Characterization of Oral Pathology in Cats Affected by Patellar Fracture and Dental Anomaly Syndrome (PADS).

Patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome (PADS) is a congenital bone disease of cats that is characterized by atraumatic bone fractures (most commonly the patella), the persistence of deciduous teeth, and impaction of permanent teeth. Jaw swelling due to osteomyelitis is often the reason that cats with PADS are presented for veterinary dental care. The clinical history, oral examination findings, dental radiological findings, and histopathology were evaluated for 13 cats with dental and skeletal pathology consistent with PADS, including 9 with osteomyelitis. Cats in this study were predominantly domestic shorthair (12 of 13 cats), and there was no apparent sex predilection. All cats had multiple persistent deciduous teeth and multiple impacted permanent teeth, although the number of persistent and impacted teeth varied. Osteomyelitis of the jaw typically occurred within the first 4 years of life. Osteomyelitis of the mandible was 4 times more common than osteomyelitis of the maxilla. Histologically, osteomyelitis was chronic, neutrophilic, and osteoproliferative. Necrotic bone was confirmed in 67% of osteomyelitis lesions. Histological evaluation of jaws without inflammation demonstrated abnormal amounts of unmodeled bone, abnormally dense bone, and retention of cartilage in the caudal mandible. Three cats in the study had mandibular distoclusion and 2 had concurrent paronychia. To obtain a favorable clinical outcome in PADS cats with jaw swelling, prompt and aggressive surgical treatment of osteomyelitis is required. Extraction of persistent deciduous teeth and impacted permanent teeth is recommended when there is associated periodontitis or osteomyelitis.

A Retrospective Study of Ectopic Eruption in 35 Dogs.

Ectopic eruption results from a disturbance in tooth development and eruption, leading to an erupted or non-erupted tooth being in an unexpected anatomical location. This retrospective case series describes the location, position, form, and clinical signs associated with ectopic eruption in dogs. Thirty-five dogs (46 teeth) were diagnosed with ectopic eruption at three clinical practices during 2017-2020. The cases were described in terms of the location, the development and eruption status, the clinical signs, the consequences, and the treatment performed. The collected data were statistically analyzed to establish possible ramifications. The results showed that the ectopic eruption in the evaluated cases involved permanent teeth, mainly located in the maxilla, and mostly unerupted. Those located in the mandible were significantly more impacted than those located in the maxilla. This study concluded that tooth crowding and malocclusion (39.1%), facial swelling (8.6%), and periodontal disease (8.6%) were associated with the presence of ectopic eruption, and consequently, treatment was required in the majority (65.2%) of cases.

Correlation Between Radiographic and Histopathologic Findings Associated with Unerupted Teeth in Dogs.

An association between unerupted teeth and dentigerous cysts is well known,1- 4 however little is known about the presence of disease and histopathologic changes in unerupted teeth without radiographic evidence of cyst formation. Forty-two dogs representing 25 breeds, ranging in age from 5 months to 12 years were selected based on radiographic evidence of an unerupted tooth or teeth, either as a primary complaint or incidental finding. Dogs meeting the study criteria were presented to a private dental referral practice within a period of eighteen months from December 2016 through May 2018. Patients were treated with conservative en bloc resection of the unerupted tooth and overlying bone as well as debridement of any cystic structure and biopsy of the samples collected. Radiographs were evaluated using criteria previously established to assess for evidence of a cyst.1, 5- 7 A total of 68 unerupted teeth were identified; 63 (92.7%) were mandibular first premolar teeth. Of the 63 unerupted mandibular first premolar teeth, 28 (44.4%) had radiographic evidence of a cystic structure. Histopathology revealed that 21 of 28 (75.0%) had evidence of non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium consistent with a cyst lining. Of the remaining 35 of 63 (55.6%) mandibular first premolar teeth with no radiographic evidence of a cyst, 27 (77.1%) had no histologic evidence of epithelium associated with the impacted tooth. Notably however, the remaining 8 of 35 (22.9%) unerupted teeth without radiographic evidence of a cyst did have histologic evidence of non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium associated with the impacted tooth.

Standing Intraoral Extraction of the Right Mandibular Third Molar Tooth in a Cow Utilizing Tooth Sectioning.

A 2-year-old Holstein heifer presented to a university teaching hospital with an apical tooth infection of the right mandibular third molar. A standing oral extraction technique was attempted for tooth removal; however, the molar could not be delivered intact. A tooth sectioning technique was performed, and the affected molar was successfully delivered. Three months postextraction, the heifer had fully recovered, and the extraction site had healed. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of a tooth extraction in a cow using a tooth sectioning technique. This case describes an alternative technique for tooth removal in cattle with an apical tooth infection. The clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of this case may be helpful to clinicians when they approach similar cases in the future.

Prevalence of dental and mandibular disorders in culled sheep in Spain.

At the slaughterhouse, 1465 culled sheep heads were studied in order to identify disorders of the mandibular cheek teeth. Of these, 227 (15.5%) had evidence of osteomyelitis. The lesional profile showed that the mandible was affected in a similar proportion on both sides (46.7% on the right side vs 50.7% on the left side), mainly in the middle region (55.3%) and with most of the lesions closed without fistulisation (89.4%). In addition, swelling was palpable, with an increase in thickness in the area of the affected body (2.65 ± 0.065 cm vs 1.74 ± 0.030 cm). In 78.6% of the animals, the regional lymph nodes were enlarged. Concerning the mandibular cheek teeth, more than half of the animals lacked at least one tooth (57.0%), with the first premolar being the most frequently missing tooth (34.8%) and the third molar the least (8.2%). The impaction of food around the teeth was very common with the posterior molars being more frequently affected. In the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study that analyses the prevalence of mandibular molar and premolar disorders in sheep, and these are revealed as an important condition affecting culled sheep.

Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs.

Medical records and radiographs were retrospectively reviewed over a 3-year period (2012-2015) from dogs presented to a private dental referral practice. Medical records were evaluated for the diagnosis of impacted or embedded teeth. The identified dogs' radiographs were reviewed for the presence of radiographically significant cystic lesions that were associated with the impacted or embedded teeth. Radiographic criteria were established by the authors for the purposes of identifying cystic lesions in dogs of different breeds and sizes, using established indices from human dental pathology as a basis. When histopathology results were available, they were reviewed and reported. In this study, 136 dogs ranging in age from 3 months to 17 years were diagnosed with 213 unerupted teeth during the study period. There were 62 (29.1%) of the 213 radiographically apparent cystic lesions identified based on the criteria proposed in this study. In this study, 146 (68.5%) of the 213 unerupted teeth were identified as mandibular first premolar teeth. Histopathology was obtained on 28 (45.1%) of the 62 diagnosed cystic lesions. Dentigerous cysts accounted for 20 (71.4%) of the 28 cystic lesions. Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented in this study. Boxer, pug, Shih Tzu, and Boston terrier dogs were most likely to present with cystic lesions associated with unerupted teeth. Seventeen (85%) of the 20 cases with a histopathologic diagnosis of dentigerous cyst were found within these 4 brachycephalic breeds.

Soft tissue tooth impaction in a dog.

Soft tissue impaction occurs when erupting teeth fail to penetrate the overlying gingiva. This has been attributed to abnormally dense, fibrous, gingival tissue. However, soft tissue tooth impaction has been reported in humans with histologically normal overlying gingiva and may be the result of a failure of normal breakdown of overlying tissue. This case report describes soft tissue impaction of multiple teeth in a dog with histologically normal overlying gingiva. The impactions were treated with multiple operculectomies that resulted in subsequent eruption of all impacted teeth.

Endodontic therapy of a mandibular canine tooth with irreversible pulpitis secondary to dentigerous cyst.

Dentigerous cysts are uncommon, yet are being reported with increasing frequency in the veterinary literature. Dentigerous cysts are a type of benign odontogenic cyst associated with impacted teeth, most commonly the mandibular first premolar tooth. Significant bone destruction can occur secondary to the expansion of a dentigerous cyst. The expanding cyst can lead to pathology of neighboring teeth, which can include external root resorption or pulpitis. Intraoral dental radiographs are imperative to properly assess the presence and extent of a dentigerous cyst, as well as the status of the neighboring teeth. This case report describes treatment for dentigerous cyst including cyst lining curettage, mandibular bone regeneration, and endodontic therapy for a canine tooth with irreversible pulpitis.

Bilateral dentigerous cysts in a dog.

Dentigerous cysts are infrequently seen in veterinary medicine, but the consequences of an undiagnosed dentigerous cyst can be severe. Dentigerous cysts, that can be sub-classified as eruption or follicular, are a type of benign odontogenic cyst. They can cause significant bony and dental destruction associated with expansion if they remain undiagnosed for a period of time. Dentigerous cysts are secondary to embedded or impacted teeth, however not every impacted tooth subsequently forms a dentigerous cyst. Intraoral dental radiographs are necessary to differentiate a missing tooth from an impacted tooth. This case demonstrates the successful surgical management of a dog with bilateral impacted mandibular canine teeth, with secondary dentigerous cyst formation.

Removal of 11 incompletely erupted, impacted cheek teeth in 10 horses using a dental alveolar transcortical osteotomy and buccotomy approach.

OBJECTIVE: To describe surgical technique and outcome in 10 horses with impacted cheek teeth that were removed by a transcortical osteotomy and buccotomy technique. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: Horses (n=10) with impacted cheek teeth. METHODS: Medical records (2002-2008) of horses with impacted cheek teeth requiring removal were reviewed; surgical technique and outcome were determined. RESULTS: Exodontia of 11 cheek teeth was performed surgically in 10 horses; 3 horses had complications (residual swelling of the mandible) that resolved and all horses returned to their previous use. CONCLUSIONS: Transcortical buccotomy technique is effective for removal of incompletely erupted impacted cheek teeth in horses and has a good long-term prognosis for remission of clinical signs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Transcortical buccotomy approach is an effective technique for removal of unerupted impacted equine cheek teeth.

Facial swelling associated with impaction of the deciduous and permanent maxillary fourth premolars in a dog with patent ductus arteriosus.

A three-year-old Labrador retriever was referred for decreased appetite, a painful swelling in the region of the maxillary right fourth premolar, and a heart murmur indicative of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) diagnosed 1.5-weeks prior to presentation. Oral examination and intraoral dental radiographs showed impaction of the maxillary right fourth premolar surrounded by reactive alveolar bone. Necrotic bone, remnants of the deciduous maxillary right fourth premolar, and the impacted permanent maxillary right fourth premolar were removed following surgical exploration of the area. The PDA was repaired without complication 2-weeks following oral surgery. The extraction site was healing appropriately, and the dog's inappetence and painful facial swelling had resolved.

Surgical exposure and orthodontic extrusion of an impacted canine tooth in a cat: a case report.

A 7 month-old, male domestic shorthaired cat was referred because of facial swelling, an operculated cystic oral mass, and impaction of the associated maxillary left canine tooth. Surgical exposure and realignment failed to result in eruption. Surgical reexposure and orthodontic extrusion resulted in a functional alignment of the tooth within the dental arch. Follow up evaluations over the 5 ensuing years indicated persistence of the facial deformation, no evidence of ameloblastic biotransformation, and a healthy tooth.