Hope during somber times: a defining moment.

In addition to the diverse educational materials the National Cancer Institute provides to patients, caregivers, and health-care professionals, the NCI maintains an online dictionary that provides concise definitions of terms used in modern oncology. The dictionary is regarded as a valuable data reserve because it is updated frequently and employs language that facilitates comprehension among lay users and professionals alike. In this commentary, we call attention to the absence of the word hope as an entry in this important digital resource. Moreover, we propose not only including the concept of hope in this vital reference text but also basing its meaning on C. R. Snyder's model of "hope theory," which stresses the importance of 3 entities: goals, pathways thinking, and agency. Finally, we argue that hope can be taught as a skill to relevant stakeholders (eg, patients, caregivers, and health-care professionals) through brief workshops that have recently been expanded from in-person encounters to virtual platforms revolving around a user-friendly mobile app called "Hopetimize."

Dictionary Learning-Based Ultrasound Image Combined with Gastroscope for Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori-Caused Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

The study is aimed at evaluating the application value of ultrasound combined with gastroscopy in diagnosing gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) caused by Helicobacter pylori (HP). An ultrasound combined with a gastroscopy diagnostic model based on improved K-means Singular Value Decomposition (N-KSVD) was proposed first. 86 patients with Peptic ulcer (PU) and GIB admitted to our Hospital were selected and defined as the test group, and 86 PU patients free of GIB during the same period were selected as the control group. The two groups were observed for clinical manifestations and HP detection results. The results showed that when the noise ρ was 10, 30, 50, and 70, the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values of N-KSVD dictionary after denoising were 35.55, 30.47, 27.91, and 26.08, respectively, and the structure similarity index measure (SSIM) values were 0.91, 0.827, 0.763, and 0.709, respectively. Those were greater than those of DCT dictionary and Global dictionary and showed statistically significant differences versus the DCT dictionary (P < 0.05). In the test group, there were 60 HP-positives and 26 HP-negatives, and there was significant difference in the numbers of HP-positives and HP-negatives (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in gender and age (P > 0.05). Of the subjects with abdominal pain, HP-positives accounted for 59.02% and HP-negatives accounted for 37.67%, showing significant differences (P < 0.05). Finally, the size of the ulcer lesion in HP-positives and HP-negatives was compared. It was found that 71.57% of HP-positives had ulcers with a diameter of 0-1 cm, and 28.43% had ulcers with a diameter of ≥1 cm. Compared with HP-negatives, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In conclusion, N-KSVD-based ultrasound combined with gastroscopy demonstrated good denoising effects and was effective in the diagnosis of GIB caused by HP.

Glossary for public health surveillance in the age of data science.

Public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of the resulting information to those responsible for preventing and controlling disease and injury. With the rapid development of data science, encompassing big data and artificial intelligence, and with the exponential growth of accessible and highly heterogeneous health-related data, from healthcare providers to user-generated online content, the field of surveillance and health monitoring is changing rapidly. It is, therefore, the right time for a short glossary of key terms in public health surveillance, with an emphasis on new data-science developments in the field.

A glossary of theories for understanding power and policy for health equity.

Progressing public policies that improve health equity requires understanding and addressing the creation, use and distribution of power. This glossary provides an overview of some of the most relevant conceptualisations of the dynamics of power in policy with implications for health equity. The aim is to provide an accessible overview of the different theories and perspectives behind power for public health focused policy researchers and advocates. The Glossary demonstrates how the broad literature on power in policy deepens understanding of the institutional dynamics that creates and maintains health inequities.

[Medicine in Croatian Lexicography and Encyclopaedistics] / Medicina u hrvatskoj leksikografiji i enciklopedici

Due to the undeniable importance of medicine in human life, the authors explore the level of attentiveness given to medical topics since the beginnings of Croatian lexicography and encyclopaedistics in the 16th century until today. Specific emphasis is put on the activities of the Miroslav Krleza Institute of Lexicography, as the only Croatian institution which has been systematically involved in the field of lexicography and encyclopaedistics for almost 70 years. The representation and importance of medicine have been established in three ways. Firstly, by chronologically presenting medical terms and topics in the works of Croatian lexicography and encyclopaedistics from the 16th to the 19th century. Subsequently, by systemizing and analysing medical publications published in the 20th century, especially the ones created by the Institute. Lastly, by reviewing the presence of medical terms and topics in other Institute's publications, especially in the Croatian Encyclopaedia. The study shows that medicine has been well represented in Croatian lexicographic and encyclopaedic works, which have played a significant role in establishing Croatian medical terminology and adding to systematization of knowledge in the field of medicine. The authors conclude that lexicography and encyclopaedistics in Croatia have paid adequate attention to medical topics, as well as mirrored the interest of professional and broader community towards medicine.

The scientific authorship of Doctor Chernoviz, from the popularization of medicine to professional training: the Dicionário de medicina popular, 1842-1890. / Autoria científica do doutor Chernoviz entre a vulgarização da medicina e a formação profissional: o caso do Dicionário de medicina popular, 1842-1890.

This article reflects on the scientific authorship of Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz, based on his Dicionário de medicina popular, which was published in six editions between 1842 and 1890. The first part of the text discusses Chernoviz's position within the regimes of scientific authorship which were present in the medical community in Rio de Janeiro. Next, we analyze the author's arguments justifying a text that popularized medical science while this field strove for exclusivity in the practice of medicine. Finally, we suggest new meanings around Chernoviz's scientific authorship based on how the Dicionário was used and read by an initiated public.

The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Precision Medicine Glossary.

Background: Precision medicine is rapidly evolving within the field of oncology and has brought many new concepts and terminologies that are often poorly defined when first introduced, which may subsequently lead to miscommunication within the oncology community. The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) recognises these challenges and is committed to support the adoption of precision medicine in oncology. To add clarity to the language used by oncologists and basic scientists within the context of precision medicine, the ESMO Translational Research and Personalised Medicine Working Group has developed a standardised glossary of relevant terms. Materials and methods: Relevant terms for inclusion in the glossary were identified via an ESMO member survey conducted in Autumn 2016, and by the ESMO Translational Research and Personalised Medicine Working Group members. Each term was defined by experts in the field, discussed and, if necessary, modified by the Working Group before reaching consensus approval. A literature search was carried out to determine which of the terms, 'precision medicine' and 'personalised medicine', is most appropriate to describe this field. Results: A total of 43 terms are included in the glossary, grouped into five main themes-(i) mechanisms of decision, (ii) characteristics of molecular alterations, (iii) tumour characteristics, (iv) clinical trials and statistics and (v) new research tools. The glossary classes 'precision medicine' or 'personalised medicine' as technically interchangeable but the term 'precision medicine' is favoured as it more accurately reflects the highly precise nature of new technologies that permit base pair resolution dissection of cancer genomes and is less likely to be misinterpreted. Conclusions: The ESMO Precision Medicine Glossary provides a resource to facilitate consistent communication in this field by clarifying and raising awareness of the language employed in cancer research and oncology practice. The glossary will be a dynamic entity, undergoing expansion and refinement over the coming years.

Glossário temático: práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde / Thematic glossary: integrative and complementary health practices

Glossário Temático é uma série elaborada para difundir os termos, as definições e as siglas utilizados por órgãos subordinados e entidades vinculadas ao Ministério da Saúde a fim de padronizar a linguagem institucional pela identificação e descrição de variantes terminológicas. Este novo livro da série reúne os principais significados, vocábulos e expressões utilizados no âmbito das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde. Esta obra de referência pretende, ainda, divulgar essa linguagem de especialidade não só para os trabalhadores da área da Saúde, mas também para qualquer pessoa interessada.

Earliest English Definitions of Anaisthesia and Anaesthesia.

The earliest identified English definition of the word anaisthesia was discovered in the first edition (1684) of A Physical Dictionary, an English translation of Steven Blankaart's medical dictionary, Lexicon Medicum Graeco-Latinum. This definition was almost certainly the source of the definition of anaesthesia which appeared in Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum (1708), a general-purpose English dictionary compiled by the lexicographer John Kersey. The words anaisthesia and anaesthesia have not been identified in English medical or surgical publications that antedate the earliest English dictionaries in which they are known to have been defined.

Toward better public health reporting using existing off the shelf approaches: The value of medical dictionaries in automated cancer detection using plaintext medical data.

OBJECTIVES: Existing approaches to derive decision models from plaintext clinical data frequently depend on medical dictionaries as the sources of potential features. Prior research suggests that decision models developed using non-dictionary based feature sourcing approaches and "off the shelf" tools could predict cancer with performance metrics between 80% and 90%. We sought to compare non-dictionary based models to models built using features derived from medical dictionaries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the detection of cancer cases from free text pathology reports using decision models built with combinations of dictionary or non-dictionary based feature sourcing approaches, 4 feature subset sizes, and 5 classification algorithms. Each decision model was evaluated using the following performance metrics: sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Decision models parameterized using dictionary and non-dictionary feature sourcing approaches produced performance metrics between 70 and 90%. The source of features and feature subset size had no impact on the performance of a decision model. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests there is little value in leveraging medical dictionaries for extracting features for decision model building. Decision models built using features extracted from the plaintext reports themselves achieve comparable results to those built using medical dictionaries. Overall, this suggests that existing "off the shelf" approaches can be leveraged to perform accurate cancer detection using less complex Named Entity Recognition (NER) based feature extraction, automated feature selection and modeling approaches.

Improving the dictionary lookup approach for disease normalization using enhanced dictionary and query expansion.

The rapidly increasing biomedical literature calls for the need of an automatic approach in the recognition and normalization of disease mentions in order to increase the precision and effectivity of disease based information retrieval. A variety of methods have been proposed to deal with the problem of disease named entity recognition and normalization. Among all the proposed methods, conditional random fields (CRFs) and dictionary lookup method are widely used for named entity recognition and normalization respectively. We herein developed a CRF-based model to allow automated recognition of disease mentions, and studied the effect of various techniques in improving the normalization results based on the dictionary lookup approach. The dataset from the BioCreative V CDR track was used to report the performance of the developed normalization methods and compare with other existing dictionary lookup based normalization methods. The best configuration achieved an F-measure of 0.77 for the disease normalization, which outperformed the best dictionary lookup based baseline method studied in this work by an F-measure of 0.13.Database URL: https://github.com/TCRNBioinformatics/DiseaseExtract.

MedDRA and pharmacovigilance: a complex and little-evaluated tool.

MedDRA (Medical Dictionary tor Regulatory Activities) is a standardised medical terminology, published by the International Council for Harmonisation, used in particular for coding cases of adverse effects in clinical study reports and pharmacovigilance databases, and to facilitate searches in these databases. MedDRA has a 5-level, hierarchical structure. Some levels are used to code adverse effects, and the others are designed to group together related terms for database searches. The links between these terms are hierarchical and complex. In addition to searches for terms, broad or narrow searches of MedDRA-coded databases can be performed using predefined "standardised Med-DRA queries", of which about a hundred are available in early 2016. A French study on 4 adverse effects recorded in France's national pharma- covigilance database showed that the effectiveness of MedDRA and stan- dardised MedDRA queries is highly variable, depending on the adverse effect examined. In some cases, less than half of the cases retrieved were relevant. A study on the adverse effects most frequently reported in clinical trials of 10 randomly selected drugs showed that a given adverse effect could be described using between 4 and several hundred different codes. One risk of fragmenting the reporting of adverse effects across multiple terms is that their true frequency will be underestimated. The development of a harmonised international terminology is a worth-while endeavour. But the complexity of MedDRA and its poorly evaluated performance make it susceptible to manipulation, errors of interpretation and bias. This applies in particular to the adverse effect statistics in the clinical study reports of clinical trials. The evaluation of the effectiveness of MedDRA as a tool for identifying and quantifying the adverse effects of new drugs must continue. For healthcare professionals, the limitations of MedDRA are one more reason to recognise that the known adverse effects of drugs, and their quantification, tend to be underestimated.

Developing a National-Level Concept Dictionary for EHR Implementations in Kenya.

The increasing adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHR) by developing countries comes with the need to develop common terminology standards to assure semantic interoperability. In Kenya, where the Ministry of Health has rolled out an EHR at 646 sites, several challenges have emerged including variable dictionaries across implementations, inability to easily share data across systems, lack of expertise in dictionary management, lack of central coordination and custody of a terminology service, inadequately defined policies and processes, insufficient infrastructure, among others. A Concept Working Group was constituted to address these challenges. The country settled on a common Kenya data dictionary, initially derived as a subset of the Columbia International eHealth Laboratory (CIEL)/Millennium Villages Project (MVP) dictionary. The initial dictionary scope largely focuses on clinical needs. Processes and policies around dictionary management are being guided by the framework developed by Bakhshi-Raiez et al. Technical and infrastructure-based approaches are also underway to streamline workflow for dictionary management and distribution across implementations. Kenya's approach on comprehensive common dictionary can serve as a model for other countries in similar settings.

[Application analysis of adverse drug reaction terminology WHOART and MedDRA].

Drug safety has always been a global focus. Discovery and accurate information acquisition of adverse drug reaction have been the most crucial concern. Terminology of adverse drug reaction makes adverse reaction medical report meaningful, standardized and accurate. This paper discussed the domestic use of the terminology WHOART and MedDRA in terms of content, structure, and application situation. It also analysed the differences between the two terminologies and discusses the future trend of application in our country

Diccionario de los síntomas mentales del repertorio de Kent. El significado contextual de los síntomas mentales del repertorio de Kent en la época en la cual fue escrito / Dictionary of mental symptoms of Kent's repertoire. The contextual meaning of the mental symptoms of Kent's repertoire at the time it was written

Teniendo en cuenta que no existe ningún trabajo igual en Colombia, se decidió elaborar este Diccionario de los síntomas mentales del repertorio original de Kent, donde se transcribió de forma textual, la información extraída de los diccionarios American Dictionary of the English Language" publicado por Webster by G. & C. Merriam en el año 1.872 y el "Nuevo Diccionario Inglés-Español y Español-Inglés" de Lopes, J., & Bensley, del año 1.882. Se realizó en procura de conocer y aclarar el significado contextual de los síntomas mentales del repertorio de Kent, en la época en la cual fue escrito (finales del s. XIX). Se encontró que la mayoría de los rubros de los repertorios existentes en castellano, han sido traducidos correctamente y que unos pocos síntomas se prestan para una discusión y análisis más profundos.