase the rate of weight gain for animals. However, the use of these antibiotics in feed was gradually prohibited because of concerns about contamination and resistance in animals. A quantitative and confirmatory method for determining the presence of olaquindox, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline in feed by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultraviolet detector in series with fluorescence detector (HPLC-UVD-FLD) was developed, optimized, and validated in three different matrices (compound, concentrated and premix feed). The analytes extraction was performed with a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1 mol/L ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium-Mcllvaine buffer (1:4, v/v) by one step sample preparation procedure. The validated method presented a broad linear range and good linearity with weighted least square method. The decision limit of the analytes ranged from 0.61 to 0.77 mg/kg for olaquindox, 0.90 to 1.2 mg/kg for oxytetracycline and 1.3 to 2.0 mg/kg for chlorotetracycline. The average recovery values found in intermediate precision conditions were ranged from 88.0 to 99.7% for olaquindox with RSD lower than 11.1%, from 84.4 to 99.0% for oxytetracycline with RSD lower than 9.6%, from 83.8 to 97.5% for chlorotetracycline with RSD lower than 10.0%. By Youden test and bottom-up method, the method was proved to be sufficiently robust and had a small uncertainty for different concentration levels. The developed method was successfully utilized for commercial feed samples to monitor complex cross contamination and residue conditions. Online synchronous derivation and separation using ultraviolet detector in series with fluorescence detector can effectively prevent false positive of chlorotetracycline in feed caused by vegetable meal. Since olaquindox, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline are widely used in feed, the developed method provide an important and analytical tool for the simultaneous identification and quantification of them in feed to monitor its risk of cross contamination and excessive content.

Synthesis and evaluation of bisulfate/mesylate-conjugated chlortetracycline with high solubility and bioavailability.

The aim of this work is to improve the solubility and bioavailability of chlortetracycline and the function of the immune response. Chlortetracycline bisulfate and chlortetracycline mesylate were successfully synthesized and characterized with several techniques, including spectroscopy, chromatography and mass spectrometry, which demonstrated that the C4-dimethylamino group of chlortetracycline can accept a proton from sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid to form the corresponding salts. In addition, chlortetracycline bisulfate and chlortetracycline mesylate were more soluble in water than chlortetracycline hydrochloride, but the antibacterial activity was not enhanced. The influences of chlortetracycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline bisulfate and chlortetracycline mesylate on chlortetracycline and immunoglobulin concentrations in mouse serum were also investigated. These results suggested that the chlortetracycline bisulfate and chlortetracycline mesylate have good bioavailability and strong immune response and have potential applications in animal breeding and formulation technologies.

Estimation of adsorption/desorption Freundlich's affinity coefficients for oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline from soil properties: Experimental data and pedotransfer functions.

Tetracycline antibiotics spread in the environment constitute a real threat, causing risks that should be controlled. Retention/release of these compounds after interacting with soil components are the main process governing their entry into water bodies, plant uptake, and availability for soil microorganisms. In this work, batch-type experiments were performed to study adsorption/desorption of oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) in 63 crop soils. The Freundlich model satisfactory described adsorption curves, showing strong affinity of both antibiotics to soils, with adsorption coefficient (KF(ads)) values between 1015 and 9733 Ln µmol1-n kg-1 for OTC, and between 1099 and 11344 Ln µmol1-n kg-1 for CTC. Desorption percentages were always lower than 10%, indicating that adsorption is highly irreversible. Furthermore, the desorption coefficient (KF(des)) correlated positive and significantly with KF(ads), showing that those soils characterized by higher adsorption were also those showing less desorption. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was the soil characteristic that most explained the variance of KF, both for adsorption and desorption, which caused that soils with higher SOC scores showed higher adsorption and lower desorption for both antibiotics. Pedotransfer functions were developed for OTC and CTC, and resulted effective to satisfactory predict KF(ads) and KF(des) values. These equations would facilitate an easy identification of soils vulnerable to antibiotics pollution, which would allow to program appropriate management practices to decrease undesirable effects on the environment and on public health.

Highly efficient visible-light-induced photoactivity of carbonized polyimide aerogel for antibiotic degradation.

Various nitrogen (N)-doped carbon materials have been designed as efficient photocatalysts. For the first time, polyimide (PI) aerogels were calcined to be N-doped carbon photocatalysts at different temperatures. The structures of the carbonized polyimide aerogels (CPIs) vary with the carbonization temperature. The conductivity of the CPI increases with the improvement of calcination temperature, whereas the N content of the CPI decreases and the N state also changes. Thus, the electronic properties of the CPI are changed. The photocatalytic experiments certified that the PI aerogel calcined at 800 °C exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance. The chlortetracycline (CTC) degradation rate over CPI-800 aerogel is 2.3 times as much as that of PI aerogel due to the changed structure and properties of the CPI-800 aerogel.