A systematic review of the implementation of healthy food retail interventions in settings with multiple food retail outlets (complex food retail settings).

Complex food retail settings, where multiple food retail outlets operate in close proximity are common. Despite their ubiquity, there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding healthy food retail interventions implemented within these settings. Furthermore, understanding the factors affecting the implementation of interventions in these settings remains limited. This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and describe complex food retail settings where interventions were implemented to promote the healthiness of foods purchased, (2) synthesise the evidence on the effectiveness of the interventions implemented, and (3) identify enablers and barriers to the implementation of the interventions in these settings. Four databases, namely, MEDLINE Complete, Global Health, Embase, and Business Source Complete, were searched until December 2022. The Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool was used. Six studies reported on the implementation of interventions promoting healthy food purchases across multiple food retail outlets. Three studies each described two complex food retail settings: university and hospital. Interventions including promotion and promotion plus price improved the healthiness of foods purchased. There was limited description of institutional food policies, conceptual frameworks, formative research, or evaluation outcomes to inform the implementation of interventions in these settings. No study analysed enablers and barriers to the implementation of interventions. No study identified their settings as complex food retail settings. There is limited evidence describing complex food retail settings, their impact on intervention effectiveness, and associated enablers or barriers. Investigating factors influencing the effectiveness of interventions implemented within complex food retail settings is critical to support their implementation at scale.

The relationship between price and nutritional balance for young adults in the menus of Japanese restaurants.

Background: Eating habits are a contributing factor to obesity. Higher-priced menu items have better nutritional quality/balance, as the relationship between the price of food per serving and nutritional quality/balance has been reported. However, previous studies on the nutritional content of restaurant menu items did not focus on the relationship between the nutritional balance of menu items and prices. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate this relationship. Methods: The nutritional balance score (NBS) was defined and calculated according to each nutritional criterion of men and women aged 18-29 years, covering more than 2,000 menu items in 26 Japanese restaurant chains. Furthermore, NBS distribution by gender and restaurant brand, and the relationship between the menu item's NBS and price were assessed. Results: The results showed that the average NBS of the analyzed menu items differed between the criteria for men and women, with the menu items assessed based on men's criterion being more nutritionally balanced on average. The compositions of the top 10 menu items differed between men and women, and most were set menus or rice bowl menus, which were offered by fast-food restaurants. The relationship between price and NBS in most fast-food and casual restaurants was expressed as a concave function. The maximum NBS based on the criteria for men and women were 64.9 and 64.1, with prices of 639.9 and 530.3 yen, respectively. Discussion: NBS score increased with price to a certain level before decreasing, suggesting that the price at which NBS was the highest differed between men and women. The results of this study could contribute to the development of a methodology for healthy eating out practices, with a focus on price.

The use of medicine retailers by people of Goma as an alternative healthcare provider: a risky but rational practice.

BACKGROUND: Medicine retailers, considered here as any person or setting dedicated to the sale of retail medicines, fill an important gap in terms of access to healthcare in areas where population are not covered by universal healthcare schemes. In Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, such retailers have proliferated and are consulted as the first port of call by more than half of the population, playing therefore a key role as an alternative source of healthcare for any type of health condition. The objective of this study is to understand people of Goma's rationale for using the medicine retailers over the formal healthcare system. METHODS: Twelve focus groups, gathering 147 participants in total, were conducted in four worship communities, covering the most common faiths practised in Goma. Three focus group discussions were organised per worship community: one with fathers, another with mothers, and another with chronic patients and/or highly vulnerable people. We used a qualitative and inductive approach to analyse the participants' practices and perceptions in terms of their use of medicine retailers. We identified central categories explaining the reasons for using medicine retailers and the choice of a specific medicine retailer. RESULTS: When facing a health problem, most of the participants in our study tended to first buy medicines at medicine retailers because it was cheap, quick, and easily accessible. Most were aware of the risks and limitations of such practices and had developed a number of mitigation strategies in order to reduce those risks: evaluating medicine retailers' expertise; developing a "medical expertise"; and seeking proactively out empathetic care. CONCLUSIONS: People in Goma make a conscious and rational choice when resorting to medicine retailers as it is seen as the least-worst option in a complex situation. In order to reduce the risks, they have developed a number of mitigation strategies. Future research should focus on the organisation of medicine retailers as a professional group to improve their supervision in a sensitive context such as Goma and on modalities to articulate them to the formal health system to guarantee a financial accessibility to healthcare for all.

Stores Licensing Scheme in remote Indigenous communities of the Northern Territory, Australia: a meta-evaluation.

A form of food retail regulation called the Stores Licensing Scheme was introduced by the Australian Government in 2007-2022 to ensure food security in remote Indigenous communities of the Northern Territory. We examined evaluations of this Scheme implemented under the Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Stronger Futures Northern Territory Acts. Grey literature search identified nine primary source evaluations. Reported outcomes were extracted and thematic analysis utilised to determine barriers and enablers. Outcomes included improved availability and quality of groceries, financial structures, and retail practices, albeit not consistently reported. Governance and food cost were perceived barriers. Future policy aimed to improve food security through community stores should consider food cost subsidy, measures to incentivise all stores to improve standards, and improved governance arrangements enabling self-determination for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Store Directors.

Impact on beer sales of removing the pint serving size: An A-B-A reversal trial in pubs, bars, and restaurants in England.

BACKGROUND: Smaller serving sizes could contribute towards reducing alcohol consumption across populations and thereby decrease the risk of 7 cancers and other diseases. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to assess the impact on beer, lager, and cider sales (hereafter, for ease, referred to just as "beer sales") of removing the largest draught serving size (1 imperial pint) from the options available in licensed premises under real-word conditions. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The study was conducted between February and May 2023, in 13 licensed premises in England. It used an A-B-A reversal design, set over 3 consecutive 4-weekly periods with "A" representing the nonintervention periods during which standard serving sizes were served, and "B" representing the intervention period when the largest serving size of draught beer (1 imperial pint (568 ml)) was removed from existing ranges so that the largest size available was two-thirds of a pint. Where two-third pints were not served, the intervention included introducing this serving size in conjunction with removing the pint serving size. The primary outcome was the mean daily volume of all beer sold, including draught, bottles, and cans (in ml), extracted from electronic sales data. Secondary outcomes were mean daily volume of wine sold (ml) and daily revenue (£). Thirteen premises completed the study, 12 of which did so per protocol and were included in the primary analysis. After adjusting for prespecified covariates, the intervention resulted in a mean daily change of -2,769 ml (95% CI [-4,188, -1,578] p < 0.001) or -9.7% (95% CI [-13.5%, -6.1%] in beer sold. The daily volume of wine sold increased during the intervention period by 232 ml (95% CI [13, 487], p = 0.035) or 7.2% (95% CI [0.4%, 14.5%]). Daily revenues decreased by 5.0% (95% CI [9.6%, -0.3%], p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Removing the largest serving size (the imperial pint) for draught beer reduced the volume of beer sold. Given the potential of this intervention to reduce alcohol consumption, it merits consideration in alcohol control policies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN.com ISRCTN18365249.

How does the Chinese digital transformation of enterprises affect the auditor switch?

The digital transformation of enterprises has brought great changes to the audit service demand of enterprises and the audit service supply of auditors. Therefore, there is a pressing need to study the digital transformation of enterprises and its impact on auditor switch. This paper aims to explore the influence of enterprise digital transformation on auditor switch and its potential implications for improving auditor efficiency. Using Python's machine learning tools and text analysis methods, This paper measure the digital transformation of Chinese listed companies and study the impact of digital transformation on the frequency of auditors witches. Our findings suggest that companies that have undergone digital transformation have reduced the frequency of changing auditors by alleviating information asymmetry, enhancing the effectiveness of companies' internal controls and increasing audit fees. This unique measurement mode of digital transformation provides new evidence for the relationship between the audit service demand of enterprises and the audit service supply of auditors under the digital transformation environment. The research can assist businesses in understanding how digital transformation affects auditing professionally and in improving their audit processes accordingly.

[Twenty years since the publication of medication price regulation in Brazil: time to update?] / Vinte anos da publicação da regulamentação de preços de medicamentos no Brasil: momento de atualizar?

Criteria for setting medication prices in Brazil are set forth in CMED Resolution n. 2/2004 of the (Medicines Market Regulation Chamber). The stipulated prices influence the private and public markets, which makes it challenging to review pricing policies due to the need to harmonize social and economic interests. A proposal for reviewing this Resolution was made available through the SEAE Public Consultation n. 2/2021 of the Competition and Competitiveness Advocacy Secretariat/Brazilian Ministry of Economy; however, so far without publication of the consolidated results. Recent recommendations from the World Health Organization regarding the adoption of different thresholds for setting medication prices are adopted in this Resolution, although it was published 20 years ago. To interpret and describe the alignment, possible advances and setbacks between the legal texts related to medication price regulation, we conducted an analytical-descriptive and exploratory documentary research. As a result, the list of reference countries for international price verification and the thresholds for internal and external price referencing were maintained. The normative omissions of the Resolution remain in the Public Consultation, such as the absence of criteria for pricing radiopharmaceuticals, advanced therapies and medication without international and comparator prices in the Brazilian market, to revise prices and transpose provisional to definitive prices. A critical point was the creation of a 35% bonus above the stipulated price for medication that present additional clinical benefit without, however, defining clear contours as to the acceptable scientific evidence to prove such benefit. In short, few advances were noticed in the Public Consultation.

Os critérios para definir os preços de medicamentos no Brasil estão previstos na Resolução CMED nº 2/2004 da Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos. Os preços estipulados influenciam o mercado privado e público, o que torna desafiador a revisão de políticas de preços devido a necessidade de harmonizar interesses sociais e econômicos. Uma proposta de revisão dessa Resolução foi disponibilizada por meio da Consulta Pública SEAE nº 2/2021 da Secretaria de Advocacia da Concorrência e Competitividade/Ministério da Economia, porém, até o momento sem publicação dos resultados consolidados até o momento. Recomendações recentes da Organização Mundial da Saúde em relação à adoção de diferentes limiares para definição de preços de medicamentos são adotadas nessa Resolução, embora essa tenha sido publicada há 20 anos. Com o objetivo de interpretar e descrever o alinhamento e os possíveis avanços e retrocessos nos textos legais relacionados à regulação de preços de medicamentos, foi utilizado o método da pesquisa documental analítica-descritiva, de cunho exploratório. Como resultado, foram mantidas a lista de países referência para conferência de preço internacional e os limiares de referenciamento interno e externo de preços. As omissões normativas da Resolução permanecem na Consulta Pública, como a ausência de critérios para precificar radiofármacos, terapias avançadas e medicamentos sem preço internacional, e sem comparadores no mercado brasileiro para revisar preços e transpor preço provisório para definitivo. Um ponto crítico foi a criação de bônus de 35% acima do preço estipulado para medicamentos que apresentem benefício clínico adicional sem, contudo, definir contornos claros quanto às evidências científicas aceitáveis para a comprovação desse benefício. Em suma, poucos avanços foram percebidos na Consulta Pública.

Los criterios para definir los precios de los medicamentos en Brasil están establecidos en la Resolución CMED nº 2/2004 de la Cámara de Regulación del Mercado de Medicamentos. Los precios estipulados influyen en el mercado público y privado, lo que dificulta la revisión de las políticas de precios debido a la necesidad de armonizar los intereses sociales y económicos. Una propuesta para revisar esta Resolución se puso a disposición mediante la Consulta Pública SEAE nº 2/2021 de la Secretaría de Competencia y Promoción de la Competitividad/Ministerio de Economía, sin embargo, hasta el momento no se han publicado los resultados consolidados. En esta Resolución se adoptan recomendaciones recientes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre la adopción de diferentes umbrales para fijar los precios de los medicamentos, aunque fue publicada hace 20 años. Con el objetivo de interpretar y describir el alineamiento, posibles avances y retrocesos, entre los textos legales relacionados con la regulación de precios de medicamentos, se utilizó el método de investigación documental analítica-descriptiva, de carácter exploratorio. Como resultado, se mantuvieron la lista de países de referencia para la verificación de precio internacional y los umbrales para la referenciación interna y externa de precios. Quedan en Consulta Pública las omisiones normativas de la Resolución, como la ausencia de criterios de fijación de precios de radiofármacos, terapias avanzadas y medicamentos sin precio internacional y comparadores en el mercado brasileño, para revisar precios y transponer el precio provisional al definitivo. Un punto crítico fue la creación de una bonificación del 35% sobre el precio estipulado para los medicamentos que presenten un beneficio clínico adicional sin definir, sin embargo, contornos claros sobre las evidencias científicas aceptables para demostrar dicho beneficio. En definitiva, se percibieron pocos avances en la Consulta Pública.

Digital transformation and corporate tax avoidance: An analysis based on multiple perspectives and mechanisms.

Promoting the seamless integration of the digital economy with the real economy, mitigating the adverse impacts of widespread corporate tax avoidance, and optimizing tax governance are critical imperatives in the era of digital economy. This study examines all A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2022 as research samples. It utilizes multiple perspectives including signal theory, information asymmetry theory, and the T-O-E (Technology-Organisation-Environment) framework to investigate the primary impacts of digital transformation on corporate tax avoidance, along with the intermediate mechanisms and foundational conditions that influence its effectiveness. After conducting both theoretical and empirical analyses, this paper presents the following conclusions. (1) The implementation of digital transformation significantly reduces corporate tax avoidance, a conclusion supported by rigorous robustness tests. Moreover, digital transformation enhances corporate productivity through the suppression of tax avoidance. (2) Digital transformation diminishes corporate tax avoidance through enhanced innovation and efficiency in resource allocation (technology level), improved quality of internal controls (organization level), and decreased industry competition (environment level). (3) The impact of digital transformation in reducing tax avoidance is significantly greater for enterprises in their growth phase, experiencing lower financing constraints, particularly those situated in the central and western regions. (4) Lower business risk is essential for maximizing the effectiveness of digital transformation and reducing corporate tax avoidance. This is crucial for governments seeking to improve tax administration, guide market and regional development, and enhance the impact of corporate digital transformation on mitigating tax avoidance.

Buying inferior to selling: Explore the impact of transaction direction on the effects of related-party transactions.

Throughout, the effects of related-party transactions (RPTs) have been a hot topic in financial markets and corporate governance research. This paper analyzes the theoretical foundation of the effects of RPTs and constructs a new indicator, the quasi-profit margin, to assess the effects of RPTs by studying their impact on the quasi-profit margin. Based on the information asymmetry between transaction parties and the information screening theory, the paper proposes the buying inferior to selling theory, systematically explaining the impact of transaction direction on the effects of RPTs. Subsequently, using panel data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2016 to 2021, the paper constructs fixed-effects models and conducts empirical studies from both exogenous and endogenous perspectives, employing estimation methods such as high dimensional fixed effects method, two-stage least squares method, and three-stage least squares method. The research indicates that RPTs of Chinese A-share listed companies generally exhibit a tunneling effect, and the transaction direction significantly affects the effects of RPTs. The higher the proportion of RPTs conducted as sellers to the total RPTs, the smaller the overall tunneling effect of the RPTs. This study has implications for reducing the tunneling risk of RPTs and improving corporate governance for listed companies, as well as providing some references for financial regulatory authorities to identify and rectify illegal RPTs.

Willingness to pay for sheep traits and their heterogeneous effects on prices: Evidence from primary livestock markets in Ethiopia.

We test the hypothesis whether levels of key traits of sheep heterogeneously affect market prices of sheep in a rural setting. Feasible generalized least squares and (un)conditional quantile regression estimations were made on a dataset of 1153 sheep transactions in two primary small ruminant markets in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. The empirical results show that animal traits affect the observed prices of sheep differently, but only partly explain the sheep price differences. Our results also reveal that in addition to animal traits, the type of buyers and seasonality of sheep marketing cause heterogeneity in the observed prices. These findings imply that targeting the animal traits demanded by the market and access to price information that enables farmers to respond to the seasonal changes in livestock markets are essential to increase the income of sheep keepers.

Academic background of senior executives and enterprise digital transformation.

With the application of digital technology and its promotion of business model innovation, digital transformation has increasingly become an important strategic issue for enterprises. In this context, based on imprinting theory, we select all A-share listed enterprises in China from 2008 to 2022 as samples and study the relationship between the academic background of senior executives and the digital transformation of enterprises. The study results show that senior executives with academic backgrounds can significantly promote the digital transformation of enterprises. A test of the action mechanism shows that the academic background of senior executives plays a role in the promotion of the digital transformation of enterprises by improving enterprise innovation, and the degree of industry competition moderates the relationship between the academic background of senior executives and the digital transformation of enterprises. This paper applies imprint theory to explore the relationship between the academic background of executives and corporate digital transformation, expanding the research on how imprints affect corporate decision-making and the scope of imprint theory research, while also providing evidence to support government departments in formulating policies to encourage talented individuals with academic backgrounds to participate in corporate management.

Why is welfare pork so expensive?

Specialty (niche) pork products may provide societal benefits in terms of e.g. higher animal welfare, reduced use of antibiotics, and lower environmental impact. At the same time, they offer a business opportunity for farmers, slaughterhouses, meat processers, and retailers, who can capitalise on consumer segments willing to pay a price premium. However, the added cost of delivering niche products and a limited willingness among consumers to pay the higher prices may negate the benefits of this approach, particularly as niche products typically have high substitutability with standard pork. One way to ensure the success of the niche pork products is to drive down costs across all parts of the value chain. Inspired by data from the Danish pork market, the present study seeks to identify cost drivers in the value chain. We found two promising approaches to reduce the costs associated with niche products. First, the pricing strategy can be altered so that mainstream pork is replaced entirely by specialty pork products in the chiller section, thereby making niche the new standard. Second, with improved carcass balance, the price premium paid to farmers can be assigned to a larger proportion of the pig, thus enabling the retail price to be lowered. For example, we found that improved carcass balance had the potential to halve the necessary retail price increase, regardless of the pricing strategy employed. The conclusion is that it is possible to drive down costs across all parts of the value chain to enable further production and profitable sale of welfare pork.

Rewiring cattle movements to limit infection spread.

Cattle tracing databases have become major resources for representing demographic processes of livestock and assessing potential risk of infections spreading by trade. The herds registered in these databases are nodes of a network of commercial movements, which can be altered to lower the risk of disease transmission. In this study, we develop an algorithm aimed at reducing the number of infected animals and herds, by rewiring specific movements responsible for trade flows from high- to low-prevalence herds. The algorithm is coupled with a generic computational model based on the French cattle movement tracing database (BDNI), and used to describe different scenarios for the spread of infection within and between herds from a recent outbreak (epidemic) or a five-year-old outbreak (endemic). Results show that rewiring successfully contains infections to a limited number of herds, especially if the outbreak is recent and the estimation of disease prevalence frequent, while the respective impact of the parameters of the algorithm depend on the infection parameters. Allowing any animal movement from high to low-prevalence herds reduces the effectiveness of the algorithm in epidemic settings, while frequent and fine-grained prevalence assessments improve the impact of the algorithm in endemic settings. Our approach focusing on a few commercial movements is expected to lead to substantial improvements in the control of a targeted disease, although changes in the network structure should be monitored for potential vulnerabilities to other diseases. This general algorithm could be applied to any network of controlled individual movements liable to spread disease.

Offense and defense between streamers and customers in live commerce marketing: Protection motivation and information overload.

While live commerce provides consumers with a new shopping experience, it also leads them to experience shopping failures and to develop a self-protection mechanism to prevent wrong purchases. To address this issue, merchants have attempted to explore new marketing methods for live commerce, giving rise to an offense and defense game between streamers and consumers. In this study, we sought to confirm the effectiveness of consumer protection mechanisms and the impact of streamers' information overload marketing strategy in live commerce. Accordingly, we constructed a hypothetical model based on protection motive theory and information overload theory. In addition, we analyzed the data from the simulated live streaming marketing on seven hundred people through partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results indicate that product utilitarian value uncertainty, consumers' experiential efficacy, and response costs, which are the main factors in the formation of consumer protection mechanisms, influence consumers' intention to stop their purchases. Streamers can circumvent consumer self-protection mechanisms through information overload marketing by reducing utilitarian value uncertainty and consumers' experiential efficacy and increasing consumers' response costs. However, consumers would be able to rebuild their self-protection mechanism through consumer resilience, which moderates the effects of information overload. This study's results provide important theoretical perspectives and new ideas for formulating marketing strategies for live commerce.

Relationship of Cryptocurrency Trading to Quality of Life, Sleep and Stress Levels in Academics.

BACKGROUND: The economic cost of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) is high and includes the cost of reduced BACKGROUND: Cryptocurrency trading has become popular with a large section of society, and the number of investors is increasing daily. It is critical to address the health impacts of cryptocurrency trading. Of particular importance is the issue of how such trading affects mental health. Research should be conducted on this topic, and where necessary, national governments should develop policies to combat these effects. AIMS: This study was conducted to examine the relationship of cryptocurrency trading to quality of life, sleep, and stress levels in academics. METHOD: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 437 academics working at a state university in Turkey. A Personal Information Form, the SF-12 Quality of Life Scale, the Scopa Sleep Scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale were used to collect data. These data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and G*Power 3.1 programs. RESULTS: The data obtained in this study were analyzed using SPSS program (SPSS-25). The effect size and r-effect size were calculated with Cohen's d value. It was found that the mean scores for the SF-12 Quality of Life Scale were statistically lower in academics who traded cryptocurrency than in those who did not. The results showed that the mean scores for the Scopa Sleep Scale and Perceived Stress Scale were statistically higher in academics who traded cryptocurrency than in those who did not (p<0.05). DISCUSSION: The academics who traded cryptocurrency had more negative health outcomes when compared to those who did not. Social awareness should be raised on the negative effects of cryptocurrency trading. A limitation of the study is that only data obtained from the statements of the participants were included in the study. The study may have some generalizability to other academics, but has less generalizability to populations other than academics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Cryptocurrency trading is a significant public health problem. Although cryptocurrency trading has been found to profoundly affect mental health (sleep, stress, and quality of life), the current policies that address these problems are generally inadequate in terms of implementing and sustaining mental healthcare systems. The limitations of these health policies prevent many individuals in society from receiving high quality services. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES: Health systems alone cannot solve the systemic problems that lead to the population's dependence of mental health services and institutions. In order to solve this basic problem, it may be necessary for governments to increase individuals' basic incomes and develop specific mental health policies for people engaged in cryptocurrency trading. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future studies should examine expert perspectives on mental health services in different contexts (e.g., behavioral addiction services), collect targeted feedback, and explore issues such as strategic planning and funding stability. Effective decisions should be made regarding the implementation and maintenance of treatment for behavioral addictions.

US trade policy and public health: heterogeneous effects from the North American Free Trade Agreement.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causal link between the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) unrestricted sugar trade agreement signed in 2008 between the USA and Mexico and the diabetes prevalence across all fifty US states. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental research design to investigate the causal effect of the NAFTA unrestricted sugar trade agreement on diabetes prevalence. Our study utilises a comprehensive panel dataset spanning from 2000 to 2016, comprising 1054 observations. To conduct our analysis, we applied both the difference-in-differences and event-study methodologies. SETTING: All the states in the USA. PARTICIPANTS: The fifty states in the USA. RESULTS: After the enactment of the NAFTA sugar trade agreement between the USA and Mexico in 2008, most states witnessed an increase in diabetes prevalence. The annual impacts displayed significant variation among states, with percentage increases spanning from 0·50 to 2·28 %. CONCLUSIONS: States with a higher percentage of their population living below the poverty line, a larger Black resident population and a lower proportion of high school graduates had more significant increases in diabetes prevalence attributed to the NAFTA sugar trade agreement.

Peer conformity and competition shape how business managers evaluate withdrawals from Russia amid the Ukraine War.

States have long used economic sanctions in response to violations of international law as a strategy to restore order. Increasingly, firms also reject doing business with violators. In response to the war in Ukraine, hundreds of multinational corporations voluntarily withdrew from Russia, even when policymakers were still debating the extent of sanctions. How did firm managers evaluate whether to withdraw from the Russian market? Using a survey experiment with Japanese firm managers conducted three months after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, we explore how peer effects-information on what other firms are doing in response to the crisis-influence support for withdrawal of business activity with Russia. Our findings show that information about withdrawal by other firms from a diverse set of countries promotes peer conformity that increases support. In contrast, information about ongoing business with Russia by Chinese firms fosters competition that reduces support. Market exposure moderates these reactions, although the concern about peer behavior does not appear to be driven by a reputation mechanism. Our research provides insight into how business actors perceive the strategic interplay of peer influence and market dynamics in the context of geopolitical conflicts.

The Commercial Determinants of Men's Health Promotion: A Case Study of Gambling, Nonnies, and Athleisurewear.

Although the social determinants of health have guided equity work with the tailoring of men's health promotion programs, the role of, and potential for, the commercial determinants of health in those interventions is rarely addressed and poorly understood. While four commercial products, tobacco, alcohol, ultra-processed food, and fossil fuels, account for more than a third of global deaths, there is a need to recognize that consumer goods industries can make both positive and negative contributions to health. This article begins much-needed discussions about what we might learn from, and strategically tap in the commercial sector to seed, scale, and sustain men's health promotion programs. Three case studies, online sports betting, beer and the rise of the nonny, and athleisurewear, are discussed. Connections between online sports betting and masculinities explain young men's disproportionate involvement and gambling addictions with recommendations to legislate an end to gambling advertisements and de-incentivize industry profiteering through penalties and higher taxes. Regarding beer and the rise of the nonny, brewers have innovated with non-alcoholic beer based on shifting consumption patterns and masculinities in their core market-men. The nonny reminds health promoters to know their end-user's values and behaviors to bolster program acceptability. Detailing Under Armour and Lululemon, two highly gendered but diversifying athleisurewear brands, the complexities of, and potential for, leveraging public health and industry collaborations are underscored. Taken together, the article findings suggest men's health promoters should rigorously explore tapping key commercial entities and tax revenues to advance the health of men and their communities.