Synthesis, Structure and Antibacterial Activity of Two Novel Coordination Polymers Based on N,N'-bis(4-carbozvlbenzvl)-4-aminotoluene and Heterocyclic Ligand against S. aureus.

As the use of antibiotics increases, the increasing resistance of bacteria is the main reason for the reduced efficiency of antibacterial drugs, making the research of new antibacterial materials become new hot spot. In this article, two novel coordination polymers (CPs), namely, [Cd2(L)2(bibp)2]n (1) and [Ni(L)(bib)]n (2), where H2L = N,N'-bis(4-carbozvlbenzvl)-4-aminotoluene, bibp = 4,4'-bis(imidazol-1-yl)biphenyl, and bib = 1,3-bis(1-imidazoly)benzene, have been synthesized under solvothermal and hydrothermal condition. Structural clarification was performed through infrared spectrum and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, while thermal analysis and XRD technology were used for the performance assessment of compounds 1 and 2. In addition, antibacterial performance experiments showed that compounds 1 and 2 have certain selectivity in their antibacterial properties and have good antibacterial properties against S. aureus. As the concentration of the compound increases, the inhibitory effect gradually strengthens, and when the concentration of the compound reaches 500 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL, the concentration of the S. aureus solution no longer increases and has been completely inhibited.

Applications of Pyrrole and Pyridine-based Heterocycles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

BACKGROUND: The escalation of cancer worldwide is one of the major causes of economy burden and loss of human resources. According to the American Cancer Society, there will be 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 projected cancer deaths in 2023 in the United States. It is projected that by 2040, the burden of global cancer is expected to rise to 29.5 million per year, causing a death toll of 16.4 million. The hemostasis regulation by cellular protein synthesis and their targeted degradation is required for normal cell growth. The imbalance in hemostasis causes unbridled growth in cells and results in cancer. The DNA of cells needs to be targeted by chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, but at the same time, their efficacy and toxicity also need to be considered for successful treatment. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to review the published work on pyrrole and pyridine, which have been prominent in the diagnosis and possess anticancer activity, to obtain some novel lead molecules of improved cancer therapeutic. METHODS: A literature search was carried out using different search engines, like Sci-finder, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, RSC etc., for small molecules based on pyrrole and pyridine helpful in diagnosis and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The research findings on the application of these compounds from 2018-2023 were reviewed on a variety of cell lines, such as breast cancer, liver cancer, epithelial cancer, etc. Results: In this review, the published small molecules, pyrrole and pyridine and their derivatives, which have roles in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, were discussed to provide some insight into the structural features responsible for diagnosis and treatment. The analogues with the chromeno-furo-pyridine skeleton showed the highest anticancer activity against breast cancer. The compound 5-amino-N-(1-(pyridin-4- yl)ethylidene)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbohydrazides was highly potent against HEPG2 cancer cell. Redaporfin is used for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer, cisplatin-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and pigmentation melanoma, and it is in clinical trials for phase II. These structural features present a high potential for designing novel anticancer agents for diagnosis and drug development. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the N- and C-substituted pyrrole and pyridine-based novel privileged small Nheterocyclic scaffolds are potential molecules used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review discusses the reports on the synthesis of such molecules during 2018-2023. The review mainly discusses various diagnostic techniques for cancer, which employ pyrrole and pyridine heterocyclic scaffolds. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of N- and C-substituted pyrrole and pyridine-based scaffolds has been described, which works against different cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7, A549, A2780, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, K562, HT- 29, Caco-2 cells, Hela, Huh-7, WSU-DLCL2, HCT-116, HBL-100, H23, HCC827, SKOV3, etc. This review will help the researchers to obtain a critical insight into the structural aspects of pyrrole and pyridine-based scaffolds useful in cancer diagnosis as well as treatment and design pathways to develop novel drugs in the future.

A Comprehensive Update of Anti-COVID-19 Activity of Heterocyclic Compounds.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the most considerable health problems across the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the major causative agent of COVID-19. The severe symptoms of this deadly disease include shortness of breath, fever, cough, loss of smell, and a broad spectrum of other health issues such as diarrhea, pneumonia, bronchitis, septic shock, and multiple organ failure. Currently, there are no medications available for coronavirus patients, except symptom-relieving drugs. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 requires the development of effective drugs and specific treatments. Heterocycles are important constituents of more than 85% of the physiologically active pharmaceutical drugs on the market now. Several FDA-approved drugs have been reported including molnupiravir, remdesivir, ritonavir, oseltamivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine for the cure of COVID-19. In this study, we discuss potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 heterocyclic compounds that have been synthesized over the past few years. These compounds included; indole, piperidine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, piperazine, quinazoline, oxazole, quinoline, isoxazole, thiazole, quinoxaline, pyrazole, azafluorene, imidazole, thiadiazole, triazole, coumarin, chromene, and benzodioxole. Both in vitro and in silico studies were performed to determine the potential of these heterocyclic compounds in the fight against various SARS-CoV-2 proteins.

Tetrazole derivatives in the management of neurological disorders: Recent advances on synthesis and pharmacological aspects.

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of a large number of mortalities and morbidities. Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds have been pivotal in exhibiting wide array of therapeutic applications. Among them, tetrazole is a ubiquitous class of organic heterocyclic compounds that have attracted much attention because of its unique structural and chemical properties, and a wide range of pharmacological activities comprising anti-convulsant effect, antibiotic, anti-allergic, anti-hypertensive to name a few. Owing to significant chemical and biological properties, the present review aimed at highlighting the recent advances in tetrazole derivatives with special emphasis on their role in the management of neurological diseases. Besides, in-depth structure-activity relationships, molecular docking studies, and associated modes of action of tetrazole derivatives evident in in vitro, in vivo preclinical, and clinical studies have been discussed.

A review on potential heterocycles for the treatment of glioblastoma targeting receptor tyrosine kinases.

Glioblastoma, the most aggressive form of brain tumor, poses significant challenges in terms of treatment success and patient survival. Current treatment modalities for glioblastoma include radiation therapy, surgical intervention, and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the median survival rate remains dishearteningly low at 12-15 months. One of the major obstacles in treating glioblastoma is the recurrence of tumors, making chemotherapy the primary approach for secondary glioma patients. However, the efficacy of drugs is hampered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier and multidrug resistance mechanisms. Consequently, considerable research efforts have been directed toward understanding the underlying signaling pathways involved in glioma and developing targeted drugs. To tackle glioma, numerous studies have examined kinase-downstream signaling pathways such as RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MPAK. By targeting specific signaling pathways, heterocyclic compounds have demonstrated efficacy in glioma therapeutics. Additionally, key kinases including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine kinase, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (CTK), receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and lipid kinase (LK) have been considered for investigation. These pathways play crucial roles in drug effectiveness in glioma treatment. Heterocyclic compounds, encompassing pyrimidine, thiazole, quinazoline, imidazole, indole, acridone, triazine, and other derivatives, have shown promising results in targeting these pathways. As part of this review, we propose exploring novel structures with low toxicity and high potency for glioma treatment. The development of these compounds should strive to overcome multidrug resistance mechanisms and efficiently penetrate the blood-brain barrier. By optimizing the chemical properties and designing compounds with enhanced drug-like characteristics, we can maximize their therapeutic value and minimize adverse effects. Considering the complex nature of glioblastoma, these novel structures should be rigorously tested and evaluated for their efficacy and safety profiles.

Targeted potent antimicrobial and antitumor oxygen-heterocyclic-based pyran analogues: synthesis and computational studies.

The process of creating a series of 3-amino-1-aryl-8-methoxy-1H-benzo[f]chromene-2-carbonitriles (4a-q) involved reacting 6-methoxynaphthalen-2-ol (1), the appropriate aromatic aldehydes (2a-q), and malononitrile (3) in an absolute ethanol/piperidine solution under Ultrasonic irradiation. However, the attempt to create 3-amino-1-aryl-1H-benzo[f]chromene-2,8-dicarbonitrile (6a, d, e) was unsuccessful when 6-cyanonaphthalen-2-ol (5) was stirred at room temperature, reflux, Microwave irradiation, or Ultrasonic irradiation. In addition, the target molecules were screened against Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, as well as a panel of three human cancer cells lines such as MCF-7, HCT-116, HepG-2 and two normal cell lines HFL-1 and WI-38. The obtained results confirmed that the pyran derivatives (4 m, i, k) which have a double chlorine at 3,4/2,3/2,5-positions, a single halogen atom 3-Cl/4-Br (4c, e) and a double bromine at 3,5-positions with a single methoxy group at 2-position (4n), of phenyl ring, and, to a lesser extent, other pyran derivatives with monoihalogenated (4a, b, d, f), dihalogenated (4 g, h, j, l) or trisubstituent phenyl ring (4o, p, q). Furthermore, compounds 4b-e, g, i, j, m, and n showed negligible activity against the two normal cell lines, HFL-1 and WI-38. Moreover, compound 4 g exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity among the other pyran derivatives (4a-f, g-q) when compared to Ciprofloxacin. The MIC was assessed and screened for compound 4 g, revealing bactericidal effects. Lastly, SAR and molecular docking were studied.

Induction of breast cancer cell apoptosis by novel thiouracil-fused heterocyclic compounds through boosting of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and DFT study.

Breast cancer is a common public health disease causing mortality worldwide. Thus, providing novel chemotherapies that tackle breast cancer is of great interest. In this investigation, novel pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 3,4,(6a-c),(8a,b),9-20 were synthesized and characterized using a variety of spectrum analyses. The geometric and thermal parameters of the novel thiouracil derivatives 3,4,6a,(8a,b),11,12,17,18, 19 were measured using density functional theory (DFT) via DFT/B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) basis set. All synthesized compounds were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) method using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancerous cells, compound 17 had the maximum anticancer activity against both breast cancerous cells, recording the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (56.712 µg/mL for MCF-7 cells and 48.743 µg/mL for MDA-MB-231 cells). The results were confirmed in terms of the intrinsic mechanism of apoptosis, where compound 17 had the highest percentage in the case of both cancer cells and recorded Bax (Bcl-2 associated X)/Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) ratio 17.5 and 96.667 for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, while compound 19 came after 17 in the ability for induction of apoptosis, where the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was 15.789 and 44.273 for both cancerous cells, respectively. Also, compound 11 recorded a high Bax/Bcl-2 ratio for both cells. The safety of the synthesized compounds was applied on normal WI-38 cells, showing minimum cytotoxic effect with undetectable IC50. Compounds 17, 11, and 19 recorded a significant increase of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression levels in the cancerous cells. The DFT method was also used to establish a connection between the experimentally determined values of the present investigated compounds and their predicted quantum chemical parameters. It was concluded that Compounds 17, 11, and 19 had anti-breast cancer potential through the induction of apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 and PUMA expression levels.

trans-IV restriction: a new configuration for metal bis-cyclam complexes as potent CXCR4 inhibitors.

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is implicated in multiple diseases including inflammatory disorders, cancer growth and metastasis, and HIV/AIDS. CXCR4 targeting has been evaluated in treating cancer metastasis and therapy resistance. Cyclam derivatives, most notably AMD3100 (Plerixafor™), are a common motif in small molecule CXCR4 antagonists. However, AMD3100 has not been shown to be effective in cancer treatment as an individual agent. Configurational restriction and transition metal complex formation increases receptor binding affinity and residence time. In the present study, we have synthesized novel trans-IV locked cyclam-based CXCR4 inhibitors, a previously unexploited configuration, and demonstrated their higher affinity for CXCR4 binding and CXCL12-mediated signaling inhibition compared to AMD3100. These results pave the way for even more potent CXCR4 inhibitors that may provide significant efficacy in cancer therapy.

Selective synthesis of an elusive C-functional bis-cyclam and study of its inhibition of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor.

This article presents the controlled synthesis of a rare example of C,C'-linked bis-cyclam architecture in mild conditions through the "bis-aminal" route previously used for the advantageous synthesis of cyclam, N- and C-functional cyclams and N,N'-bis-cyclams. Two synthetic pathways were explored with the smart design of α,ß-unsaturated ketones or alkyl halides bis-cyclizing agents. The first led to the isolation of a key intermediate for the future design of N-functionalized bis-cyclams, whereas the second allowed the preparation of the targeted C,C'-xylylene-bis-cyclam under mild conditions with decent yield. This compound was then studied as a CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, one of the main applications known for bis-macrocyclic compounds, in particular in the context of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. Although results demonstrated that its potency is lower (i.e. 137-fold higher IC50) than the gold standard AMD3100 against HIV infection, clear evidence of CXCR4 inhibition is presented, confirming the potential of this novel architecture and related compounds in this research field.

A Comprehensive Examination of Heterocyclic Scaffold Chemistry for Antitubercular Activity.

Tuberculosis is a communicable disease which affects humans particularly the lungs and is transmitted mainly through air. Despite two decades of intensive research aimed at understanding and combating tuberculosis, persistent biological uncertainties continue to hinder progress. Nowadays, heterocyclic compounds have proven themselves in effective treatment of tuberculosis because of their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Antituberculosis or antimycobacterial agents encompass a broad array of compounds utilized singly or in conjunction to combat Mycobacterium infections, spanning from tuberculosis to leprosy. Here, we summarize the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds which includes the greener synthetic route as well as use of nano compounds as catalyst along with their anti TB activities.

Asymmetric Carbene-Alkyne Metathesis-Mediated Cascade: Synthesis of Benzoxazine Polychiral Polyheterocycles and Discovery of a Novel Pain Blocker.

This study introduces a novel approach for synthesizing Benzoxazine-centered Polychiral Polyheterocycles (BPCPHCs) via an innovative asymmetric carbene-alkyne metathesis-triggered cascade. Overcoming challenges associated with intricate stereochemistry and multiple chiral centers, the catalytic asymmetric Carbene Alkyne Metathesis-mediated Cascade (CAMC) is employed using dirhodium catalyst/Brønsted acid co-catalysis, ensuring precise stereo control as validated by X-ray crystallography. Systematic substrate scope evaluation establishes exceptional diastereo- and enantioselectivities, creating a unique library of BPCPHCs. Pharmacological exploration identifies twelve BPCPHCs as potent Nav ion channel blockers, notably compound 8 g. In vivo studies demonstrate that intrathecal injection of 8 g effectively reverses mechanical hyperalgesia associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), suggesting a promising therapeutic avenue. Electrophysiological investigations unveil the inhibitory effects of 8 g on Nav1.7 currents. Molecular docking, dynamics simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay provide insights into the stable complex formation and favorable binding free energy of 8 g with C5aR1. This research represents a significant advancement in asymmetric CAMC for BPCPHCs and unveils BPCPHC 8 g as a promising, uniquely acting pain blocker, establishing a C5aR1-Nav1.7 connection in the context of CIPN.

Advancement in chiral heterocycles for the antidiabetic activity.

For the synthesis and development of pharmaceuticals, chirality is an important structural component. Chiral heterocyclic compounds have annoyed the interest of synthetic chemists who are working to create useful and efficient techniques for these molecules. As indicated by the expanding number of chiral drugs created in the last two decades, the link between chirality and pharmacological activity has become more important in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. Approximately 65% of currently used drugs are chiral, and many of them are promoted as racemates in many circumstances. There are a growing number of new chiral heterocyclic compounds with important biological properties and intriguing uses in medical chemistry and drug discovery. In this study, we review current breakthroughs in chiral heterocycles and their different physiological activities that have been published in the last year (from 2010 to early 2023). This study focuses on the current trends in the use of chiral heterocycles in drug design and the creation of several powerful and competent candidates for diabetic illnesses.

Impact of plerixafor use in the mobilization of blood grafts for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Plerixafor (PLER), a reversible antagonist of the CXC chemokine receptor type 4, has been in clinical use for mobilization of blood grafts for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) for about 15 years. Initially PLER was investigated in placebo-controlled trials with the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) filgrastim. It has also been used in combination with chemotherapy plus G-CSF in patients who had failed a previous mobilization attempt or appeared to mobilize poorly with current mobilization (preemptive use). This review summarizes what is known regarding addition of PLER to standard mobilization regimens. PLER increases mobilization of CD34+ cells, decreases the number of apheresis sessions needed to achieve collection targets and increases the proportion of patients who can proceed to AHCT. It appears also to increase the amount of various lymphocyte subsets in the grafts collected. In general, hematologic recovery after AHCT has been comparable to patients mobilized without PLER, although slower platelet recovery has been observed in some studies of patients who mobilize poorly. In phase III studies, long-term outcome has been comparable to patients mobilized without PLER. This also appears to be the case in patients receiving plerixafor for poor or suboptimal mobilization of CD34+ cells. In practice, PLER is safe and has not been shown to increase tumor cell mobilization.

In silico and in vitro prediction of new synthesized N-heterocyclic compounds as anti-SARS-CoV-2.

Computer-aided drug design has been employed to get the medicinal effects against Corona virus from different pyridine derivatives after synthesizing the new compounds. Additionally, various computational studies are also employed between the newly prepared pyridine derivatives and three controls against three proteins (6Y2E, 6M71 and 6M3M). Different methods were employed to synthesize new pyridine derivatives according to the literature using different reaction mediums. MTT was performed for cytotoxicity study and IC50 for inhibitory concentration. Additionally, in-silico studies including DFT, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MMPBSA, ADME, pharmacokinetics and Lipinski rules were evaluated. The chemical structures of all new compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic investigation. A molecular docking study demonstrated that compounds 5, 11, and 12 have the best binders of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme, with energy scores of - 7.5 kcal/mol, - 7.2 kcal/mol, and - 7.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The net binding energy values of the 11-Mpro, 12-Mpro, and 5-Mpro complexes revealed their highly stable nature in terms of both intermolecular interactions and docked conformation across the simulation time. ADME properties, besides the pharmacokinetics and Lipinski rules, showed that all seven newly synthesized compounds follow Lipinski rules with high GI absorption. The In Vitro antiviral study against SARS-CoV-2 using MTT methods confirms that compound 5 has more potential and is safer than other tested compounds. The study shows that the newly synthesized pyridine derivatives have medicinal properties against SARS-CoV-2 without violating Lipinski rules. Compounds 5, 11, and 12, particularly compound 5, may serve as promising potential candidate for COVID-19.

Synthesis and evaluation of larvicidal efficacy against C. pipiens of some new heterocyclic compounds emanated from 2-cyano-N'-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetyl)acetohydrazide.

Several infectious diseases are transmitted and spread by mosquitoes, and millions of people die annually from them. The mosquito, Culex pipiens is a responsible for the emergence of various Virus in Egypt. So, we devote our work to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy against C. pipiens of some new heterocyclic compounds containing chlorine motifs. The implementation was emanated from using 2-cyano-N'-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetyl)acetohydrazide (3) as scaffold to synthesize some new heterocyclic compounds. The structures of the synthesized compounds were interpreted scrupulously by spectroscopic and elemental analyses. Thereafter, the larvicidal activity against C. pipiens of thirteen synthesized compounds was estimated. Noteworthy, cyanoacetohydrazide derivative 3 and 3-iminobenzochromene derivative 12 showed a fabulous potent efficacy with LC50 equal to 3.2 and 3.5 ppm against C. pipiens, respectively, and are worth being further evaluated in the field of pest control.

N-heterocyclic-carbene vs diphosphine auxiliary ligands in thioamidato Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes towards the development of potent and dual-activity antibacterial and apoptosis-inducing anticancer agents.

Group 11 metal complexes exhibit promising antibacterial and anticancer properties which can be further enhanced by appropriate ligands. Herein, a series of mononuclear thioamidato Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes bearing either a diphosphine (P^P) or a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) auxiliary ligand (L) was synthesized, and the impact of the co-ligand L on the in vitro antibacterial and anticancer properties of their complexes was assessed. All complexes effectively inhibited the growth of various bacterial strains, with the NHC-Cu(I) complex found to be particularly effective against the Gram (+) bacteria (IC50 = 1-4 µg mL-1). Cytotoxicity studies against various human cancer cells revealed their high anticancer potency and the superior activity of the NHC-Ag(I) complex (IC50 = 0.95-4.5 µΜ). Flow cytometric analysis on lung and breast cancer cells treated with the NHC-Ag(I) complex suggested an apoptotic cell-death pathway; molecular docking calculations provided mechanistic insights, proving the capacity of the complex to bind on apoptosis-regulating proteins and affect their functionalities.

Effect of voxelotor on murine bone marrow and peripheral blood with hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization for gene therapy of sickle cell disease.

In preparation for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and collection, current ex vivo gene therapy protocols for sickle cell disease require patients to undergo several months of chronic red cell transfusion. For health care equity, alternatives to red cell transfusion should be available. We examined whether treatment with GBT1118, the murine analog of voxelotor, could be a safe and feasible alternative to red cell transfusion. We found that 3 weeks of treatment with GBT1118 increased the percentage of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and upon plerixafor mobilization, the percentage of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells. Our data suggest that voxelotor should be further explored for its potential safety and utility as preparation for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and collection.

Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Counts of the Leukapheresis Product Determined Using Sysmex XN Analyzers Predict a Sufficient Number of CD34+ Stem Cells in a Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Harvest for Autologous Transplantation.

Objective Several institutions outsource CD34+ cell counting of leukapheresis products, limiting rapid measurements, as results are obtained the next day. This problem is compounded with plerixafor use, a stem cell-mobilizing drug that increases leukapheresis efficiency but requires administration the day before leukapheresis. Use of this drug for a second leukapheresis procedure before the first-day leukapheresis CD34+ count results are confirmed causes unnecessary leukapheresis and expensive plerixafor administration. We investigated whether or not measuring hematopoietic progenitor cells in leukapheresis products (AP-HPCs) using a Sysmex XN-series analyzer could resolve this problem. Methods We retrospectively compared the absolute AP-HPC value per body weight with the CD34+ (AP-CD34+) count in 96 first-day leukapheresis product samples obtained between September 2013 and January 2021. Comparisons were also conducted according to regimen: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) monotherapy, chemotherapy plus G-CSF, or plerixafor mobilization. Results AP-CD34+ and AP-HPC counts correlated strongly (rs=0.846) overall and, in particular, under chemotherapy plus G-CSF (rs=0.92) but correlated mildly under G-CSF monotherapy (rs=0.655). AP-HPCs could not completely be dichotomized based on an AP-CD34+ threshold of 2×106/kg for any stimulation procedure. In most cases with AP-HPCs >6×106/kg, the AP-CD34+ count exceeded 2.0×106/kg, but in 5.7% of these cases, the AP-CD34+ count was <2.0×106/kg. A cut-off of AP-HPCs >4.843×106/kg yielded a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 96% for predicting AP-CD34+≥2×106/kg. Conclusion AP-HPCs can identify cases in which sufficient stem cells have been collected.

Synthetic Methods for Various Chromeno-fused Heterocycles and their Potential as Antimicrobial Agents.

Chromenes are a significant family of heterocyclic chemicals that have a wide range of biological applications, a simple chemical structure, and only mildly undesirable side effects. The synthesis of a wide range of chromene analogs that displayed unexpected behaviors via numerous mechanisms was investigated by a number of different research teams, which led to the discovery of multiple pathways for their synthesis. In addition, different chromene-fused heterocycles exhibit a wide variety of fascinating biological actions, including those that are anticancer, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, anticholinesterase, antituberculosis, and anti-diabetic. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to highlight the many synthesis techniques and antibacterial activity associated with chromene-fused heterocyclic compounds. Moreover, such research can open avenues for exploring other therapeutic applications of these compounds in various disease areas, as their biological activities extend beyond antibacterial effects.

Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes.

The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.