A prática do kitesurf no litoral piauiense e suas implicações sobre este patrimônio natural / The practice of kitesurfing on the coast of piauí and its implications on this natural heritage

Considerado patrimônio natural, o litoral piauiense é referência nacional e internacional para o Kitesurf, esporte na natureza pouco estudado, embora conste em pesquisas sobre desenvolvimento turístico na região. Este artigo analisa implicações da prática do Kitesurf nesse litoral e identifica ações que podem contribuir para sua conservação. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Em certas praias há conflitos entre kitesurfista, pescador e/ou banhista; além da prática oferecer riscos para animais silvestres. Todavia, há kitesurfista que recolhe lixo no mar e promove discussões sobre efeitos do esporte na região. Abordar a educação ambiental em clínicas de certificação de kitesurfistas e regulamentar o Kitesurf pode colaborar com a resolução de conflitos e perspectivar um turismo mais sustentável, almejando conservar esse patrimônio e suas potencialidades.

The coast of Piauí, considered a natural heritage, is a national and international reference for kitesurfing, sport in naturelittle studied, although it is part of research on the regional tourism development. This article analyzes the implications of the practice of kitesurfing on this coast and identifies actions that can contribute to its conservation. Qualitative, exploratory research was carried out through bibliographical and documentary research. On certain beaches there are conflicts between kitesurfers, fishermen and/ or bathers; in addition, its practice offers risks to wild animals. However, there are kitesurfers who collects garbage at sea and promotes discussions about the effects of the sport in the region. Addressing environmental education of kitesurfers in certification clinics and regulating kitesurfing can collaborate with conflict resolution and envisage a more sustainable tourism, aiming to conserve this heritage and its potential.

Spatial distribution of Echinolitorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1882) for intertidal rocky shore in Antofagasta (23° S, Chile) / Distribuição espacial de Echinolitorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1882) para costa rochosa entremarés em Antofagasta (23 ° S, Chile)

The intertidal rocky shores in continental Chile have high species diversity mainly in northern Chile (18-27° S), and one of the most widespread species is the gastropod Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822). The aim of the present study is do a first characterization of spatial distribution of E. peruviana in along rocky shore in Antofagasta town in northern Chile. Individuals were counted in nine different sites that also were determined their spectral properties using remote sensing techniques (LANDSAT ETM+). The results revealed that sites without marked human intervention have more abundant in comparison to sites located in the town, also in all studied sites was found an aggregated pattern, and in six of these sites were found a negative binomial distribution. The low density related to sites with human intervention is supported when spectral properties for sites were included. These results would agree with other similar results for rocky shore in northern and southern Chile.

As costas rochosas entremarés no Chile continental apresentam alta diversidade de espécies, principalmente no norte do país (18-27 ° S), e uma das espécies mais difundidas é o gastrópode Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822). O objetivo do presente estudo é fazer uma primeira caracterização da distribuição espacial de E. peruviana no costão rochoso da cidade de Antofagasta no norte do Chile. Os indivíduos foram contados em nove locais diferentes onde também foram determinadas suas propriedades espectrais usando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto (LANDSAT ETM +). Os resultados revelaram que os locais sem intervenção humana marcada apresentam maior abundância em comparação aos locais localizados no município. Também em todos os locais estudados foi encontrado um padrão agregado, sendo que em seis desses locais foi encontrada uma distribuição binomial negativa. A baixa densidade relacionada a sites com intervenção humana é suportada quando as propriedades espectrais para sites foram incluídas. Esses resultados concordariam com outros resultados semelhantes para costões rochosos no norte e no sul do Chile.

Colônias de pescadores da região costeira do Estado de São Paulo: empoderamento, saúde e qualidade de vida / Fishing communities in a coastal region of the State of São Paulo: empowerment, health and quality of life / Colonias pesqueras de la región costera del Estado de São Paulo: empoderamiento, salud y calidad de vida

O objetivo da pesquisa foi caracterizar oito colônias de pescadores da Região Costeira do Estado de São Paulo quanto a sua organização, suas condições e necessidades em relação à saúde e à qualidade de vida; e apreender as expectativas e perspectivas de sustentabilidade e continuidade das colônias de pescadores. Foi realizado estudo descritivo e qualitativo por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 17 participantes associados às colônias. Os dados foram explorados com base na análise de conteúdo. O retrato apresentado pela pesquisa apontou as adversidades e os obstáculos enfrentados para alcançar o empoderamento e a manutenção de condições dignas para os trabalhadores da pesca artesanal. Foi possível apreender o papel da saúde, do adoecimento em sua qualidade de vida e da valorização das colônias de pescadores como ferramenta importante na consolidação de políticas públicas para a categoria profissional. (AU)

The aim of this study was to characterize the organization, conditions and health and quality of life needs of eight fishing communities in a coastal region of the State of São Paulo, and explore expectations and prospects in relation to the sustainability and continuity of the communities. We conducted a descriptive qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 17 community members. The data were analyzed using content analysis. The study demonstrates the adversities and barriers faced by artisanal fishers to achieving empowerment and maintaining dignified livelihoods. The findings also show the role played by health and illness in quality of life and that the valorization of the fishing communities is an important tool in the consolidation of policies geared towards this profession. (AU)

El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar ocho colonias de pescadores de la región costera del Estado de São Paulo en lo que se refiere a su organización, condiciones y necesidades con relación a la salud y a la calidad de vida y captar las expectativas y perspectivas en relación con la sostenibilidad y continuidad de las colonias de pescadores. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y cualitativo, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 17 participantes asociados a las colonias. Los datos se exploraron por medio del análisis de contenido. El retrato presentado por la investigación señaló las adversidades y obstáculos enfrentados para alcanzar el empoderamiento y mantenimiento de condiciones dignas para los trabajadores de la pesca artesanal. Fue posible captar el papel de la salud y de la enfermedad en su calidad de vida y de la valorización de las colonias de pescadores como herramienta importante en la consolidación de políticas públicas para la categoría profesional. (AU)

Desempenho de corrida e natação de guarda-vidas civis após uma temporada de verão / Running and swimming performance of civilian lifeguards after a summer season

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o desempenho de corrida e natação de guarda-vidas civis após uma temporada de verão em Florianópolis ­ SC. Quatorze guarda-vidas civis (idade: 23.4 ± 5.0 anos; massa corporal: 74.6 ± 8.9 kg; estatura: 176 ± 0.1 cm) realizaram testes de 500m de natação e 1600m de corrida antes e após uma temporada de verão de 5 meses. Não foi realizada nenhuma intervenção na rotina dos guarda -vidas durante esse período. A comparação no desempenho pré e pós temporada foi realizada pelo teste t de Student para dados pareados (bicaudal), enquanto as correlações entre as variáveis foram verificadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5% (p < 0.05). Houve piora nos tempos dos testes de 500m de natação (Pré: 501.4 ± 77.9; Pós: 523.1 ± 84.6 s; p < 0.01) e 1600m de corrida (Pré: 371.6 ± 42.3 s; Pós: 393.9 ± 42.7 s; p < 0.01), sem associação entre o tempo de desempenho pré-temporada no teste de natação (r = 0.441, p = 0.115) ou corrida (r = -0.179, p = 0.541) com as magnitudes de piora. Concluiu-se que houve uma piora no desempenho de corrida e natação ao término da temporada de verão nos guarda-vidas civis, o que pode levar a uma perda no rendimento nas atividades que são submetidos rotineiramente. Dessa forma, tornam-se importantes estratégias, como o treinamento sistematizado, para minimizar essa queda no rendimento dos guarda-vidas civis, evitando o risco a si mesmo e a potenciais vítimas.(AU)

: The aim of this study was verify the performance of the running and swimming of civilian lifeguards after a summer season in Florianópolis - SC. Fourteen civilian lifeguards (age: 23.4 ± 5.0 years; body mass: 74.6 ± 8.9 kg; height: 176 ± 0.1 cm) performed tests of 500m swimming and 1600m running before and after a summer season of 5 months. There was no intervention in the routine of the lifeguards during this period. Statistical analysis consisted of a paired t-test (two-tailed) for the pre and post-season comparison, with the correlations between the variables being verified by Pearson's correlation coefficient, with level of significance of 5% (p < 0.05) for all tests. There was an impairment in the 500m swimming test (Pre: 501.4 ± 77.9; Post: 523.1 ± 84.6 s; p <0.01) and 1600m running test (Pre: 371.6 ± 42.3 s; Post: 393.9 ± 42.7 s; p <0.01), without association between the pre-season performance time and the swimming (r = 0.441, p = 0.115) or running (r= -0.179, p = 0.541) impairment magnitudes. It was concluded that running and swimming performance are impaired at the end of the summer season on civilian lifeguards, which could cause a loss of performance in routine activities. Thus, become important strategies, such as systematic training, to minimize this fall in the performance of civilian lifeguards, avoiding the risk to themselves and potential victims. (AU)

Clinical profile of human T-lymphotropic virus type I: a forgotten infection in pediatrics / Perfil clínico del virus linfotrópico humano tipo I: una infección olvidada en pediatría

Summary The Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus with oncogenic properties, affects around ten to twenty million people worldwide. The most common disorders associated with HTLV-1 infection are T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ALT) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Studies have reported other clinical manifestations in HTLV-1 seropositive patients, including inflammatory disorders, co-infections with opportunistic agents, and pulmonary diseases. Objective: Here, we aim to describe a cohort of juvenile patients with confirmed HTLV-1 infection that showed clinical manifestations other than neurological symptoms. Methodology and patients: Retrospective analysis of clinical data describing background and clinical findings of 12 juvenile patients with confirmed HTLV-1 infection, attended during January 2018 to February 2020 in a pediatric referral hospital in Cali, Colombia. Results: 11 out 12 patients were from Colombia´s Pacific coast, 10 suffered from significant nutritional deficiencies. Six exhibited dermatological findings, 3 compatible with infective dermatitis. None of the cases exhibited clinical or laboratory findings suggesting ALT or HAM/TPS. Eight patients had structural lung disease assessed by chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans; 4 of them tested positive for galactomannan antigen in bronchoalveolar fluid suggesting pulmonary aspergillosis, and 2 others exhibited a positive PCR testing for tuberculosis. Three patients were diagnosed with autoimmune disorders; 1 patient with Crohn´s Diseases, 1 case of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, and a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (non-granulomatous uveitis). Conclusions: There is a broad range of clinical manifestations in pediatric HTLV-1 patients, and the clinician should consider structural pulmonary disease, opportunistic co-infections and autoimmune disorders in the diagnostic algorithm.

Resumen El Virus Linfotrópico de células T humanas tipo 1 (HTLV-1), retrovirus con propiedades oncogénicas, afecta alrededor de 10-20 millones de personas mundialmente. Las manifestaciónes más comúnmente asociadas a HTLV-1 incluyen leucemia/linfoma de células T (ALT) y mielopatía asociada a HTLV-1/ paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Estudios han reportado otras manifestaciones clínicas en pacientes positivos para HTLV-1, incluyendo enfermedades inflamatorias, coinfecciones con gérmenes oportunistas y enfermedad pulmonar. Objetivo: es describir clínicamente una cohorte de pacientes pediátricos con infección por HTLV-1 confirmada que presentan manifestaciones clínicas diferentes a síntomas neurológicos. Metogolodía y pacientes: Análisis retrospectivo de historia clínica describiendo procedencia y hallazgos clínicos en 12 pacientes con infección por HTLV-1 confirmada, atendidos durante el periodo de Enero de 2018 a Febrero de 2020 en un hospital pediátrico de referencia en Cali, Colombia. Resultados: Once de 12 pacientes procedían de la costa Pacífica Colombiana, 10 con deficiencias nutricionales significativas. Seis mostraron compromiso dermatológico, 3 compatibles con dermatitis infectiva. Ningún paciente presentó hallazgos clínicos o paraclínicos sugestivos de ALT o HAM/TPS. Ocho pacientes presentaron enfermedad pulmonar estructural evidenciada por TAC de tórax; 4 de ellos con antígeno galactomanan positivo en lavado broncoalveolar, sugiriendo aspergilosis pulmonar, y otros 2 resultaron con PCR positiva para tuberculosis. Tres pacientes presentaron enfermedades autoinmunes concomitantes: uno con Enfermedad de Crohn, uno con Púrpura Trombocitopénica Autoinmune, y un paciente con Síndrome de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada. Conclusiones: Existe un amplio rango de manifestaciones clínicas en pacientes pediátricos con HTLV-1, considerando enfermedad pulmonar estructural, coinfecciones oportunistas y enfermedades autoinmunes dentro del algoritmo diagnóstico.

Posibilidades de promoción social para los pescadores costeros de Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, utilizando el Turismo Marino Sostenible / Possibilities of social promotion for the coastal inhabitants of Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, using Sustainable Marine Tourism

Introducción: Los pescadores en Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, son vulnerables por el mal manejo y gestión de los recursos pesqueros y la pesca ilegal, excluyéndose de los beneficios otorgados por el Estado. Esto incide en que no cuenten con opciones que les permita crecer tanto a nivel económico como social. Objetivo: Determinar una estrategia de promoción social para las personas en exclusión social de Playas del Coco. Métodos: De febrero a septiembre 2018, se aplicó la Acción Participativa y la investigación Crítica, por medio de la entrevista semi estructurada y abierta, y la observación participante a miembros de la Asociación de Desarrollo, líderes comunales y pescadores de la zona, con edades entre los 17 y 40 años. Resultados: Se establecieron las bases teórico prácticas para un trabajo interdisciplinario entre trabajo social, turismo y biología marina por medio de la estrategia de intervención para los pescadores artesanales de Playas del Coco basada en el Modelo Socioeducativo Promocional y se documentó la situación actual de los habitantes de esta región. Conclusiones: La incursión del trabajo social en temas ambientales es viable, promocionando socialmente a los habitantes de Playas del Coco usando el turismo marino sostenible a través del modelo socioeducativo promocional.

Introduction: Fishermen in Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, are vulnerable due to the mismanagement of fishing resources and illegal fishing; excluding them from benefits granted by the State. This means that they do not have many options that allow them to grow both economically and socially. Objective: Determine a social promotion strategy for people in social exclusion in Playas del Coco. Methods: From February to September 2018, participatory action and critical research were applied, through semi-structured and open interview, and participant observation to members of the Development Association, community leaders and fishermen in the area, ranging in age between 17 and 40 years old. Results: Theoretical and practical bases were established for an interdisciplinary work between social work, tourism and marine biology through the intervention strategy for fishermen of Playas del Coco based on the Socio-educational Promotional Model and the current situation of the inhabitants was documented. Conclusions: The incursion of social science in environmental issues is viable, by social promotion of the inhabitants of Playas del Coco developing sustainable marine tourism through a socio-educational model.

Área de conservación Guanacaste Echinoderms, North Pacific of Costa Rica / Equinodermos del Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica

Introduction: The study of the marine diversity of the North Pacific of Costa Rica began with isolated foreign expeditions in the 1930s and was systematically developed in the mid-1990s by the Center for Research in Marine Sciences and Limnology, Universidad de Costa Rica, as consequence there are now a total of 1 479 reported species in this region. Objective: Present an update to the echinoderm richness of the Guanacaste Conservation Area. Methods: We sampled 25 localities exhaustively and estimated similarity between sites based on the family richness and environmental heterogeneity. Results: We found 61 taxa, which represent 26 % of the echinoderm reported species for the country's Pacific coast. Of these, 43 species are new records for the Guanacaste Conservation Area, and seven for Costa Rica and Central American Pacific coasts. We found three morpho-species that do not match to available descriptions of the Eastern Tropical Pacific echinoderm species. We also found the holothuroid Epitomapta tabogae, and the ophiuroid Ophioplocus hancocki, previously thought endemic to Panama and the Galapagos Islands, respectively. The proximity of the sampled sites and the redundancy of certain families may explain why we did not find important differences among localities. Conclusions: The echinoderm richness of this conservation area is at least 20 % higher than previously reported, reaching similar levels to those in other high diversity sites of the Eastern Tropical Pacific.

Introducción: El estudio de la diversidad marina del Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica inició con expediciones extranjeras aisladas en la década de 1930, y fue desarrollado sistemáticamente a mediados de la década de 1990 por el Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología de la Universidad de Costa Rica, como consecuencia ahora se reporta un total de 1 479 especies en esta región. Objetivo: Presentar una actualización de la riqueza de equinodermos del Área de Conservación Guanacaste. Métodos: Realizamos muestreos exhaustivos en 25 localidades y estimamos la similitud entre sitios con base en la riqueaza de familias y la heterogeneidad ambiental. Resultados: Encontramos 61 taxa, que representan el 26% de las especies reportadas para la costa pacífica del país. De estas, 43 especies son nuevos registros para el Área de Conservación Guanacaste y siete para las costas de Costa Rica y el Pacífico centroamericano. Tres morfoespecies no coinciden con las descripciones disponibles para las especies del Pacífico Tropical Oriental. Por último, hallamos un ejemplar del holoturoideo Epitomapta tabogae y otro del ofiuroideo Ophioplocus hancocki, considerados endémicos para Panamá y las Islas Galápagos respectivamente. La proximidad entre los sitios muestreados y la redundancia de ciertas familias pueden explicar por qué no se encontraron diferencias entre las localidades. Conclusiones: La riqueza de equinodermos de esta área de conservación es al menos 20% mayor que la reportada anteriormente, alcanzando niveles similares a los de otros sitios de alta diversidad del Pacífico Tropical Oriental.

Patrones de distribución y estructura de la vegetación en el gradiente de humedales costeros El Castaño, Chiapas, México / Distribution patterns and vegetation structure in the coastal wetland gradient in the Castaño, Chiapas, Mexico

Introducción: Las características de los humedales costeros son resultado de las interacciones hidrogeomorfológicas entre el continente y el océano, que causan un gradiente ambiental, que resulta en diferentes tipos de vegetación como manglares, popales, tulares, selvas y palmares inundables. Objetivo: Caracterizar las variables del hidroperiodo y fisicoquímicas del agua y suelo para determinar la relación que existe en el patrón de distribución de la vegetación en el Sistema de Humedales El Castaño (SHC). Metodología: Se establecieron 11 unidades de muestreo (UM) permanentes por estrato definidos: cinco en el manglar, dos en selvas inundables, dos en tular y dos en pastizal inundable. De mayo 2016 a octubre 2017 se caracterizó la vegetación y se muestreó mensualmente los niveles de inundación y parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua (superficial, intersticial y subterránea): salinidad, conductividad y pH; y el suelo: densidad aparente, porcentaje de humedad y potencial redox. Resultados: El manglar es el más cercano al mar, tiene la menor diversidad (H:1.66) y especies registradas (14), está dominado por Laguncularia racemosa y Rhizophora mangle y tiene los valores más altos de salinidad intersticial y subterránea, mayores a 10.8 ups, se mantiene inundado de 4 a 12 meses, su potencial redox es de 14.57 mV. Seguido está el manglar, tierra adentro, se ubican los remanentes de la selva inundable, (H:2.18 y 18 especies), dominada por Pachiraaquatica, la salinidad intersticial y subterránea de 4.95 ups, permanece inundada de 0 a 6 meses y el potencial redox es de 119.07 mV. El tular, después de la selva, (H:1.92 y 16 especies), dominado por Typha domingensis, salinidad intersticial y subterránea de 6.1 ups, el tiempo de inundación es de 5 a 8 meses y potencial redox es de 125.9 mV. El pastizal inundable, con menor influencia marina, es un humedal herbáceo modificado para uso ganadero, presentó los valores más altos de diversidad (H:3.44 y 50 especies), Paspalum conjugatum es la especie dominante, la salinidad intersticial y subterránea es menor a 0.5 ups, se mantiene inundado de 5 a 9 meses y el potencial redox es de 151.23 mV. Conclusiones: En cada tipo de vegetación, la estructura, composición y diversidad es diferente, con un alto recambio de especies que indica un gradiente definido por la salinidad. La vegetación en el SHC sigue los patrones de organización típica de los humedales costeros tropicales, manglares, selvas inundables y humedales herbáceos, en este caso los tulares y pastizales inundables. El factor que define la distribución de la vegetación, es salinidad y el gradiente que se observa está en función de la dinámica hidrológica que depende de entradas de agua marina y de la bajada de agua dulce del interior del continente.

Introduction: The characteristics of coastal wetlands are the result of hydrogeomorphological interactions between the continent and the ocean, which cause an environmental gradient, hat results in different vegetation types such as mangroves, freshwater marshes, swamp forests and palm swamps. Objective: To characterize the hydroperiod and physicochemical variables of water and soil and their effect on the distribution of vegetation in the Sistema de Humedales El Castaño. Methods: A total of 11 permanent sampling units (UM) were established by defined strata: five in the mangrove, two in swamp forest, two in freshwater marshes and two in the flooded pasture. From May 2016 to October 2017 the vegetation was characterized and the water levels and physicochemical parameters (superficial, interstitial and groundwater) were sampled monthly for: salinity, and pH; and the soil for: bulk density, humidity percentage, and redox potential. Results: Mangroves are the closest to the sea, have the lowest diversity (H: 1.66) and species richness (14), they are dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle, have the highest values of interstitial and groundwater salinity, (> 10.8 ups), remain flooded for 4 to 12 months per year, and have a redox potential of 14.57 mV. Immediately, inland, there are remnants of the swamp forests (H: 2.18 and 18 species), dominated by Pachira aquatica, with 5 ups interstitial and groundwater salinity, flooded from 0 to 6 months per year, with a redox potential of 119.07 mV. These forests are followed inland by freshwater marshes (H: 1.92 and 16 species), dominated by Typha domingensis with 6.1 ups interstitial and groundwater salinity, flooded for 5 to 8 months per year and a redox potential of 125.9 mV. Finally, furthest inland is the flooded pasture, a modified herbaceous wetland for cattle grazing (H: 3.44 and 50 species) dominated by Paspalum conjugatum, where interstitial and groundwater salinity is less than 0.5 ups, it stays flooded for 5 to 9 months and the redox potential is 151.23 mV. Conclusions: In each type of vegetation, the structure, composition, and diversity are different, with a high turnover of species that indicates a gradient defined by salinity. The vegetation in the SHC follows the patterns of typical organization of the tropical coastal wetlands, mangroves, swamp forests and herbaceous wetlands, in this case the freshwater marshes and flooded pastures. The factor that define the distribution of the vegetation is the salinity and the gradient that is observed are a function of the hydrological dynamics that depends on the mixing of marine and freshwater.

La determinación económica, social y laboral de la enfermedad renal crónica de causas no tradicionales (ERCnT) en la costa sur de Guatemala / The economic, social and labor determination of chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes (CKDnT) on the southern coast of Guatemala

La flexibilidad laboral es característica de la producción estacional agroindustrial, cuyo principal problema es aprovechar con intensidad los períodos en los que se incrementa la producción. Pero, ¿cómo la demandante competitividad laboral influye en las estrategias de los trabajadores para incrementar su productividad? A partir de esta pregunta, se identificaron los aspectos económicos, sociales y laborales que inciden en la salud, así como las respuestas para disminuir el dolor físico y aumentar las exigencias de competitividad, flexibilización y desregularización del mercado de trabajo. La exposición ambiental y ocupacional en las condiciones de trabajo, el estrés térmico asociado a la deshidratación en la actividad física intensa, el limitado acceso a los servicios de salud, la mala alimentación y la pobre calidad de vida, también pueden producir otras enfermedades como diabetes e hipertensión, así como infecciones y lesiones renales. En ese contexto, en los últimos 20 años, se empezaron a reportar casos de enfermedad renal. La metodología cualitativa aplicada a este estudio, permitió llevar a cabo un proceso investigativo descriptivo e interpretativo sobre la forma en que los sujetos interactúan. Para ello se utilizaron las trayectorias laborales como técnicas en la recolección de datos. Los resultados arrojaron información relevante sobre las estrategias que los trabajadores utilizan para incrementar su rendimiento laboral, entre ellas la automedicación de vitaminas y analgésicos para tratar los espasmos musculares, que estimulan el sistema nervioso central, así como de bebidas saborizadas y energizantes con posibles repercusiones en la excreción renal.

Labor flexibility is characteristic of seasonal agroindustrial production whose main problem is to take advantage of the periods in which production increases. But, how does this demanding labor competitiveness influence workers' strategies to increase their productivity? From this question, the economic, social and labor aspects that affect health were identified, as well as the answers to reduce physical pain and increase the demands for competitiveness, flexibility and deregulation of the labor market. Environmental and occupational exposure in working conditions, thermal stress associated with dehydration in intense physical activity, limited access to health services, poor diet and quality of life, can also cause other diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, as well as infections and kidney lesions. In that context, in the last 20 years, cases of kidney disease began to be reported. The qualitative methodology applied to this study, allowed to carry out a descriptive and interpretive investigation process on the way in which the subjects interact, for this, the work trajectories were used as techniques in data collection. The results yielded relevant information on the strategies that workers use to increase their work performance, including self-medication of "vitamins" and analgesics to treat muscle spasms, drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, as well as flavored and energizing drinks with possible repercussions on renal excretion.

Diversidad malacológica del humedal marino-costero Las Lisas-La Barrona en el Pacífico de Guatemala / Malacological diversity of the Las Lisas-La Barrona marine coastal wetland in the Pacific of Guatemala

Los moluscos son uno de los grupos faunísticos dominantes en ambientes estuarinos con bosque de manglar como el humedal Las Lisas-La Barrona. Forman parte de la transferencia de energía a través de las redes tróficas y contribuyen a la estructuración de los hábitats bénticos. El humedal Las Lisas-La Barrona se ubica en el litoral Pacífico de Guatemala. Se determinó la diversidad de la comunidad de moluscos, así como su relación con los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua. Se realizaron ocho muestreos (enero a agosto) en 2017, utilizando parcelas con un área de 16 m2 en seis sitios de bosque de manglar y cuatro sitios en el canal estuarino, distribuidos en el humedal. La riqueza de moluscos del humedal está comprendida por 26 especies correspondientes a 18 familias y 22 géneros. Las especies más abundantes de gasterópodos fueron Cerithideopsis californica (Adams, 1852) y Littoraria fasciata (Gray, 1839) y de bivalvos Iliochione subrugosa (Wood, 1828) y Larkinia grandis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). Los sitios correspondientes a bosque de manglar presentaron una mayor cantidad de moluscos, principalmente gasterópodos. La distribución de las especies dominantes, no está dada por los factores fisicoquímicos del agua, pudiendo ser otros factores como la disponibilidad de hábitat y alimento los que rijan su distribución dentro del humedal. Algunos factores como la influencia de agua marina dentro del humedal, las altas concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto y pH ligeramente básicos, así como la calidad del agua en general, hacen del humedal Las Lisas-La Barrona un área muy diversa en cuanto a especies de moluscos.

Molluscs are one of the dominant faunistic groups in estuarine environments with mangrove forests such as the Las Lisas-La Barrona wetland. They are part of the transfer of energy through trophic networks and contribute to the structuring of the benthic habitats. The Las Lisas-La Barrona wetland is located on the Pacific coast of Guatemala. The diversity of the mollusk community, as well as its relationship with the physicochemical parameters of the water was determined. Eight samplings were carried out (January to August) in 2017, using parcels with an area of 16 m2 in six mangrove forest sites and four sites in the estuarine channel, distributed along the wetland. The mollusk richness of the wetland is comprised of 26 species corresponding to 18 families and 22 genera. The most abundant species of gastropods were Cerithideopsis californica (Adams, 1852) and Littoraria fasciata (Gray, 1839) and bivalves Iliochione subrugosa (Wood, 1828) and Larkinia grandis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). The sites corresponding to mangrove forest, presented a greater amount of mollusks, mainly gastropods. The distribution of dominant species is not given by the physicochemical factors of the water, being able to be other factors such as the availability of habitat and food that govern their distribution within the wetland. Some factors such as the influence of seawater in the wetland, the high concentrations of dissolved oxygen and the slightly basic levels of pH, as well as water quality in general, make the Las Lisas-La Barrona wetland a very diverse area in terms of mollusk species

Cultura physica e vida ao ar livre: a reinvenção do litoral de Fortaleza (1920-1940) / Physical culture and outdoor life: the reinvention of the coast of Fortaleza (1920-1940) / Cultura física y vida al aire libre: la reinvención del litoral de Fortaleza (1920-1940)

Importantes e inéditas transformações se operam no imenso litoral brasileiro nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Nosso estudo examina essas transformações tomando como delimitação geográfica o litoral de Fortaleza, as inúmeras atividades de divertimento e outras voltadas à educação e à saúde que ali se desenvolveram. Já nas décadas de 1920 e 1930 também surge ali nova arquitetura que recorta esse litoral com bangalôs, casas, comércios, clubes esportivos e recreativos. Discursos e práticas higienistas associados a um ideário de vida ao ar livre exortam a população não só a admirar o litoral, mas a usufruir de seus benefícios. O presente artigo objetiva analisar a relação entre a reinvenção do ambiente litorâneo de Fortaleza e os discursos, cada vez mais frequentes, em torno de uma cultura physica. Em termos metodológicos, realizamos uma pesquisa documental que teve como fontes: jornais, revistas, textos literários, relatos de memorialistas e imagens do período

Important and unprecedented changes take place in the Brazilian coast during the first decades of the twentieth century. Our study examines these changes, focusing on the coast of Fortaleza, the numerous leisure activities that happened in that space as well as those oriented to education and health. A new architecture also appears in that space in the 1920s and 1930s, shaping the coast with bungalows, houses, commercial establishments as well as sport and recreational clubs. Hygienist discourses and practices associated with an outdoor lifestyle exhort people not only to admire the coast but also to enjoy its benefits. The present article analyzes the relationship between the reinvention of Fortaleza's coastal environment and the increasingly frequent discourses about a physical culture. As for methodology, we carried out a documentary research using the following sources: newspapers, magazines, literary texts, reports of memorialists and images from the period

Importantes e inéditas transformaciones se operan en el inmenso litoral brasileño en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Nuestro estudio investiga esas transformaciones, tomando como marco geográfico el litoral de la ciudad de Fortaleza, en las numerosas actividades de ocio y otras dedicadas a la educación y a la salud que allí se desarrollaban. En las décadas de 1920 y 1930 surge allí una nueva arquitectura que recorta este litoral con bungalows, casas, comercios y clubes deportivos y recreativos. Discursos y prácticas higienistas, asociados a un ideal de vida al aire libre, incitan a la población a no solo admirar la costa, sino a disfrutar de sus beneficios. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la relación entre la reinvención del ambiente costero de Fortaleza y los discursos, cada vez más frecuentes, sobre una cultura física. En términos metodológicos, realizamos una investigación documental con las siguientes fuentes: periódicos, revistas, textos literarios, relatos de memorialistas e imágenes del periodo

Intraspecific food resource partitioning in Brazilian silverside Atherinella brasiliensis (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) in a tropical estuary, Brazil

We investigated the intraspecific partitioning of food resources of the Brazilian silverside Atherinella brasiliensis in a tropical estuary. A total of 1,099 stomachs were analyzed, and the diet consisted mainly of Gastropoda, Ceratopogonidae larvae, Decapoda larvae, Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Hymenoptera and Brachyura. Ordination of the mean volumetric percentage contribution of preys indicated differences in the dietary compositions between sites and size classes. By SIMPER analysis, we detected high dissimilarity between size classes, suggesting ontogenetic niche shifts: the diet of the early juveniles was based in zooplankton, whereas adults consumed mainly benthic macroinvertebrates. These shifts were related to changes in feeding structures and foraging abilities that show a strong relationship with body size, and showed functional trade-offs in swimming capacity, and feeding strategies used to capture prey. Differences in the diet between size classes and habitat selection by Brazilian silverside are likely strategies to avoid intraspecific competition, clearly related to the abundance and accessibility of resources along the estuarine habitats.(AU)

Nós investigamos a partição intraespecífica de recursos alimentares do peixe-rei Atherinella brasiliensis em um estuário tropical. Um total de 1.099 estômagos foi analisado, e a dieta foi constituída principalmente de Gastropoda, Larva de Ceratopogonidae, Larva de Decapoda, Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Hymenoptera e Brachyura. A análise de ordenação da contribuição do volume das presas indicou diferenças na composição da dieta entre locais e classes de tamanho. Pela análise do SIMPER, nós detectamos alta dissimilaridade entre as classes de tamanho, sugerindo mudanças ontogenéticas: a dieta dos indivíduos menores foi baseada em zooplâncton, enquanto os maiores indivíduos consumiram principalmente macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Essas variações foram relacionadas com mudanças nas estruturas para captura do alimento e na habilidade de forrageamento que evidenciaram uma forte relação com o tamanho do corpo, e mostraram trade-offs funcionais na capacidade de natação e no modo de captura das presas. Diferenças na dieta entre as classes e a seleção de habitat pelo peixe-rei são estratégias para evitar a competição intraespecífica, claramente relacionada com a abundância e a acessibilidade dos recursos alimentares ao longo dos habitats estuarinos.(AU)

Cambios en la comunidad de peces por efecto del desarrollo costero en el Parque Nacional Huatulco (México) / Changes in fish communities from the effect of coastal development in Huatulco National Park (Mexico)

Resumen El incremento del aporte de sedimentos desde tierra derivado del desarrollo costero y urbanización ha producido efectos adversos en la estructura y función de los arrecifes coralinos. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la magnitud de disturbios por aportes excesivos de sedimentos en la comunidad íctica de arrecifes coralinos de las bahías Maguey y Violín del Parque Nacional Huatulco (México). Los muestreos de peces se realizaron antes y después de disturbios ocasionados por aportes de sedimentos asociados a obras de desarrollo costero. Como indicadores de cambios en las comunidades de peces se utilizaron el número de especies, diversidad, equidad y dominancia antes y después de la perturbación. El análisis se realizó mediante pruebas de comparación de medias, análisis de similitud (ANOSIM) y análisis de porcentaje de similitud (SIMPER). En ambas localidades, se observó, que, excepto la dominancia, la diversidad, equidad, abundancia y número de especies fueron mayores previos a la perturbación. En Maguey se observaron diferencias significativas en la equidad y dominancia (U=28, p=0.0401; U=24, p=0.0472), así como en la composición de especies y la abundancia (ANOSIM=0.35, p=0.009). El análisis de porcentaje de similitud (SIMPER) indicó que posterior a la perturbación, el 46 % de especies presentaron una disminución en su abundancia, destacó la ausencia de Prionurus laticlavius, así como el decremento en la abundancia de: P. punctatus, Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus, Microspathodon dorsalis, Lutjanus novemfaciatus y Stegates acapulcoensis. La inadecuada planeación y ejecución de proyectos de desarrollo costero que propiciaron aporte excesivo de sedimentos al mar determinaron cambios negativos en las comunidades coralinas de Maguey y Violín, cuyo efecto fue observado en la composición de especies, abundancia, equidad y dominancia de la comunidad de peces de Maguey.(AU)

Abstract Coastal development and urbanization have increased the sediments that are washed from the land surface, producing adverse effects on the structure and functioning of coral reefs. The objective of this study was to identify the degree to which excessive sediments have disturbed the fish community in the coral reefs in the Maguey and Violin bays, located in the Huatulco National Park (Mexico). Fish samples were collected before and after disturbances produced by sediments associated with coastal development projects. Indicators of changes in the fish communities included the number and diversity of species as well as equity and dominance before and after the disturbances. The analysis was performed through means comparison tests, similarity analysis (ANOSIM) and similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER). In both locations, it was observed that the diversity, evenness, abundance and number of species were higher prior to the disturbance, but not for dominance, which shows an inverse pattern. In Maguey, significant differences in evenness and dominance were observed (U = 28, p = 0.0401; U = 24, p = 0.0472), as well as in species composition and abundance (ANOSIM = 0.35, p = 0.009). The similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) indicated that after the disturbance, more than 46 % of the species showed decreases in average abundance, highlighting the absence of Prionurus laticlavius, as well as the decrease in abundance of: P. punctatus, Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus, Microspathodon dorsalis, Lutjanus novemfaciatus and Stegates acapulcoensis. Inadequate planning and implementation of coastal development projects that contribute to the discharge of excessive sediments into the sea were determinants of negative changes in the coral communities in Maguey and Violin, whose effects could be seen in the composition of the species and the abundance, equity, and dominance of the fish community in Maguey.(AU)

Influencia de la vigilancia en una zona rocosa dentro de un área marina protegida, Pacífico Central de Costa Rica / Surveillance influence in a rocky shore within a marine protected area, Central Pacific of Costa Rica

Resumen Los intermareales rocosos son sitios importantes para peces, aves, invertebrados y algas entre otros, que se utilizan para la extracción de recursos alimenticios para las comunidades costeras. Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de una costa rocosa en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica (Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala), usando indicadores biológicos propuestos por el protocolo del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía. Se analizó la influencia de la vigilancia en dos sitios dentro de un AMP sobre el intermareal rocoso. La recolección de datos se realizó durante la época seca y la época lluviosa de 2015. Los datos mostraron que Nerita scabricosta presentó muchas colonias formadas por pocos individuos. La cobertura de macroalgas y los invertebrados bajo las rocas mostraron una leve diferencia entre los niveles de vigilancia. La densidad de Tetraclita stalactifera no mostró variaciones. Se sugiere la hipótesis que el daño mecánico asociado al turismo, pesca y extracción, está influyendo sobre los organismos de la zona rocosa. Algunos de los bioindicadores utilizados mostraron ser influenciados por los niveles de vigilancia y aplicación de las medidas de manejo.

Abstract Rocky intertidal are important sites for fish, birds, invertebrates and algae, among others, which are used for the extraction of food resources for coastal communities. We present the results of conservation assessment of a rocky shore in the Central Pacific of Costa Rica (Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge) using the biological indicators proposed by the National Environmental Ministry. This study aims to analyze the influence of surveillance, between two sites, over the rocky shore habitat. The sampling was carried out during both the dry and rainy seasons in 2015. Our data shows that Nerita scabricosta -harvested in small-scale fisheries- presents a high number of colonies formed by few individuals. Moreover, the abundance varied between seasons, probably due to a storm surge. Macroalgae differed slightly among sites, where turf had higher percentage coverage in low surveillance areas, while brown algae had higher coverage in high surveillance areas. Mechanical damage (abrasion due to rocks overturning) associated with tourism and harvesting could be influencing the low surveillance area, explaining these differences. Macroalgae presented a seasonal change, probably related to the storm surge. The density of the Tetraclita stalactifera did not exhibit variations. The surveillance level and enforcement influenced some bioindicators of the rocky shore, and therefore could be used to assess the extractive pressure. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 984-995. Epub 2018 September 01.

Riqueza y abundancia de peces arrecifales en el Caribe de Guatemala utilizando Estaciones Remotas de Video Subacuático con Carnada / Richness and abundance of reef fish in the Caribbean of Guatemala using Baited Remote Underwater Video Stations

El mar Caribe de Guatemala forma parte del Sistema Arrecifal Mesoamericano (SAM), el cual alberga una alta diversidad de especies marinas. Dichas poblaciones son importantes para el bienestar de las comunidades humanas que habitan en la zona marino-costera de los países que conforman el SAM, y que dependen de manera directa o indirecta de estos recursos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la riqueza y abundancia tanto de las especies de peces herbívoros presentes en el área, como de aquellas que son atraídas por carnada de sábalo y atún, utilizando la metodología de Estaciones Remotas de Video Subacuático con Carnada BRUVS en sitios con presencia de arrecifes. El muestreo se realizó en siete sitios ubicados fuera de la Bahía de Amatique, Izabal, en abril, junio y septiembre de 2016. Se grabaron 26.06 h, en 21 sets de BRUVS. Se contabilizaron 778 organismos, correspondientes a dos clases, 20 familias, 31 géneros y 59 especies. Las especies más abundantes en el estudio fueron Scarus spp. (19.67 %), Clepticus parrae (9.64 %), Aluterus scriptus (6.04 %), Scarus iserti (5.14 %) y Caranx ruber (5.01 %). Los sitios Quetzalito 1 y 2 presentaron una riqueza de especies significativamente mayor (p < 0.006) al resto de sitios de muestreo. Quetzalito 1, 2 y King Fish presentaron una abundancia significativamente mayor (p < .038) al resto de sitios. El dendrograma derivado de la abundancia por especie para los sitios de muestreo, mostró cinco agrupaciones (similaridad de Bray-Curtis del 43 %). Finalmente se observó una baja presencia de peces de importancia comercial en los siete puntos evaluados.

The Guatemalan Caribbean Sea forms part of the Mesoamerican Reef System (MAR), which harbors a great marine biodiversity. These populations are important for the wellness of humans who live in communities at coastal areas located in the MAR region, and who directly or indirectly depend on these resources to survive and thrive. The main objective of this study was to determine not only species richness and abundance of herbivorous fish, but also those who are attracted by shad and tuna bait when used in the Baited Remote Underwater Video Stations (BRUVS) in sites with coral reef presence. Monitoring was held at seven spots located outside Bahía de Amatique, Izabal, in April, June and September 2016. In 21 sets of BRUVS, 26.06 h of video were recorded, counting a total of 778 organisms which belongs to two classes, 20 families, 31 genera and 59 species. The most abundant species were Scarus spp. (19.67 %), Clepticus parrae (9.64 %), Aluterus scriptus (6.04 %), Scarus iserti (5.14 %) and Caranx ruber (5.01 %). The sites that presented higher richness of species were Quetzalito 1 y 2 (p < 0.006 compared to the rest of the sampled sites). Quetzalito 1, 2 and King Fish showed higher abundance (p < .038) compared to the rest of the sites. Abundance per specie dendrogram showed five groups (Bray-Curtis similarity of 43 %). Finally, low presence of commercial fish species was seen at the seven monitored sites.

El reto de Zika en Colombia y América Latina: Una urgencia sanitaria: [Editorial] / The challenge of Zika in Colombia and Latin America: An international health emergency: [Editorial]

Durante el año 2015, Colombia vio la llegada de un segundo arbovirus emergente en su territorio (el primero fue chikungunya en 2014), recordándonos que vivimos en un mundo pequeño y donde las enfermedades se globalizan potencialmente gracias a los viajes internacionales1. Pasaron tan solo unos meses para que el virus de Zika, del cual se reportaba un brote epidémico en Brasil2,3, llegase a la costa caribe colombiana, y con las condiciones epidemiológicas idóneas, se iniciase la transmisión autóctona y con ello una epidemia que desde septiembre de 2015 (semana epidemiológica 40) hasta el 23 de enero de 2016 (semana epidemiología 3) ha producido 20.297 casos, 1.050 confirmados por laboratorio procedentes de 30 entidades territoriales, 17.115casos confirmados por clínica procedentes de 30 entidades territoriales y 2.132 casos sospechosos procedentes de 33 entidades territoriales 4. El 16 de octubre de 2015 el Ministerio de Salud de Colombia confirma la circulación del virus Zika en el Municipio de Turbaco, Departamento de Bolívar.

During 2015, Colombia saw the arrival of a second emerging arbovirus in its territory (the first was chikungunya in 2014), reminding us that we live in a small world and where diseases are potentially globalized thanks to international travel1. It took only a few months for the Zika virus, of which an epidemic outbreak was reported in Brazil2,3, reached the Colombian Caribbean coast, and with the ideal epidemiological conditions, autochthonous transmission began and with it an epidemic that since September 2015 (epidemiological week 40) until January 23, 2016 (epidemiological week 3) has produced 20,297 cases, 1,050 laboratory-confirmed cases from 30 territorial entities, 17,115 clinical-confirmed cases from 30 territorial entities and 2,132 suspected cases sent of 33 territorial entities 4. On October 16, 2015, the Colombian Ministry of Health confirmed the circulation of the Zika virus in the Municipality of Turbaco, Department of Bolívar.

Diagnóstico del impacto generado por la mortalidad en el cultivo de camarón marino en granjas del sector El Zompopero, San Hilario, municipio de Jiquilísco, departamento de Usulután: en vínculo con cooperativas de San Hilario / Diagnosis of the impact generated by mortality in the farming of Marine Shrimp in the Zompopero sector, San Hilario, a community of Jiquilísco, department of Usulután in connection with cooperatives of San Hilario

El sector El Zompopero ubicado en la Bahía de Jiquilisco Usulután, es un núcleo productivo integrado por cinco cooperativas que se dedican al cultivo de camarón blanco de la especie Litopenaeus vannamei. Los miembros que integran las cooperativas son familias desmovilizadas de la guerra civil de El Salvador, a quienes se les repartieron tierras en esta zona costera como estrategia de reinserción a la vida productiva. Cuentan con un total de 21 estanques de tierra, que cubren un área de cultivo de 84.3 hectáreas y realizan tres ciclos de cultivo de camarón al año. Actualmente este sector productivo enfrenta serios problemas debido a la alta mortalidad que se registra en cada ciclo productivo. Por esta razón, la Escuela de Ciencias del Mar del Centro Regional MEGATEC La Unión realizó un proyecto de investigación aplicada para diagnosticar las principales causas que generan la mortalidad en los cultivos, así como el impacto económico y social que perciben las familias que se dedican a la producción de camarón. A través del diagnóstico se identificaron 5 causas externas y 15 internas que afectaron la producción en las granjas camaroneras en el año 2014. Las causas están asociadas al manejo del cultivo y a las condiciones de infraestructura de los estanques en las cooperativas.

The El Zompopero sector, located in the Bahía of Jiquilisco, Usulután, is a productive nucleus made up of five cooperatives that are dedicated to the white shrimp farming of the Litopenaeus vannamei species. The members that make up the cooperatives are families demobilized from the civil war in El Salvador, to whom land was distributed in this coastal area as a strategy for reintegration into productive life. They have a total of 21 earthen ponds, which cover a cultivation area of ​​84.3 hectares and carry out three shrimp farming cycles per year. Currently this productive sector faces serious problems due to the high mortality that is recorded in each productive cycle. For this reason, the Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, ITCA-FEPADE MEGATEC La Unión carried out an applied research project to diagnose the main causes that generate mortality in crops, as well as the economic and social impact perceived by families that are dedicated to shrimp production. Through the diagnosis, 5 external and 15 internal causes were identified that affected production in shrimp farms in 2014. The causes are associated with the management of the crop and the infrastructure conditions of the ponds in the cooperatives.

Species richness in restinga vegetation on the eastern Maranhão State, Northeastern Brazil / Riqueza de espécies em uma restinga no leste do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil

The State of Maranhão comprises the second largest coastline in Brazil. Nonetheless, few floristic surveys on restinga vegetation have been performed in Northeastern Brazil. This study aimed to survey floristic in a restinga of Maranhão, and to assess its similarity to other restingas in the states of Pará and Piauí. Botanical specimens were sampled at Sítio Aguahy, in the municipality of São José de Ribamar, along the eastern coast of Maranhão between June/2012 and October/2013. Species identification and life forms classification followed the usual methods employed in floristic studies. Similarities in plant composition of six sites were estimated based on cluster analysis through Bray-Curtis distance. In the studied area, we found 116 phanerogamic species, 100 genera and 52 families; 19 species were new occurrences for the restinga of Maranhão. Families with largest number of species were Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Combretaceae, and Eriocaulaceae, which comprised 49.2% of all sampled species. We identified 41 nanophanerophytes, 34 terophytes, 15 camephytes, ten microphanerophytes, six hemicryptophytes, and five lianas. Similarity analyses indicated greater affinity between the restinga flora from the states of Maranhão and Pará than that observed for the states of Maranhão and Piauí, suggesting that the process of species colonization in the former is more likely derived from the Amazon Forest. It is expected that these results may encourage future researchers to conduct further surveys in restinga areas of the Maranhão aiming to better understand the influence of neighboring vegetation on the colonization of the coastal areas of Maranhão.

O Estado do Maranhão possui o segundo maior litoral da costa brasileira. No entanto, poucos levantamentos florísticos foram realizados nas áreas de restinga no Nordeste do Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento florístico em uma área de restinga no Maranhão e analisar a similaridade com a flora das restingas dos Estados do Pará e do Piauí. As coletas botânicas foram realizadas na restinga do Sítio Aguahy, município de São José de Ribamar, na porção oriental da Ilha do Maranhão, no período de junho de 2012 a outubro de 2013. A identificação das espécies e a classificação das formas de vida seguiu a metodologia usual em estudos florísticos. A similaridade foi realizada através de análise de cluster a partir da distância de Bray-Curtis, onde foram considerados seis estudos. Foram listadas 116 espécies fanerogâmicas, 100 gêneros e 52 famílias. Deste total, 19 espécies são apresentadas como novas ocorrências para o litoral do Maranhão. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Combretaceae e Eriocaulaceae, correspondendo a 49.2% das espécies encontradas. Quanto às formas de vida, foram identificados 41 nanofanerófitos, 34 terófitos, 15 caméfitos, 10 microfanerófitos, seis hemicriptófitos e cinco lianas. A análise de similaridade mostrou maior afinidade entre a flora da restinga do Maranhão e do Pará, do que com a flora do Piauí, sugerindo uma possível colonização da restinga estudada por espécies provenientes da floresta Amazônica. Espera-se que esses dados sejam vistos como um passo inicial para a realização de mais pesquisas nas demais restingas maranhenses para que, futuramente, proporcione a compreensão da influência da vegetação circunvizinha na colonização das áreas litorâneas do Maranhão.

Caracterização estrutural e status de conservação do estrato herbáceo de dunas da Praia de São Marcos, Maranhão, Brasil / Structural characterization and conservation status of the herbaceous stratum at Praia de São Marcos dunes, Maranhão State, Brazil

The coastal dunes have been identified as one of the most degraded environments. On the Brazilian coast, they threat the "restinga" vegetation. The objective of this study was to describe the phytosociological structure of the herb layer of dune vegetation and assess the conservation status of the area on the Maranhão coast. The study was conducted at São Marcos Beach located in the northern portion of the Maranhão Island. For the phytosociological sampling, we used the plot's method (50 plots of 1 m2), and analyzed the traditional phytosociological parameters of vegetation. Also, there were determined the life forms, phytogeographic distribution and conservation status of vegetation community on site. In the sample of 50 m² we found 35 species from which Paspalum maritimum, Paspalum ligulare, Cassytha filiformis, Chamaecrista hispidula and Euploca polyphylla showed the highest importance value. When calculated for the cover values, the Shannon diversity index (H') was 1.69 nats m-² and it was 3.04 nats m-² when calculated for the frequency values. The area showed predominance of chamaephytes and therophytes indicating an adaptive strategy of vegetation to withstand adverse weather conditions. The sampled ecosystem presented widely distributed species in the Brazilian biomes, being absent endemism. There were identified 14 impacts factors of which five hit more severely the restinga vegetation of the São Marcos Beach. Therefore, more studies are needed with a focus on conservation of dune ecosystems to prevent damage compromising the plant diversity of these areas.

As dunas costeiras têm sido apontadas como um dos ambientes mais deteriorados do litoral brasileiro ameaçando assim a vegetação de restinga. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever a fitossociologia do estrato herbáceo da vegetação de dunas e avaliar o status de conservação da área no litoral maranhense. O estudo foi realizado na Praia de São Marcos, localizada na porção norte da Ilha do Maranhão. Para a amostragem fitossociológica foi utilizado o método de parcelas (50 parcelas de 1 m2), sendo analisados os parâmetros fitossociológicos tradicionais em vegetação. Também foram determinadas as formas de vida, distribuição fitogeográfica e status de conservação da comunidade vegetal. Nos 50 m² foram amostradas 35 espécies das quais Paspalum maritimum, Paspalum ligulare, Cassytha filiformis, Chamaecrista hispidula e Euploca polyphylla obtiveram os maiores VI's. O índice de diversidade de Shannon, quando calculado com valores de cobertura, resultou em H' =1,69 nats m-² e quando calculado com valores de frequência, foi de H' =3,04 nats m-². A área exibiu predominância de caméfitos e terófitos, indicando que essas formas de vida são uma estratégia adaptativa das espécies que ocorrem nesse tipo de vegetação para resistir as condições climáticas adversas. O ecossistema amostrado apresentou espécies de ampla distribuição nos biomas brasileiros, sendo ausentes endemismos. Foram identificados 14 fatores de impactos, dos quais cinco atingem com mais gravidade a vegetação de restinga. Portanto, são necessários mais estudos com foco na conservação dos ecossistemas de dunas, a fim de evitar danos que comprometam a diversidade vegetal dessas áreas.

Factores que inciden en la mortalidad del camarón marino en cooperativas del sector El Zompopero, Bahía de Jiquilisco, Usulután, El Salvador / Factors that affect the mortality of marine shrimp in cooperatives of El Zompopo area, Bahía de Jiquilisco, Usulután, El Salvador

El sector El Zompopero ubicado en la Bahía de Jiquilisco Usulután, es un núcleo productivo integrado por cinco cooperativas que se dedican al cultivo de camarón blanco de la especie Litopenaeus vannamei. Los miembros que integran las cooperativas son familias desmovilizadas de la guerra civil de El Salvador, a quienes se les repartieron tierras en esta zona costera como estrategia de reinserción a la vida productiva. Cuentan con un total de 21 estanques de tierra, que cubren un área de cultivo de 84.3 hectáreas y realizan tres ciclos de cultivo de camarón al año. Actualmente este sector productivo enfrenta serios problemas debido a la alta mortalidad que se registra en cada ciclo productivo. Por esta razón, la Escuela de Ciencias del Mar del Centro Regional MEGATEC La Unión realizó un proyecto de investigación aplicada para diagnosticar las principales causas que generan la mortalidad en los cultivos, así como el impacto económico y social que perciben las familias que se dedican a la producción de camarón. A través del diagnóstico se identificaron 5 causas externas y 15 internas que afectaron la producción en las granjas camaroneras en el año 2014. Las causas están asociadas al manejo del cultivo y a las condiciones de infraestructura de los estanques en las cooperativas

El Zompopero zone located in Jiquilisco Bay in Usulután, is a productive center formed by five farm cooperatives dedicated to the white shrimp farming, Litopenaeus vannamei species. The members forming the cooperatives are demobilized families from the civil conflict in El Salvador who were distributed lands in this coastal area as a reinsertion into productive life strategy. They currently have a total of 21 earth ponds with a farming area of 84.3 hectares that allow three shrimp farming cycles a year. At the moment, this productive area is facing serious problems due to the high mortality rate registered every productive cycle. Thy is why, the Marine Science School at the regional Centre MEGATEC in La Unión, implemented an applied research project to identify the main reasons causing farming mortality, as well as the economic and social impact in the families dedicated to shrimp farm production. The research identified 5 external causes and 15 internal ones that affected shrimp farm production in the year 2014. These causes are related to farming handling and to the conditions of the ponds infrastructure in the cooperatives.