Cyberbullying among children and youth in Türkiye: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PROBLEM: It has been reported in various studies that identifying risk and protective factors and outcomes of cyberbullying perpetration (CP) and cyberbullying victimization (CV) is crucial for educational strategies to fight against cyberbullying. The main purpose of the present study is to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review to identify which risk and protective factors are more strongly associated with CP/CV and possible consequences of CP/CV among children and youth in Türkiye. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Various databases, including PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), ProQuest, ERIC, SCOPUS, Turkish Psychiatry Index, DergiPark, and National Dissertation/Thesis Center of Türkiye were searched to identify relevant studies. SAMPLE: Fifty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria included in the present study. RESULTS: Results revealed that the strongest risk factor was traditional bullying for CP (r = 0.47, p < .001) and traditional victimization for CV (r = 0.43, p < .001). The strongest protective factor was social skill for CP (r = -0.45, p < .001) and empathy for CV (r = -0.25, p < .001). In addition, involvement in CP behaviors had the strongest effect on negative self-concept (r = 0.28, p < .001), while exposure to CV on anxiety (r = 0.35, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Although this study has some limitations, the study's findings are important source of information for many professionals, such as pediatric nurses, school psychological counselors, psychologists, and policymakers to further educational strategies for children and young people in Türkiye. IMPLICATIONS: The study findings would be useful for developing educational programs to strengthen protective factors and reduce risk factors to prevent cyberbullying perpetration behaviors.

Adolescents' problematic internet and smartphone use in (cyber)bullying experiences: A network analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates both offline and online bullying perpetration and victimization in association with problematic internet use (PIU) and problematic smartphone use (PSU), while also considering the related psychosocial difficulties. METHODS: A total of 3939 adolescents (49.4% boys, aged 13-15 years) from a representative sample of schools in Slovakia was obtained from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) project in 2018. Due to the lack of similar complex research and the expected mutual associations among the constructs, we compared exploratory network models that provided separate estimates for boys and girls. RESULTS: The constructs formed similarly clustered networks for both genders, with a few notable differences. Unlike PIU, PSU was not associated with bullying experiences in boys or girls; however, PSU and PIU were partially related in girls. Bullying experiences formed a strong cluster in both networks. Two strong bridges were identified, and they are potential candidates for intervention in both boys and girls: first, traditional bullying victimization connected the cluster of bullying experiences to psychosocial difficulties; and, second, frequently missing sleep or meals due to internet use (behavioral salience) that is connected to the bullying cluster with PIU. CONCLUSIONS: The findings offer an indication for the preventive and interventive work of practitioners who deal with adolescents, as well as complex gender comparisons for the mutual relations of problematic internet and smartphone use, bullying experiences, and the psychosocial difficulties of youth. This study provides evidence that problematic digital media can play a role in bullying experiences irrespective of whether bullying happens offline or online.

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Interventions to Decrease Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization.

Evidence suggests that cyberbullying among school-age children is related to problem behaviors and other adverse school performance constructs. As a result, numerous school-based programs have been developed and implemented to decrease cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Given the extensive literature and variation in program effectiveness, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of programs to decrease cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Our review included published and unpublished literature, utilized modern, transparent, and reproducible methods, and examined confirmatory and exploratory moderating factors. A total of 50 studies and 320 effect sizes spanning 45,371 participants met the review protocol criteria. Results indicated that programs significantly reduced cyberbullying perpetration (g = -0.18, SE = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.09]) and victimization (g = -0.13, SE = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.21, -0.05]). Moderator analyses, however, yielded only a few statistically significant findings. We interpret these findings and provide implications for future cyberbullying prevention policy and practice.

The Dosage, Context, and Modality of Interventions to Prevent Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization: a Systematic Review.

Past reviews of cyberbullying preventative interventions have critiqued the field regarding scientific rigor, and a meta-analysis found that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of such interventions were more effective than non-RCTs. However, no review has examined the risk of bias, dosage, modality, and delivery context of such programs to date. The current study addresses this gap through a systematic review of the literature. Potential articles (N = 4,737) from 4 databases were identified and screened (Academic Search Premier including ERIC, PsychINFO, and the Psychology and Behavioral Collection; PubMed; Web of Science; Compendex); 72 articles were reviewed for eligibility. Final articles included (N = 30) were based on a rigorous search process guided by inclusion and exclusion criteria. The majority of studies were conducted in Europe; two were conducted in the USA, three in Australia, and two in the Middle East. Efforts to reduce risk of bias were evaluated using the Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool. Harvest plots were constructed to qualitatively illustrate the rigor, dosage, modality, and context of the interventions, and meta-analytic random effects models were conducted to examine effect sizes of the interventions on cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Results suggest that cyberbullying interventions delivered through schools are effective, though expanded follow-up time is suggested, and additional evidence is needed for home settings and digital delivery.

Cyberbullying: magnitude, experiências e possibilidades de prevenção entre adolescentes do ensino médio de duas capitais brasileiras / Cyberbullying: magnitude, experiences and possibilities for prevention among high school adolescents in two brazilian capitals

Este estudo versa sobre cyberbullying, forma de intimidação sistemática cuja prática e representação social ocorre no ambiente digital. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com amostra representativa da população de adolescentes no 2º ano do ensino secundário em escolas públicas e privadas em duas cidades brasileiras: Vitória (ES) e Campo Grande (MS), selecionadas pela elevada prevalência de bullying. Foram investigados 480 jovens entre 15 e 19 anos. Para aferir cyberbullying, foi utilizada a escala Revised Cyberbullying Inventory. A tese é apresentada no formato de três artigos e um capítulo. O primeiro é um estudo teórico que reflete sobre o processo de expansão da cultura digital e, em especial, considera as experiências de hipervisibilidade até os chamados "ataques a face". O segundo artigo investiga o perfil, as semelhanças e as diferenças entre os papéis do cyberbullying (vitimização, perpetração, vitimização e perpetração e não envolvimento) entre adolescentes de acordo com variáveis socioeconômico-demográficas, uso da internet e contexto familiar, escolar e comunitário; através de análise de correspondência, distingue grupos de cyber agressores (adolescentes do sexo masculino negro, uso moderado da Internet, viver com madrasta/padrasto, pouca ou nenhuma violência familiar, humilhação na escola); cyber vítimas/agressores (adolescentes do sexo feminino brancas, viver com pais/família composta, acesso variado à Internet, nenhuma ameaça/contacto com armas na escola e na comunidade e nenhum conflito com pares); cyber vítimas que não apresentaram item associado e aqueles que não sofrem de cyberbullying sem nenhum item associado. O terceiro artigo analisa associações entre os diferentes papéis do cyberbullying (vítima, agressor, e concomitância entre vítima e agressor) e saúde mental (autoestima, sofrimento psíquico, automutilação, ideação suicida, uso de substâncias); através de modelos logísticos, encontrou-se que cyber vítimas têm maior chance de terem baixa autoestima e comportamentos autolesivos; e cyber vítimas e vítimas/agressores têm mais chances de terem ideação suicida e sofrimento psíquico. O capítulo a seguir, fruto de análise qualitativa, parte de relatos dos adolescentes que participaram dos oito grupos focais, priorizando suas experiências frente ao fenômeno e as estratégias de prevenção identificadas pelos entrevistados; constatou-se que adolescentes LGBTQIA+, negros e as meninas são vistos como tendo maior pré-disposição a sofrer ataques de cyberbullying, com experiências relacionadas a aparência física, orientação sexual, principalmente, através de xingamentos nas redes sociais, nos aplicativos de mensagens anônimas e de comunicação entre jogadores. A família e a escola foram identificadas como as instituições responsáveis pela prevenção de cyberbullying. Reduzir horas de acesso e a promoção de campanhas que incluam pais também foram apontadas como estratégias possivelmente exitosas pelos adolescentes. A escola não pode ser o único ator comprometido com a causa do cyberbullying, a família, a rede socioassistencial, outros mecanismos de proteção e as plataformas de redes sociais devem assumir seu papel diante desse problema de saúde pública. Prevenir o cyberbullying é a estratégia mais potente no enfrentamento a essa violência e continua sendo uma das mais relevantes maneiras de lidar com cyberbullying.

This study deals with cyberbullying, a form of systematic intimidation reflected in practice and social representation inherent to the digital environment. It is a cross-sectional study carried out with a representative sample of the population of adolescents in the 2nd year of middle education in public and private schools in two Brazilian cities: Vitória/ES and Campo Grande/MS, selected for their high prevalence of bullying. Four hundred eighty young people between 15 and 19 years old were investigated. The Revised Cyberbullying Inventory scale was used to measure cyberbullying. The thesis presents as results three articles and a chapter. The first is a theoretical study that reflects on the process of expansion of digital culture and, in particular, considers the experiences of hypervisibility until the so-called "attacks to the face." The second article investigates the profile, similarities, and differences between the roles of cyberbullying (victimization, perpetration, victimization and perpetration and non-involvement) among adolescents according to socioeconomic-demographic variables, internet use and family, school, and community context. Correspondence analysis distinguishes groups of a) cyber aggressors (black male adolescents, moderate Internet use, living with stepmother/stepfather, little or no family violence, humiliation at school); b) cyber victims/aggressors (white female adolescents, living with parents/compound family, varied internet access, no threat/contact with weapons at school and in the community, and no conflict with peers); cyber victims who did not present an associated item and those who do not suffer from cyberbullying without any associated item. The third article analyzes associations between the different roles of cyberbullying and mental health (self-esteem, psychological distress, self-mutilation, suicidal ideation, and substance use). Logistical models found that cyber victims are more likely to have low self-esteem and self-injurious behaviors. Cyber victims and victims/aggressors are more likely to have suicidal ideation and psychological distress. The following chapter presents qualitative analysis from reports of adolescents who participated in the eight focus groups, prioritizing their experiences and prevention strategies. It was found that LGBTQIA+ adolescents, blacks, and girls have a greater predisposition to suffer cyberbullying attacks, with experiences related to physical appearance, sexual orientation, mainly through name-calling on social networks, anonymous messaging, and communication apps between players. The family and school were identified as the institutions responsible for preventing cyberbullying. Reducing access hours and promoting campaigns that include parents were also identified as possibly successful strategies by adolescents. The school cannot be the only actor committed to the cause of cyberbullying; the family, the social assistance network, other protection mechanisms, and social network platforms must assume their role in this public health problem. Preventing cyberbullying is the most potent strategy to face this violence and remains one of the most appropriate ways of dealing with cyberbullying.

Factors associated with cyberbullying among vocational students based on the ecological system model in an ethnic minority area.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate the current situation of youth cyberbullying (CB) in an ethnic minority area in China and the socio-ecological factors influencing it to provide a scientific basis for the development of health education and improved decision-making for youth in these areas.The cluster sampling method was adopted to conduct a questionnaire survey of 2156 students from 2 vocational high schools in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in December 2019. SPSS 22.1 statistical software was used for data analysis.CB among vocational school students in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is relatively common, with 51.62% of the participants reporting having bullied someone and 68.65% reporting having been bullied online. The rate of CB perpetration and victimization among adolescents in minority areas is affected by individuals, family, peer factors, and school climate.The phenomenon of vocational high school student CB in ethnic minority areas is affected by personal, familial, interpersonal, and school environments. It is recommended that the individual and social-ecological factors in which adolescent CB interventions are formulated in the future be comprehensively considered.

Carta al editor sobre el artículo Acoso escolar cibernético en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 / Letter to the editor regarding to Cyber bullying in the context of COVID-19 pandemic

Hemos leído con particular interés el manuscrito de Cedillo-Ramírez,1 titulado Acoso escolar cibernético en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19, en el que se hace una excelente descripción sobre un problema de suma importancia en el marco de las modificaciones actuales por la COVID-19, relacionado a la educación virtual en la población escolar. No obstante, el problema es más grave de lo que se puede percibir. Existen dos aspectos fundamentales que no se pueden omitir: las implicaciones del acoso per se a largo plazo, y la salud mental del victimario. Desafortunadamente, se ha descrito que el bullying es una situación ubicua en la experiencia escolar,2 y a pesar de que la víctima, en este caso es un niño o adolescente, puede manifestar secuelas emocionales e incluso incurrir en conductas autolesivas a nivel físico, es necesario establecer el pronóstico de dicha afectación. Stewart y otros3 realizaron un estudio en el cual evaluaron 340 adolescentes deprimidos por ser víctimas de bullying en el contexto de hospitalización psiquiátrica. Dicha investigación encontró que abstenerse de exteriorizar los sentimientos de afectación ligados al acoso, se asoció con un mayor número de intentos suicidas, siendo este más prevalente en hombres.3 Estos investigadores concluyeron que los resultados soportan un complejo entramado de factores que llevan finalmente al adolescente a la ideación suicida, por lo que es necesario instaurar programas de prevención e intervención en todas las instituciones escolares para hacer un estricto seguimiento a este tipo de eventos. De forma similar, concluyen Vergara y otros,4 posterior a evaluar el impacto de la perpetuación del bullying en una corte de 223 adolescentes, que en sus resultados destacan más la importancia del acosador dentro este círculo violento4 en comparación a otros estudios donde concentran la atención principalmente en las victimas.2,3 Por otra parte, se considera que el victimario es un individuo que presenta alteración de la conducta, lo que predispone a la persistencia de la realización de actos delictivos en años posteriores. Este problema fue planteado por Wallinius y otros,5 quien desarrolló un estudio en el cual encontraron que este tipo de comportamientos durante la etapa escolar son predictores tempranos de desarrollo de conductas antisociales agresivas, con subsecuente criminalidad e impacto negativo en casi todas las esferas sociales, durante la transición hacia la adultez.5 Se ha descrito que estos actos son una barrera frente a condiciones psicológicas/psiquiátricas inestables como la depresión, miedo patológico, ansiedad, enfermedad orgánica abandonada, problemas financieros, y la expresión del maltrato intrafamiliar.6 Por lo tanto, es de esperarse que en la actualidad, en el marco del confinamiento secundario a la emergencia sanitaria, las familias compartan mayor tiempo y espacio, intensificando y trasladando ese tipo de actitudes violentas a los medios de uso actual. El agobio del estilo de vida que llevan las sociedades actuales, que acarrean crisis económicas, sociales, educativas y culturales, acentúan este problema, incrementando el riesgo de violencia en cualquiera de sus modalidades, independientemente de variables como el género o la edad. El acoso en todas sus presentaciones, es una condición que casi en su totalidad, se convierte en un ciclo vicioso transgeneracional.7 De aquí radica la importancia de intervenir de forma oportuna sobre este tipo de dificultades, la cual muchas veces fue descuidada durante el desarrollo de la generación adulta actual, ocasionando los resultados que podrían relacionarse con las estadísticas actuales sobre violencia a nivel global.8 Es por esto que la presentación de conductas antisociales en el contexto escolar, debe ser abordado directamente por los servicios de psiquiatría y psicología clínica, en función de examinar los factores que desencadenan este comportamiento, y prevenir la persistencia de la misma, así como evitar el impacto negativo sobre los afectados, el cual claramente es significativo para salvaguardar la salud física y mental de las futuras generaciones(AU)

Middle School Effects of the Dating Matters® Comprehensive Teen Dating Violence Prevention Model on Physical Violence, Bullying, and Cyberbullying: a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Few comprehensive primary prevention approaches for youth have been evaluated for effects on multiple types of violence. Dating Matters®: Strategies to Promote Healthy Teen Relationships (Dating Matters) is a comprehensive teen dating violence (TDV) prevention model designed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and evaluated using a longitudinal stratified cluster-randomized controlled trial to determine effectiveness for preventing TDV and promoting healthy relationship behaviors among middle school students. In this study, we examine the prevention effects on secondary outcomes, including victimization and perpetration of physical violence, bullying, and cyberbullying. This study examined the effectiveness of Dating Matters compared to a standard-of-care TDV prevention program in 46 middle schools in four high-risk urban communities across the USA. The analytic sample (N = 3301; 53% female; 50% Black, non-Hispanic; and 31% Hispanic) consisted of 6th-8th grade students who had an opportunity for exposure to Dating Matters in all three grades or the standard-of-care in 8th grade only. Results demonstrated that both male and female students attending schools implementing Dating Matters reported 11% less bullying perpetration and 11% less physical violence perpetration than students in comparison schools. Female Dating Matters students reported 9% less cyberbullying victimization and 10% less cyberbullying perpetration relative to the standard-of-care. When compared to an existing evidence-based intervention for TDV, Dating Matters demonstrated protective effects on physical violence, bullying, and cyberbullying for most groups of students. The Dating Matters comprehensive prevention model holds promise for reducing multiple forms of violence among middle school-aged youth. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01672541.

Workplace cyberbullying exposed: A concept analysis.

PURPOSES: (1) To understand the concept of workplace cyberbullying, (2) to develop a conceptual definition of workplace cyberbullying, and (3) to examine evidence on workplace cyberbullying in nursing. METHOD: Walker and Avant's eight-step approach to concept analysis was used. DATA SOURCE: Fifteen articles were derived from search of five databases using key terms and factored as cyber, bullying, work, place, and combined terms with nursing or harassment. FINDINGS: Four defining attributes of workplace cyberbullying identified are persistent unwanted act stemming from the work environment, delivered through digital technology, faceless perpetrator, and boundaryless. A new conceptual definition of workplace cyberbullying is developed. CONCLUSION: Developing a new conceptual definition of workplace cyberbullying is critical, which may be the starting point to theory and new instrument development to test the operational concepts. More research such as using a hybrid approach to develop the concept of workplace cyberbullying.

Associations Between Cybervictimization and Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood.

Outcomes associated with cybervictimization in adolescence have been heavily studied, although less research has examined these associations in emerging adulthood. This study was designed to examine links between cybervictimization and social and emotional well-being, and internalizing and externalizing behavior in a sample of 447 college and noncollege attending emerging adults. Results suggest that cybervictimization is problematic for social and emotional well-being, internalizing, and externalizing behavior. The discussion emphasizes the importance of creating prevention programs and antibullying campaigns for individuals in the emerging adult age group, and provides suggestions for future research.

Cyberbullying status and mental health in Norwegian adolescents.

The aim of the present study was to examine how the cyberbullying status (not involved, cyber-victim only, cyberbully only, cyber-victim and bully) is related to the mental health of the adolescents when controlled for traditional bullying experience. We also examined the potential moderator sex on the relationship between cyberbullying status and mental health. Univariate analyses of variance were conducted to predict mental health problems using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire total difficulties score and its five scales. The model consisted of five predictors in addition to an interaction term between cyberbully status and sex. Of the 2,117 adolescents, 50% were girls. The vast majority did not have any cyberbullying experience (87%), 9% of the adolescents were cyber-victims only, 1% were cyberbullies only and 3% were both cyber-victims and bullies. Overall, girl's mental health seems to be more compromised when exposed to or involved in cyberbullying than boys mental health. In general, adolescents who are not only cyberbullies and cyber-victims, but also cyber-victims only had a worse mental health compared to adolescents without cyberbullying experience. Being exposed to cyberbullying is a unique contributor to mental health problems. Preventing cyberbullying is therefore important. Especially girl's mental health seems to be negatively affected when exposed to cyberbullying.

Gratitude and Emotional Intelligence as Protective Factors against Cyber-Aggression: Analysis of a Mediation Model.

Cyber-bullying is becoming an increasing school and health problem affecting adolescents worldwide. A number of studies have examined risk factors and protective factors in cyber-bullying situations and their consequences on the psychological well-being of adolescents. Gratitude and Emotional Intelligence (EI) are two personal resources that have been shown to have beneficial effects on the health and the social, personal and psychological functioning of young people. Nevertheless, little is known about these two variables in the context of cyber-bullying. The main purpose of this study was to examine the roles of gratitude and EI in cyber-aggression. Specifically, we hypothesised a mediational effect of gratitude in emotional intelligence-cyber-aggression link. A total of 1157 students aged 12-18 years (54.4% females) completed several questionnaires assessing gratitude (Gratitude Questionnaire; GQ-5), EI (Wong and Law's Emotional Intelligence Scale; WLEIS-S) and cyber-bullying (European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire; ECIPQ). The results showed expected significant associations between the studied variables. Moreover, the structural equation model analysis confirmed that EI dimensions were indirectly associated with cyber-aggression via gratitude, even when controlling for the effects of socio-demographic variables. These findings provide evidence on why those adolescents high in emotional intelligence are less aggressive in cyber-bullying context and suggest possibilities for gratitude interventions to reduce aggressive actions by electronic means among adolescents. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Loneliness, Family Communication, and School Adjustment in a Sample of Cybervictimized Adolescents.

The objective of this study was to compare individual, family, and social variables, such as the perception of loneliness, family communication, and school adjustment in a sample of 2399 Andalusian (Spanish) adolescents aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.63, SD = 1.91) suffering from cybervictimization (low, moderate, and high). The results show that adolescents suffering from high cybervictimization report more loneliness, more problematic communication with both parents, and worse school adjustment than the rest of the groups. Regarding gender, differences are observed in open communication with the mother and in the dimensions of school adjustment, being more favorable for girls. However, there were no significant differences between girls and boys in the loneliness variable. The interaction effects indicate, on the one hand, that female severe cybervictims present more avoidant communication with the mother than the other groups, and, on the other hand, that male cybervictims of all three groups and female severe cybervictims have lower academic competence than the group of female low cybervictims, followed by female moderate cybervictims. These data support the idea that, depending on its intensity and duration, cybervictimization affects girls and boys differently in terms of individual, family, and social variables.

High school students' suggestions for supporting younger pupils counteract cyberbullying.

This study's aim was to explore high school students' suggestions for supporting younger pupils prevent and deal with cyberbullying. Seventy-eight high school students participated in 11 focus groups, and had many concrete suggestions for ways they could support younger pupils against cyberbullying. The suggestions covered a range of activities, for instance advising younger pupils on how to avoid becoming victims of cyberbullying by teaching them netiquette. Furthermore, the students were positive toward involving adults in counteracting cyberbullying among younger pupils, for example educating younger pupils' parents about cyberbullying. Moreover, the students suggested that they could show support for victims of cyberbullying by taking on the role of a friend when a younger pupil is cyberbullied and spend time with her/him during breaks. They also had ideas about supporting younger pupils in getting cyberbullies to stop, for instance by teaching the younger pupils technical skills for dealing with the cyberbullying on the Internet. To conclude, the findings in this study indicate that high school students want to be involved in supporting younger pupils against cyberbullying, and have many concrete suggestions for how this can be done. These findings have implications for counteracting cyberbullying in schools.

Coping with Cybervictimization: The Role of Direct Confrontation and Resilience on Adolescent Wellbeing.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have consistently identified the negative consequences of cyberbullying on adolescent mental health. Nevertheless, not all cybervictims are alike, and in the last few years some evidence has appeared indicating that faced with cyberbullying, victims may manifest different emotional outcomes. In this study, we explored whether cybervictim resilience fully or partially mediates the effects of cybervictimization and whether a confrontational coping strategy impacts emotional symptoms. METHODS: The study was carried out with a sample of 474 high school students equally distributed between males and females. Data were collected using a questionnaire comprising four measures assessing cybervictimization, direct confrontation coping strategy, resilience and emotional symptoms. RESULTS: Structural equation modelling indicated that the effects of cybervictimization and confrontational coping strategy on emotional symptoms were mediated by resilience, with cybervictimization showing a positive effect while direct confrontation a negative effect. Cybervictimization also showed a positive direct effect on emotional symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results are presented in light of their implications for designing effective interventions able to protect and promote adolescents' psychological wellbeing.

Effects of an incremental theory of personality intervention on the reciprocity between bullying and cyberbullying victimization and perpetration in adolescents.

The incremental theory of personality interventions (ITPI) teaches adolescents that people can change. Researchers have found that these interventions can reduce the perpetration of bullying and cyberbullying. Moreover, there is reciprocity between perpetrating bullying behaviors and being a victim of them. The objective of this study was to examine whether the ITPI reduces the reciprocity between victimization and perpetration of bullying and cyberbullying. A sample of 858 high school students (52% boys) aged 12 to 17 at pretest (M = 14.56, SD = 0.97) participated in a double-blind randomized controlled trial (452 participants were assigned to the experimental condition and 406 to the control condition). Measures of bullying and cyberbullying were taken at baseline, six-month, and 12-month follow-ups. The results indicated that victimization was a strong predictor of perpetration for bullying and cyberbullying over time. Perpetration was not a predictor of victimization. Consistently, for both forms of aggressive behavior, the intervention reduced the intensity of the association between victimization and perpetration. This effect was not moderated by the age or sex of the participants. Finally, the effectiveness of the ITPI was moderated by age. Specifically, among the youngest (< 14.48 years), those who received the ITPI showed a slight tendency to reduce aggressive behavior that contrasted with the growing trend in the control group. Among the oldest participants (> 14.48), the trajectories were similar in the two groups. Our findings show that influencing adolescents' reactions to peer aggression victimization is one of the mechanisms that could explain the beneficial effects of the ITPI and other preventive interventions.