RESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a worldwide pandemic causing millions of death. This severe disaster lead to a immense panic and stress all over the world. Several studies were dedicated to understand its mechanism, pathogenesis and spreading characteristics. By this way, scientists try to develop different therapy and diagnose strategies. For these reasons, several metabolomics, proteomics and genomics studies were also carried out to improve knowledge in this newly identified virus. In this study, we are aimed to explain the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 exposure on postmortem COVID (+) patients via untargeted metabolomics analysis. To carry out this study, a Data Independent Acquisition SWATH method is optimized and performed. Vitreous samples were analyzed in both MS1 and MS2 ESI(+) mode. An orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis were performed for classification. It was observed that lipid metabolism, several amino acids and oxidative stress biomarkers were strongly affected due to high inflammation and possible cytokine storm.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Biologia Computacional , Metabolômica , SARS-CoV-2 , Corpo Vítreo , Humanos , COVID-19/metabolismo , Metabolômica/métodos , Corpo Vítreo/metabolismo , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Pandemias , Estresse Oxidativo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/metabolismo , Autopsia , Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/metabolismo , Masculino , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Feminino , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Efavirenz (EFV) is commonly used in combination antiretroviral therapy. However, in our previous study, many persons living with HIV exhibited ocular complications despite undergoing effective combination antiretroviral therapy. Here, we aimed to determine the intraocular EFV concentrations in the vitreous and analyze the factors affecting viral load in the vitreous in patients with HIV-associated retinopathies. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective study. METHODS: Fourteen patients receiving EFV in combination with an antiretroviral therapy who underwent pars plana vitrectomy were enrolled between January 2019 and August 2022. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on presence or absence of retinal detachment (RD). Patient characteristics and HIV-1 RNA levels in plasma and vitreous were recorded during pars plana vitrectomy. Paired blood plasma and vitreous samples were obtained for EFV concentration analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The median age of the enrolled patients was 48 years (interquartile range, 32.25-53.25), including 12 men and 2 women. Median vitreous and plasma EFV concentrations were 141.5 (interquartile range, 69.63-323.75) and 2620 ng/mL (1680-4207.5), respectively. Median ratio of vitreous/plasma EFV concentrations in the paired samples among all participants was 0.053 (0.018-0.118). Median vitreous/plasma EFV concentrations significantly differed between the non-RD and RD groups (0.04 vs 0.12, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: The vitreous EFV concentrations were insufficient to inhibit viral replication in intraocular tissues, which may be because of poor penetration of the blood-retinal barrier. High vitreous EFV concentrations were associated with RD, indicating a correlation between the EFV concentration and the severity of blood-retinal barrier disruption. It implied that EFV was not a suitable antiviral drug to inhibit HIV-1 replication in ocular tissues.
Assuntos
Alcinos , Fármacos Anti-HIV , Benzoxazinas , Ciclopropanos , Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Carga Viral , Humanos , Benzoxazinas/uso terapêutico , Benzoxazinas/farmacocinética , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacocinética , Corpo Vítreo/metabolismo , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , RNA Viral/sangue , VitrectomiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate features of infectious panuveitis associated with multiple pathogens detected by ocular fluid sampling. METHODS: Single-center, retrospective, consecutive case series of patients with aqueous/vitreous polymerase chain reaction testing with >1 positive result in a single sample from 2001 to 2021. RESULTS: Of 1,588 polymerase chain reaction samples, 28 (1.76%) were positive for two pathogens. Most common pathogens were cytomegalovirus (n = 16, 57.1%) and Epstein-Barr virus (n = 13, 46.4%), followed by varicella zoster virus (n = 8, 28.6%), Toxoplasma gondii (n = 6, 21.4%), herpes simplex virus 2 (n = 6, 21.4%), herpes simplex virus 1 (n = 6, 21.4%), and Toxocara (n = 1, 3.6%). Mean initial and final visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) were 1.3 ± 0.9 (Snellen â¼20/400) and 1.3 ± 1.1 (Snellen â¼20/400), respectively. Cytomegalovirus-positive eyes (n = 16, 61.5%) had a mean final visual acuity of 0.94 ± 1.1 (Snellen â¼20/175), whereas cytomegalovirus-negative eyes (n = 10, 38%) had a final visual acuity of 1.82 ± 1.0 (Snellen â¼20/1,320) ( P < 0.05). Main clinical features included intraocular inflammation (100%), retinal whitening (84.6%), immunosuppression (65.4%), retinal hemorrhage (38.5%), and retinal detachment (34.6%). CONCLUSION: Cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus were common unique pathogens identified in multi-PCR-positive samples. Most patients with co-infection were immunosuppressed with a high rate of retinal detachment and poor final visual acuity. Cytomegalovirus-positive eyes had better visual outcomes compared with cytomegalovirus-negative eyes.
Assuntos
Humor Aquoso , Infecções Oculares Virais , Pan-Uveíte , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Acuidade Visual , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Pan-Uveíte/diagnóstico , Pan-Uveíte/virologia , Pan-Uveíte/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humor Aquoso/virologia , Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Adulto , Idoso , DNA Viral/análise , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , Citomegalovirus/genética , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Adulto Jovem , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasma/genéticaRESUMO
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a form of infectious uveitis caused by alpha herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We previously found that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) U90926 is upregulated in murine retinal photoreceptor cells following HSV-1 infection, leading to host cell death. However, to date, an orthologous transcript has not been identified in humans. We investigated U90926 orthologous transcript in humans and examined its utility as a prognostic marker for visual acuity in patients with ARN. We identified two human orthologous transcripts (1955 and 592 bases) of lncRNA U90926. The amount of the longer human U90926 transcript was approximately 30- and 40-fold higher in the vitreous fluid of patients with ARN than in those with sarcoidosis and intraocular lymphoma, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of the longer human U90926 transcript in the vitreous fluid was highly correlated with the final best-corrected logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity in patients with ARN (r = 0.7671, p = 0.0079). This suggests higher expression of the longer human U90926 transcript in the vitreous fluid results in worse visual prognosis; therefore, expression of the longer human U90926 transcript is a potential negative prognostic marker for visual acuity in patients with ARN.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/análise , Herpes Simples/complicações , Herpesvirus Humano 1/isolamento & purificação , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/diagnóstico , Acuidade Visual , Corpo Vítreo/metabolismo , Idoso , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Herpes Simples/tratamento farmacológico , Herpes Simples/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/genética , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/virologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The systemic organ involvement of SARS-CoV-2 needs to be thoroughly investigated including the possibility of an ocular reservoir in humans. To examine retinal tissues and vitreous for histopathology and SARS-CoV-2 presence with regard to possible effects on the human retina and/ or vitreous. We performed histopathological analyses and quantitative (q)RT-PCR-testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on retinal tissues and vitreous of COVID-19 postmortem donors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Included in this study were 10 eyes of 5 deceased COVID-19 patients. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed via pharyngeal swabs and broncho-alveolar fluids. The highest level of personal protective equipment (PPE) and measures was employed during fluid-tissue procurement and preparation. Histopathological examinations and qRT-PCR-testing were carried out for all retinal tissues and vitreous fluids. RESULTS: The histopathological examinations revealed no signs of morphologically identifiable retinal inflammation or vessel occlusions based on hematoxylin and eosin stains. By qRT-PCRs, we detected no significant level of viral RNA in human retina and vitreous. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, no significant level of SARS-CoV-2-RNA was detected in the human retinal and vitreous fluid samples of deceased COVID-19 patients. Histopathological examinations confirmed no morphological sign of damage to retinal vasculature or tissues. Further studies are needed to confirm or refute the results.
Assuntos
COVID-19/diagnóstico , Retina/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Autopsia , COVID-19/patologia , Teste de Ácido Nucleico para COVID-19 , Humanos , RNA Viral/análise , Retina/patologia , Corpo Vítreo/patologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaRESUMO
Purpose: To present a a case study that aims to investigate the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the ocular tissue samples of a patient previously infected with COVID-19 and determine its transmissibility.Study Design: Case ReportResults: In this case study, SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in the vitreous and uveal tissue samples by RT-PCR for detection of three gene targets in a patient with a past COVID-19 infection 15 days prior to presention with a globe rupture.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients with long-term existence of SARS-CoV-2 at low detectable levels may not have active intraocular viral shedding. This is of particular importance as ophthalmic surgical procedures may potentiate virus spread from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
COVID-19/virologia , Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico , RNA Viral/análise , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Úvea/virologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , Adulto , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Virais/etiologia , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , Manejo de Espécimes , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe endogenous endophthalmitis in the setting of COVID-19 pneumonia. METHODS: Patients recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia who presented to our department with any or all of the following complaints: pain, watering, redness, and decreased vision were identified. All relevant data were collected for analysis. RESULTS: Three patients with endogenous endophthalmitis were identified. All patients had been treated for COVID-19 pneumonia and therefore had received remdesivir and systemic steroids; 2 of the 3 patients received tocilizumab. All patients received vitreous biopsy, vitrectomy, and intraocular antibiotic injection. Patient 1 demonstrated Klebsiella pneumoniae in blood culture, K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in urine culture, and K. pneumoniae in vitreous fluid, whereas Patients 2 and 3 demonstrated Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the blood and nasopharyngeal culture, respectively. Correspondingly, the same organism was cultured from vitreous in Patients 2 and 3. The visual acuity at the last follow-up in Patients 1 to 3 was 20/100, 20/80, and 20/40, respectively. The probable source of infection was identified in each as renal calculi, dental caries, and the pharynx, respectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in the vitreous fluid of Patient 1. CONCLUSION: We report good outcomes of early intervention for endogenous endophthalmitis in the setting of COVID-19 infection. We also document the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in vitreous.
Assuntos
COVID-19/complicações , Endoftalmite/microbiologia , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Idoso , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Teste de Ácido Nucleico para COVID-19 , Endoftalmite/diagnóstico , Endoftalmite/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Vitrectomia , Corpo Vítreo/microbiologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaRESUMO
Purpose: The objective of this study was to report a case of bilateral necrotizing retinitis following viral encephalitis caused by the pseudorabies virus.Case report: A 49-year-old male had decreased bilateral visual acuity after the recovery of consciousness for one month. He had been in an unconsciousness status due to encephalitis for two months before the ocular symptoms developed. He was a pig slaughterer. Ocular ultrasound showed bilateral vitreous haze and retinal detachment. A vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade were performed on the left eye. During surgery, massive periphery retinal necrosis appearing as a tattered fish net, and multiple retinal holes were observed. The pseudorabies virus was detected by next-generation sequencing in the vitreous specimen.Conclusion: The pseudorabies virus may cause bilateral necrotizing retinitis following viral encephalitis among those with close contact to pigs. Intraocular fluid provides a greater selection of samples and a longer time window for pathogenic detection.
Assuntos
Encefalite Viral/virologia , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/isolamento & purificação , Pseudorraiva/virologia , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Animais , Encefalite Viral/diagnóstico , Encefalite Viral/terapia , Tamponamento Interno , Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Virais/terapia , Genoma Viral/genética , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pseudorraiva/diagnóstico , Descolamento Retiniano/diagnóstico , Descolamento Retiniano/terapia , Descolamento Retiniano/virologia , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/terapia , Óleos de Silicone/administração & dosagem , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Acuidade Visual/fisiologia , Vitrectomia , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , Zoonoses/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 is found in conjunctival swabs and tears of COVID-19 patients. However, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 has not been detected in the human eye to date. We undertook this study to analyze the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in human post-mortem ocular tissues. METHODS: The expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was assessed by RT-PCR in corneal and scleral tissues from 33 surgical-intended donors who were eliminated from a surgical use per Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) donor screening guidelines or medical director review or positive COVID-19 test. Ocular levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (RT-PCR), Envelope and Spike proteins (immunohistochemistry) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies (ELISA) in blood were evaluated in additional 10 research-intent COVID-19 positive donors. FINDINGS: Of 132 ocular tissues from 33 surgical-intended donors, the positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was ~13% (17/132). Of 10 COVID-19 donors, six had PCR positive post-mortem nasopharyngeal swabs whereas eight exhibited positive post-mortem anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. Among 20 eyes recovered from 10 COVID-19 donors: three conjunctival, one anterior corneal, five posterior corneal, and three vitreous swabs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. SARS-CoV-2 spike and envelope proteins were detected in epithelial layer of the corneas that were procured without Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I) disinfection. INTERPRETATIONS: Our study showed a small but noteworthy prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in ocular tissues from COVID-19 donors. These findings underscore the criticality of donor screening guidelines, post-mortem nasopharyngeal PCR testing and PVP-I disinfection protocol to eliminate any tissue harboring SARS-CoV-2 being used for corneal transplantation.
Assuntos
Autopsia , COVID-19 , Túnica Conjuntiva/virologia , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Idoso , Córnea/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaAssuntos
Autopsia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Idoso , Humor Aquoso/virologia , COVID-19/virologia , Teste de Ácido Nucleico para COVID-19 , Túnica Conjuntiva/virologia , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Current polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for the diagnosis of infections are time consuming and require large sample volume and skilled technicians. We developed a novel, easy-to-use, and rapid (processing time, 1 minute; total time, 33 minutes) multiplex real-time PCR test (Direct Strip PCR) that did not require DNA extraction to detect 9 pathogens that could cause uveitis in 20-µl samples. DESIGN: Multicenter prospective evaluation of a diagnostic PCR test. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 511 participants (patients with infectious uveitis and controls) were examined at 18 institutes worldwide. METHODS: After validation, intraocular fluid samples were subjected to etiologic or exclusive diagnosis, including intraoperative rapid diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The concordance and correlations between Direct Strip PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) results. RESULTS: Direct Strip PCR exhibited rapid detection, good repeatability and specificity, long storage stability, and detection ability equal to that of qPCR. It also showed low interinstitutional variability compared with qPCR, even when PCR beginners used various real-time PCR machines. The Direct Strip PCR for 9 pathogens exhibited high concordance against the qPCR (positive concordance rate, 98.8%-100%; negative concordance rate, 99.8%-100%; κ coefficient, 0.969-1.000; P < 0.001-0.031). Additionally, results obtained using Direct Strip PCR and qPCR were highly correlated (ρ = 0.748; P < 0.001). This assay was used for rapid intraoperative diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The Direct Strip PCR test may improve the prognosis of various infectious diseases because it facilitates rapid etiologic evaluation at the first hospital visit and can be used for intraoperative diagnosis.
Assuntos
Infecções Oculares Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/métodos , Doenças Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Uveíte/parasitologia , Uveíte/virologia , Viroses/diagnóstico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Humor Aquoso/parasitologia , Humor Aquoso/virologia , Primers do DNA/química , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Infecções Oculares Parasitárias/parasitologia , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , Período Intraoperatório , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Parasitos/genética , Parasitos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Parasitárias/parasitologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/genética , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Corpo Vítreo/parasitologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this research is to study the intraocular occurrence of SARS-CoV-2. In postmortem examinations, aqueous humor and the vitreous samples were collected. All individuals were previously positive in nasopharyngeal swabbing and cause of death was respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Testing was done using quantitative RT-PCR. We included 16 aqueous humor and 16 vitreous samples for PCR testing. None of the results was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Human GAPDH genes to verify the presence of RNA was present in all aqueous humor samples (16/16, 100%) and 15/16 (93.8%) vitreous samples. In conclusion, this case series found no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in the intraocular milieu.
Assuntos
Humor Aquoso/virologia , Teste para COVID-19/métodos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , RNA Viral/análise , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/virologia , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of intraocular fluid analysis as a diagnostic aid for uveitis. METHODS: Twenty-eight samples (27 patients including 3 HIV-infected patients) with active (n=24) or non-active (n=4) uveitis were submitted to aqueous (AH; n=12) or vitreous humor (VH) analysis (n=16). All samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR for herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Toxoplasma gondii. RESULTS: The positivity of the PCR in AH was 41.7% (5/12), with 50% (2/4) in immunocompetent and 67% (2/3) in HIV+ patients. The positivity of the PCR in VH was 31.2% (5/16), with 13% (1/8) in immunocompetent and 50% (4/8) in immunosuppressed HIV negative patients. The analysis was a determinant in the diagnostic definition in 58% of HA and 50% of VH. CONCLUSION: Even in posterior uveitis, initial AH analysis may be helpful. A careful formulation of possible clinical diagnosis seems to increase the chance of intraocular sample analysis being meaningful.
Assuntos
Humor Aquoso , Uveíte/diagnóstico , Corpo Vítreo , Humor Aquoso/microbiologia , Humor Aquoso/parasitologia , Humor Aquoso/virologia , Citomegalovirus/genética , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , DNA Viral/análise , HIV-1 , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Humanos , Imunocompetência , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Simplexvirus/genética , Simplexvirus/imunologia , Toxoplasma , Uveíte/microbiologia , Uveíte/parasitologia , Uveíte/virologia , Corpo Vítreo/microbiologia , Corpo Vítreo/parasitologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliographic survey and correlates the presence of arboviroses in the eyeball with the main eye changes presented by the population under study. This study is a systematic review of journals and indexed articles, carried out between January 2019 and June 2019, in which there was a query in the Pubmed/Medline and Scielo databases without temporal restriction. In addition to the aforementioned databases, the Brazilian Association of Organ Transplantation Association database, which provides epidemiological data on organ and tissue transplants in Brazil, was used as a research source. The Midwest region contributed to the increase in the number of organ transplants in Brazil. The number of corneal transplants in Brazil surpassed the number of organ transplants by four times. Several ophthalmic changes associated with Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika virus infections have been diagnosed; however, few studies have identified the presence of the virus in the eyeball. Arboviruses are of great relevance to public health due to a number of factors, ranging from the diversity of infectious agents involved and the plurality of clinical manifestations because the absence of efficient laboratory support, leading to delayed disease confirmation due to lack of differential diagnostics available. Added to these difficulties is the lack of specific therapy, leaving only the symptomatic control of clinical manifestations as the only treatment option. However, the manifestations are directly associated with the decreased quality of vision and consequently the quality of life of patients.
Assuntos
Humor Aquoso/virologia , Infecções por Arbovirus/complicações , Arbovírus/patogenicidade , Corpo Vítreo/patologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , Infecções por Arbovirus/virologia , Brasil , Vírus Chikungunya/patogenicidade , Transplante de Córnea/efeitos adversos , Vírus da Dengue/patogenicidade , Olho/patologia , Olho/virologia , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Zika virus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: A novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test (Strip PCR) for 24 common ocular infectious disease pathogens was established. Solid-phase techniques provide stable, prompt, and accurate results while using less sample amount with lower cost than conventional quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Strip PCR for infectious uveitis was optimized and evaluated using intraocular samples. DESIGN: Evaluation of diagnostic testing. METHODS: We examined 722 samples at 14 institutions. Genomic DNA from aqueous humor and vitreous fluid was analyzed by qPCR and Strip PCR. Clinical diagnosis was determined based on symptoms, clinical findings, and laboratory tests. MainOutcomeMeasures: The diagnostic parameters of the Strip PCR were based on qPCR results. RESULTS: Strip PCR showed low intra- and inter-institutional variability even when performed by technicians with various PCR skill levels. The targets of Strip PCR for infectious uveitis were optimized for 9 major pathogens (herpes simplex virus [HSV] 1, HSV2, varicella-zoster virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1, human herpesvirus 6, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Treponema pallidum) with 772 intraocular samples. The Strip PCR successfully detected pathogen DNA at concentrations ranging from 100 to 109 copies/mL in 252 of the 255 qPCR-positive samples. It yielded negative results for all the 191 qPCR-negative samples. Strip PCR had higher sensitivity (98.8%), specificity (98.5%), positive predictive value (98.8%), and negative predictive value (98.5%) than qPCR, with distinct primers. The Strip PCR results had strong correlation with that of the qPCR (r = 0.838) and they were consistent with the clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Easy-to-use Strip PCR is recommended for rapid diagnosis of infectious uveitis, as its results are equivalent to that of conventional qPCR.
Assuntos
Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/métodos , Uveíte/diagnóstico , Humor Aquoso/virologia , Citomegalovirus/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA de Protozoário/genética , DNA Viral/genética , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Oculares Parasitárias/parasitologia , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Feminino , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 6/genética , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Simplexvirus/genética , Toxoplasma/genética , Uveíte/microbiologia , Uveíte/parasitologia , Uveíte/virologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaRESUMO
Purpose: To describe an uncommon presentation of ocular infection caused by human herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2).Methods: Case report.Results: A 32-year-old female with no prior history of mucocutaneous herpesvirus infection presented with a minimally painful hypertensive granulomatous panophthalmitis and optic neuropathy that was initially suspected to be orbital cellulitis. Her disease progressed despite antibiotic and steroid treatment, and HSV-2 was ultimately identified in the vitreous.Conclusion: Although rare, ocular infection by human herpesvirus can present as a panophthalmitis. The case is discussed in the context of two previously reported cases of herpes simplex panophthalmitis, as well panophthalmitis caused by varicella zoster virus.
Assuntos
Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico , Herpes Simples/diagnóstico , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Panoftalmite/diagnóstico , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Feminino , Herpes Simples/virologia , Humanos , Panoftalmite/virologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To correlate demographics, retinal lesion characteristics, and host immune status with the pathogen found on polymerase chain reaction analysis of aqueous fluid in patients with suspected infectious posterior uveitis. METHODS: Medical records of patients who underwent anterior chamber paracentesis for suspected infectious posterior uveitis and had retinal photographs between 2014 and 2016 at a single institution were reviewed. Data collection included demographics, clinical appearance of the lesions, and polymerase chain reaction results. Fundus photographs were evaluated by two masked observers for the clinical features of the retinitis. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were included in the study. There was substantial to almost perfect agreement on retinitis location (κ = 0.67) and number (κ = 0.76) between the masked photograph graders. Polymerase chain reaction results were positive for herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus in 43%, cytomegalovirus in 11%, and toxoplasmosis in 3%; 43% had negative polymerase chain reaction results. Detection of herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus on polymerase chain reaction of the aqueous was associated with paucifocal lesions (82%, P = 0.021) and lesions involving the peripheral retina (91%, P = 0.023), consistent with the diagnosis of acute retinal necrosis. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the diagnosis of acute retinal necrosis can be reasonably inferred on clinical examination, providing a guide for initial empiric therapy.
Assuntos
Humor Aquoso/virologia , DNA Viral/análise , Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Uveíte Posterior/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Uveíte Posterior/virologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of intraocular fluid analysis as a diagnostic aid for uveitis. METHODS: Twenty-eight samples (27 patients including 3 HIV-infected patients) with active (n=24) or non-active (n=4) uveitis were submitted to aqueous (AH; n=12) or vitreous humor (VH) analysis (n=16). All samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR for herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Toxoplasma gondii. RESULTS: The positivity of the PCR in AH was 41.7% (5/12), with 50% (2/4) in immunocompetent and 67% (2/3) in HIV+ patients. The positivity of the PCR in VH was 31.2% (5/16), with 13% (1/8) in immunocompetent and 50% (4/8) in immunosuppressed HIV negative patients. The analysis was a determinant in the diagnostic definition in 58% of HA and 50% of VH. CONCLUSION: Even in posterior uveitis, initial AH analysis may be helpful. A careful formulation of possible clinical diagnosis seems to increase the chance of intraocular sample analysis being meaningful.
Assuntos
Humanos , Humor Aquoso/microbiologia , Humor Aquoso/parasitologia , Humor Aquoso/virologia , Uveíte/diagnóstico , Corpo Vítreo/microbiologia , Corpo Vítreo/parasitologia , Toxoplasma , Uveíte/microbiologia , Uveíte/parasitologia , Uveíte/virologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologia , DNA Viral/análise , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , HIV-1 , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Simplexvirus/genética , Simplexvirus/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/imunologia , Citomegalovirus/genética , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , ImunocompetênciaRESUMO
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can affect the central nervous system causing meningitis, encephalitis and, rarely, acute retinal necrosis. We present a case of a 46-year-old man, previously healthy complaining of a 5-day persistent headache and sudden loss of vision of his left eye that progressed to the right. We started ceftriaxone, methylprednisolone and acyclovir for suspected encephalitis with vasculitis. HSV-1 was identified in vitreous and aqueous humour. Therapy with acyclovir was maintained and two intravitreous boluses of foscarnet were administered, without improvement. Usually being a benign infection, HSV can, in rare cases like this, have catastrophic effects in the optic tract.
Assuntos
Aciclovir/administração & dosagem , Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Infecções Oculares Virais/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/terapia , Administração Intravenosa , Infecções Oculares Virais/complicações , Infecções Oculares Virais/diagnóstico por imagem , Herpesvirus Humano 1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Descolamento Retiniano/etiologia , Descolamento Retiniano/cirurgia , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/complicações , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/virologia , Corpo Vítreo/virologiaRESUMO
We report the case of a patient who presented with viral encephalitis and a pulmonary infection complicated with bilateral acute retinal necrosis after direct contact with diseased swine. Next-generation sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor detected pseudorabies virus (PRV) simultaneously. Intravenous acyclovir and dexamethasone treatment improved the symptoms of encephalitis, and vitrectomy surgery with silicone oil tamponade was used to treat the retinal detachment. This case implies that PRV can infect humans; thus, self-protection is imperative when there is contact with animals.