Serum cholesterol levels are inversely associated with the risk of malignancy in subjects with Bethesda category IV thyroid nodules.

INTRODUCTION: Some epidemiological data suggest that there may be an inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and the risk of thyroid cancer in the overall population. The present study was aimed to evaluate the lipid profile specifically in subjects with Bethesda category IV thyroid nodules, and compare whether there were any differences between those with benign and malignant nodules. METHODS: Single-centre, retrospective study on 204 subjects treated by partial or total thyroidectomy for excision of a Bethesda category IV thyroid nodule, who had undergone a blood lipid profile test in the 12 months prior to surgery. In addition to lipid measures, other demographic, clinical, biochemical and ultrasound data were collected. RESULTS: Seventy-five subjects (36.8%) were diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma in the definitive histopathological examination. Patients with thyroid cancer had lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol than subjects with benign thyroid diseases. There were no differences in HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides or total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio. There were no differences either between groups in other clinical, biochemical and ultrasound variables, including the use of lipid-lowering drugs. In multivariate analysis, only LDL-cholesterol was independently associated with malignancy. Subjects with follicular carcinoma showed the lowest cholesterol levels, while those with papillary carcinoma had intermediate values between the group with follicular carcinoma and the group with benign thyroid diseases. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with cytologically indeterminate Bethesda category IV thyroid nodules, levels of total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and, particularly, LDL-cholesterol are lower among those with malignant nodules.

Improving semen quality of rams fed with ration containing protected maggot oil.

The study aimed to to evaluate the effect of feeding protected maggot oil at different levels on the ram sperm quality. The study used 15 local rams with an age of approximately 10-12 months and an initial weight of 19.99 ± 3.97 kg. The feeding rate was 4% of body weight per day. Feed was given 3 times a day, specifically in the morning (08.00 WIB), afternoon (12.00 WIB) and evening (16.00 WIB). Water was provided ad libitum. This study used 3 treatments and 5 groups as replicates. The treatments used concentrates with different levels of protected maggot oil: P0(0% protected maggot oil (control)), P1(4% protected maggot oil), and P2(8% protected maggot oil). The variables measured were nutrient consumption, blood cholesterol levels, scrotal circumference, and sperm quality. Blood cholesterol and scrotal circumference measured at the end of the experimental diet. Semen samples were collected and analysed before and at the end of the experimental diet. The data obtained were analysed using ANOVA, with further testing using Duncan's test for significant differences. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the consumption of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, scrotal circumference, volume, colour, pH of semen, sperm concentration, live percentage, abnormal percentage, plasma membrane, and acrosome integrity of spermatozoa. There were significantly (p < 0.05) produced higher consumption of oleic and palmitic acids in 8% protected maggot oil compared to 4% treatments, the treatments containing 4% and 8% protected maggot oil produced significantly (p < 0.05) higher consumption of lauric and myristic acids, blood cholesterol levels, and sperm motility than the control. The result indicates that protected maggot oil up to 8% in the ram diet have positive effect on improving the microscopic quality of ram sperm, i.e. increased sperm motility.

The Effects of Pregestational Overweight and Obesity on Maternal Lipidome in Pregnancy: Implications for Newborns' Characteristics.

Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of pregnancy complications. We investigated the effects of pregestational overweight and obesity on maternal lipidome during pregnancy and on newborns' characteristics. The study encompassed 131 pregnant women, 99 with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and 32 with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Maternal lipid status parameters, plasma markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption and sphingolipids were determined in each trimester. Data on neonatal height, weight and APGAR scores were assessed. The results showed a higher prevalence (p < 0.05) of pregnancy and childbirth complications among the participants with elevated pregestational BMI. Levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.01) were significantly lower, and concentrations of triglycerides were higher (p < 0.05) in women with increased pre-gestational BMI. Lower concentrations of the cholesterol synthesis marker, desmosterol, in the 2nd trimester (p < 0.01) and the cholesterol absorption marker, campesterol, in each trimester (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) were also found in this group. Markers of maternal cholesterol synthesis were in positive correlation with neonatal APGAR scores in the group of mothers with healthy pre-pregnancy weight but in negative correlation in the overweight/obese group. Our results indicate that gestational adaptations of maternal lipidome depend on her pregestational nutritional status and that such changes may affect neonatal outcomes.

Association between serum total cholesterol and the development of gastric cancer: A two-way two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Previous epidemiologic studies have suggested a potential negative correlation between total cholesterol (TC) and Gastric cancer (GC); however, several observational studies have shown conflicting results and have failed to provide definitive evidence for a causal relationship between TC and GC. Therefore, we conducted a 2-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore the genetic correlation and potential causal relationship between the 2 variables. We screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with TC and GC utilizing a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) public database. The causal relationship was analyzed using 5 MR analysis methods: inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger regression, weighted mode, and simple mode. Additionally, reverse MR analysis was performed to evaluate the possibility of reverse causality. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, including heterogeneity tests, horizontal multiple validity tests, and leave-one-out tests. After meticulous screening, 79 SNPs were identified as instrumental variables (IVs). The IVW method revealed a causal relationship between TC and GC (OR = 0.844; 95% CI: 0.741-0.961; P = .01). Sensitivity analyses did not detect significant horizontal pleiotropy. Though heterogeneity was observed in the forward MR analysis (IVW, Qp = 0.0006), the results remained reliable as we utilized the IVW random-effects model as the primary analytical method. Furthermore, inverse MR analysis found no evidence of reverse causality between TC and GC, effectively ruling out the influence of GC on the reverse causality of TC. Our MR study provided evidence of a causal association between TC and GC, suggesting that TC acts as a protective factor against GC due to its negative association with the disease.

Examining the relationship between alterations in plasma cholesterol, vascular endothelin-1 levels, and the severity of sepsis in children: An observational study.

Considering the significant impact of total cholesterol (TC) and vascular endothelin-1 (ET-1) on children sepsis outcomes, this research aimed to explore the association between the levels of plasma cholesterol and vascular endothelin-1 and the severity of sepsis and evaluated its clinical implications. In this study, we examined 250 pediatric patients diagnosed with sepsis between February 2019 and April 2021, collecting data on their plasma levels of TC and ET-1. Depending on the observed outcomes, the participants were divided into 2 categories: a group with a positive prognosis (control group, n = 100) and a group with a negative prognosis (n = 50). We assessed the significance of plasma TC and ET-1 levels in forecasting the outcomes for these pediatric patients. Patients in the group with a poor prognosis experienced notably longer hospital stays and higher treatment expenses than those in the control group (P < .05). Within the first 24 hours of admission and again on days 3 and 7, the levels of ET-1 were significantly higher in the poor prognosis group, whereas plasma TC levels were notably lower in comparison to the control group (P < .05). A Spearman correlation analysis identified a significant correlation between the levels of plasma TC and ET-1 and the severity of sepsis among the children (P < .05). The diagnostic performance for the severity of sepsis in children, as measured by the area under the curve (AUC), was 0.805 for plasma TC, 0.777 for ET-1 levels, and 0.938 when both were combined. This investigation underscores a meaningful relationship between the levels of plasma TC and ET-1 in pediatric sepsis patients, suggesting these biomarkers are highly valuable in predicting patient outcomes. High levels of ET-1 and low levels of TC in these patients signify a grave condition and a poor prognosis.

Low Remnant Cholesterol and In-Hospital Bleeding Risk After Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack.

BACKGROUND: Bleeding risk brought by intensive lipid-lowering therapy and low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is concerning, while evidence regarding the relationship between remnant cholesterol and bleeding is frightening. This study aimed to investigate the association between remnant cholesterol at admission and an in-hospital bleeding event after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 3222 eligible patients admitted to Shanghai Huashan Hospital between 2015 and 2021 with complete lipid data were analyzed. Patients were classified into low (<20.0 mg/dL), moderate (20.0-29.9 mg/dL), and high (≥30 mg/dL) groups by remnant cholesterol. The mean age of patients was 63.0± 13.1 years, including 2301 (71.4%) men and 651 (20.2%) with TIA. The median (interquartile range) of remnant cholesterol was 18.6 (13.5-25.9) mg/dL. After adjustment for confounding variables, patients with low remnant cholesterol had a higher risk of bleeding events (odds ratio, 2.56 [95% CI, 1.12-6.67]) than those with moderate remnant cholesterol. The high remnant cholesterol group was not significantly associated with bleeding risk. Combined assessment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and remnant cholesterol further identified patients with the highest risk of bleeding events. CONCLUSIONS: Low remnant cholesterol levels were associated with bleeding events during the acute stage of ischemic stroke and TIA. The assessment of remnant cholesterol could inform the bleeding risk during hospitalization both for patients and physicians in clinical practice.

Association between Serum Lipids and Asthma in Adults-A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: Asthma is a syndrome found in both adults and children, characterized by airflow obstruction caused by the inflammation of the airways. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have found that lipid metabolism influences both the development and symptomatology of asthma. Lipid metabolism plays an important role both in the occurrence of exacerbations and in the reduction of lung inflammation. Our study aimed to identify any type of association between patients diagnosed with asthma and their serum lipids, including HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in adults. (2) Methods: To find articles for our review, we searched two platforms: PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 309 articles from two platforms were analyzed. Finally, 12 papers were selected from the initial pool of identified articles. (3) Results: The positive correlation between triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), and asthma has been demonstrated in several studies. Moreover, it appears that there is an association between biomarkers of type 2 inflammation and HDL and serum triglycerides in people with atopic status. Regarding the nutrition of asthmatic patients, the greatest impact on the development of the disease seems to be the consumption of fruit and vegetables. Several studies show that a predominantly vegan diet is associated with better control of the disease and a decrease in the number of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (4) Conclusions: Studies show a positive correlation between total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol levels and asthma and a negative correlation between HDL-cholesterol and asthma. Increased cholesterol values would lead to the stimulation of pro-inflammatory processes and the secretion of cytokines involved in these processes. The most successful diets for asthma patients seem to be those in which the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and high-fiber foods is increased because all of these food groups are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals.

Bidirectional causality between the levels of blood lipids and endometriosis: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies have found a correlation between the levels of blood lipids and the development and progression of endometriosis (EM). However, the causality and direction of this correlation is unclear. This study aimed to examine the bidirectional connection between lipid profiles and the risk of EM using publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. METHODS: Eligible exposure variables such as levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were selected using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis method following a series of quality control procedures. Data on EM were obtained from the publicly available Finnish database of European patients. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods were used to analyze the causal relationship between lipid exposure and EM, exclude confounders, perform sensitivity analyses, and assess the stability of the results. Reverse MR analyses were performed with EM as exposure and lipid results as study outcomes. RESULTS: IVW analysis results identified HDL as a protective factor for EM, while TG was shown to be a risk factor for EM. Subgroup analyses based on the site of the EM lesion identified HDL as a protective factor for EM of the uterus, while TG was identified a risk factor for the EM of the fallopian tube, ovary, and pelvic peritoneum. Reverse analysis did not reveal any effect of EM on the levels of lipids. CONCLUSION: Blood lipids, such as HDL and TG, may play an important role in the development and progression of EM. However, EM does not lead to dyslipidemia.

Non-O blood types are associated with a greater risk of large artery atherosclerosis stroke and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Previous research on ABO blood types and stroke has been controversial, predominantly suggesting heightened risk of stroke in non-O blood types. Nonetheless, investigations into the correlation and underlying mechanisms between ABO blood groups and stroke subtypes, especially within Chinese cohorts, remain limited. METHODS: The ABO blood types of 9,542 ischaemic stroke (IS) patients were inferred using two ABO gene loci (c.261G > del; c.802G > A). The healthy population was derived from the 1000 Genomes Project. Patients were classified by the causative classification system (CCS). Volcano plot and gene ontology (GO) analysis were employed to explore protein differential expression among blood types. Additionally, HT29 and SW480 cell lines with downregulated ABO expression were generated to evaluate its impact on cholesterol uptake and efflux. RESULTS: A greater proportion of stroke patients had non-O blood types (70.46%) than did healthy individuals (61.54%). Notable differences in blood type distributions were observed among stroke subtypes, with non-O blood type patients mainly classified as having large artery atherosclerosis (LAA). Clinical baseline characteristics, such as the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time, varied significantly among blood types. A volcano plot revealed 17 upregulated and 42 downregulated proteins in the O blood type. GO term analysis indicated that downregulated proteins were primarily associated with lipid metabolism pathways. In vitro experiments revealed that reducing ABO gene expression decreased cholesterol uptake and increased cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that the non-O blood type increased the risk of LAA stroke through cholesterol metabolism.

A significant presence in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Remnant cholesterol: A review.

The current first-line treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) involves the reduction of a patient's low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels through the use of lipid-lowering drugs. However, even when other risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes are effectively managed, there remains a residual cardiovascular risk in these patients despite achieving target LDL-C levels with statins and new lipid-lowering medications. This risk was previously believed to be associated with lipid components other than LDL, such as triglycerides. However, recent studies have unveiled the crucial role of remnant cholesterol (RC) in atherosclerosis, not just triglycerides. The metabolized product of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins is referred to as triglyceride-rich remnant lipoprotein particles, and its cholesterol component is known as RC. Numerous pieces of evidence from epidemiological investigations and genetic studies demonstrate that RC plays a significant role in predicting the incidence of ASCVD. As a novel marker for atherosclerosis prediction, when LDL-C is appropriately controlled, RC should be prioritized for attention and intervention among individuals at high risk of ASCVD. Therefore, reducing RC levels through the use of various lipid-lowering drugs may yield long-term benefits. Nevertheless, routine testing of RC in clinical practice remains controversial, necessitating further research on the treatment of elevated RC levels to evaluate the advantages of reducing RC in patients at high risk of ASCVD.

Comparative efficacy of tocotrienol and tocopherol (vitamin E) on atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in humans.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of tocotrienol and tocopherol in the management of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: The systematic review was conducted in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses guidelines 2020, and comprised literature search from 2002 till January 5, 2023, on PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Google, Wiley-Inter Science Library, Medline, SpringerLink, Taylor and Francis databases. The search was conducted using key words, such as: "tocopherol", "tocotrienol", "vitamin E", "dyslipidaemia", "cardiovascular diseases" "cardioprotective", "hypercholesterolemia" and "atherosclerosis" along with Boolean operators. Human clinical studies regarding the use of tocotrienol or tocopherol or comparison of its efficacy in patients having atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia leading to cardiovascular diseases, and studies including details of efficacy of any of the four alpha, beta, gamma, delta isomers of tocopherol or tocotrienol were included. Pertinent data from the eligible studies was retrieved and reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 516 articles identified, 26 (5%) articles met eligibility criteria. Of them 5(19%) were subjected to detailed analysis. Tocotrienol showed significant anti-oxidant efficacy at (250 mg/d) by decreasing cholesterol and serum inflammatory biomarkers i.e C-reactive protein (40%), malondialdehyde (34%), gamma-glutamyl transferase (22%) (p<0.001). Total anti-oxidant status (TAS) levels raised 22% (p<0.001) and Inflammatory cytokines i.e resistin, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-12, Interferon-gamma were decreased 15-17% (p<0.05-0.01) respectively by tocotrienol. Several microRNA (miRNA-133a, miRNA-223, miRNA-214, miRNA-155) were modulated by δ-tocotrienol. Whereas, tocopherol showed heterogeneity of results by either decreasing or increasing the risk of mortality in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: Compared to tocopherol, tocotrienol was found to be safe and potential candidate for improving cardiovascular health in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

The Predictive Value of Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Non- High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (Non-HDL-C), Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and Lipoprotein Combine Index for Stroke Incidence and Prognosis in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients.

Purpose: The serum lipid level is strongly associated with atherosclerosis. However, research on the relationship between lipid-derived indices and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) occurrence in hemodialysis populations is limited. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of lipid-derived indices, including atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Non- high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C), Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and lipoprotein combine index (LCI) in clinical practice for the occurrence and prognosis of AIS in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A total of 451 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were screened and 350 were enrolled in this study. The lipid parameters exhibit a progressive increase across the tertiles, with values rising from Q1 through Q3. Enrolled patients were divided into three groups (Q1, Q2, and Q3) based on tertiles of AIP, Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and LCI values. Kaplan-Meier curves were performed to investigate the association between the AIP, Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LCI and AIS-free survival in hemodialysis patients. Chi-square analysis was used to explore the association between the AIP, Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LCI and AIS outcomes in hemodialysis patients. AIS outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the AIS-free survival rates were significantly higher in the Q1 group compared to Q2 and Q3 groups for AIP, Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and LCI. Log rank tests showed statistically significant differences between the Q1 group and the Q2 and Q3 groups (p < 0.05 for all). The proportion of patients with a good outcome mRS was higher in the Q1 group compared to the Q2-Q3 groups (AIP: 0.818 vs 0.792; Non- HDL-C: 0.866 vs 0.767; Non- HDL-C/HDL-C: 0.867 vs 0.767; LCI: 0.938 vs 0.750). Conclusion: The four lipid-derived parameters are effective predictors of AIS in patients undergoing hemodialysis, and AIP has a strongest correlation with the risk of AIS. Hemodialysis patients with elevated levels of the four lipid-derived indices had a higher incidence of AIS and poorer functional outcomes compared to those with lower levels. Our conclusions may require confirmation by further research in the future.

Vitamin D and Lipid Profiles in Infertile PCOS and Non-PCOS Females.

OBJECTIVE: This research is aimed to explore the relationship between vitamin D and lipid profile in females with PCOS and non-PCOS infertile female subjects. STUDY DESIGN: Comparative descriptive study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan and Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan in collaboration with the Australian Concept Infertility Medical Centre, from February 2021 to March 2023. METHODOLOGY: A total of 180 infertile women with 120 PCOS and 60 non-PCOS were enrolled. The lipid profile and BMI of the patients were acquired from desk records, and vitamin D was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Participants were classified according to their vitamin D levels as sufficient (30-100 ng/ml), insufficient (20-29 ng/ml), or deficient (below 20 ng/ml). Median, interquartile range, frequency, and percentages were described. Statistical significance was calculated by Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests with p-values of 0.05. RESULTS: Females with PCOS had significantly low vitamin D (p <0.001). Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels were significantly increased, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) was less in comparison to the non-PCOS group (p <0.001). A significant increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins was found in the vitamin D deficient subgroup compared with insufficient or sufficient groups (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study provides a link between females with PCOS and abnormalities in lipid profile. Decreased vitamin D levels in females with PCOS were linked with an abnormal lipid profile characterised by rise in cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins which may lead to metabolic abnormalities. KEY WORDS: Vitamin D, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Metabolic syndrome, Body mass index, Lipid profile.

Elevated remnant cholesterol was associated with the increased metabolically unhealthy obesity risk in Chinese youth.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Metabolically unhealthy obesity is characterized by the presence of cardiovascular metabolic risks such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Research has shown a correlation between remnant cholesterol (RC) concentrations and abdominal obesity in children. However, the effect of RC concentration on metabolically unhealthy obesity remains unclear. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This study included 3114 Chinese adolescents who received health check-ups. We used logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic analysis to evaluate the correlation between RC concentration and metabolically unhealthy obesity in a cross-sectional design. RESULTS: After controlling for possible confounding variables, we found that individuals in the top and fourth quintiles of RC concentrations had a significantly higher likelihood of developing metabolically unhealthy obesity compared to those in the bottom quintile (ORs, 4.810 and 1.836; 95% CIs, 3.209-7.212 and 1.167-2.890, respectively). The risk of metabolically unhealthy obesity tended to increase with RC concentration (ptrend<0.001). In addition, boys showed positive associations between RC concentration and both BMI (r = 0.305, p<0.001) and waist circumference (r = 0.306, p<0.001). According to the analysis, the predictive accuracy of metabolically unhealthy obesity was 0.736 (95% CI, 0.690-0.781) for boys and 0.630 (95% CI, 0.573-0.687) for girls. The ideal prediction threshold was 0.66 for boys and 0.59 for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that elevated RC concen-tration is linked to a higher likelihood of developing metabolically unhealthy obesity in young individuals, regardless of other known risk factors.

Inclusion of cocoa bran in the diet of lambs and its effect on reproductive parameters.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of cocoa bran in the diet of lambs and its effect on reproductive parameters. For this, 40 lambs were randomly assigned to four treatments, and including 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels of cocoa bran in the concentrate. Blood was collected to measure cholesterol and testosterone and semen for physical and morphological evaluation; testicular biometry and morphometry were also evaluated. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in body weight and tubulosomatic index between the lambs in the control treatment and those in the 30% cocoa bran treatment. There was no difference in testicular biometry, physical and morphological parameters of fresh semen, testicular morphometry, and volumetric ratio between lambs in all the treatments (P < 0.05). In addition, there was no difference in plasma cholesterol or testosterone concentration (P > 0.05). Thus, it is possible to include up to 30% of cocoa bran in diet without affecting the reproductive parameters of lambs.

Association of remnant cholesterol with renal function and its progression in patients with type 2 diabetes related chronic kidney disease.

Background: The association of Remnant cholesterol (RC) with renal function and its progression in patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) related chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. Methods: 8,678 patients with T2DM-related CKD were included in cross-sectional analysis, and 6,165 patients were enrolled in longitudinal analysis and followed up for a median of 36.0 months. The outcomes were renal composite endpoint event and rapid progression of renal function. Results: 24.54% developed a renal composite endpoint event, and 27.64% rapid progression of renal function. RC levels above 0.56 mmol/L independently increased the risk of both renal composite endpoint (HR, 1.17; 95% CIs, 1.03-1.33) and rapid progression of renal function (OR, 1.17; 95% CIs, 1.01- 1.37). TG levels above 1.65 mmol/L only increased the risk of renal composite endpoint (HR, 1.16; 95% CIs, 1.02 -1.32). TC levels above 5.21 mmol/L increased the risk of renal composite endpoint (HR, 1.14; 95% CIs, 1.01-1.29) only in patients with proteinuria≥0.5g/d. Conversely, HDL-C levels below 1.20 mmol/L or above 1.84 mmol/L increased the risk of rapid progression of renal function (OR, 0.88; 95% CIs, 0.70 -0.99) in patients with proteinuria<0.5g/d (all P<0.05). Conclusion: In patients with T2DM-related CKD, RC was an independent risk factor for progression of renal function, and maintaining it below 0.56 mmol/L could reduce the risk of renal function progression.

Association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and kidney stone: evidence from NHANES 2007-2018.

BACKGROUND: As an innovative lipid parameter, NHHR (the ratio of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) can serve as a valuable tool for assessing cardiovascular disease risk. Nevertheless, the relationship between NHHR and the risk of kidney stones remains unexplored. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey utilized data from the National Health and Population Survey (NHANES) database in the United States spanning from 2007 to 2018. Distinct statistical analyses were applied, including weighted logistic regression, stratified and interaction analysis and restricted cubic spline curve (RCS) models, to examine the correlation between NHHR and the incidence of kidney stones. RESULTS: This analysis encompassed 24,664 participants, with 9.63% reporting incidents of kidney stones. Following multivariate logistic regression and comprehensive adjustments, participants in NHHR quartile 4 (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.12, 1.60, P < 0.01) exhibited a significantly increased risk of kidney stones compared to those in NHHR quartile 1 (Q1). The RCS result further illustrated a non-linear correlation between NHHR and the incidence of kidney stones. The result of subgroup analysis manifested that participants without diabetes had a higher risk of kidney stones when measured high NHHR levels compared those with diabetes (p for interaction < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Elevated NHHR levels were found to be associated with an increased risk of kidney stones. Based on these findings, NHHR appears to be a promising predictive indicator for the occurrence of kidney stones.

Association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and sarcopenia in individuals with cancer: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer and sarcopenia are both closely related to lipid metabolism, but the relationship between lipid metabolism and patients with cancer and sarcopenia has not been thoroughly studied. The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) is a reliable measure of lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible relationship between the NHHR and sarcopenia in individuals with cancer. METHODS: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database for individuals with cancer, with and without sarcopenia was analyzed using weighted multiple regression equations, weighted regression cubic spline (RCS) analysis, and weighted subgroup analysis. RESULTS: In total, 1,602 individuals with cancer were included, of whom 17.1% had sarcopenia. In Adjusted Model 2, the occurrence of sarcopenia was found to be significantly associated with a higher NHHR in cancer (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.01-1.39, P = 0.036). Individuals with high a NHHR had a 2.09-fold higher risk of developing sarcopenia in comparison to those with a low NHHR (95% CI:1.12-3.92, P = 0.022). RCS analysis further identified a U-shaped non-linear relationship between females with cancer and the muscle index. Subgroup analysis indicated that sex was a significant stratifying factor, whereas age, race, marital status, smoking and drinking habits, and history of cardiovascular disease, arthritis, hypertension, and diabetes had no significant impact. CONCLUSION: From the perspective of lipid metabolism, the NHHR may serve as an indicator for monitoring and preventing the occurrence of sarcopenia in individuals with cancer, particularly for females with cancer who appear to have greater sensitivity.