Perfil alimentar de transplantados cardíacos de um centro transplantador brasileiro - Atuação da enfermagem neste cenário / Perfil alimentario de los trasplantes de corazón en un centro de trasplante brasileño - Desempeño de la enfermería en este escenario / Food profile of heart transplants in a brazilian transplantation center - Nursing performance in this scenario

Objetivo- Descrever o perfil alimentar de pacientes pós transplante cardíaco (TC) tardio de um centro transplantador brasileiro. Método- Estudo observacional transversal com delineamento descritivo. O estudo ocorreu em uma instituição de ensino público de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de 2017 a 2019. Resultados-. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 62 indivíduos transplantados entre os anos de 2006 a 2016. Aproximadamente 63% era do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 46,53 anos. O consumo de carboidratos e gorduras foi adequado em 46,77% e 59,68% da amostra, respectivamente. Já o consumo de proteínas foi acima do recomendado em 77,42% e o consumo de fibras abaixo do recomendado em 79,03%. Conclusão- Houve a predominância do sexo masculino. Os indivíduos apresentaram um consumo adequado somente de carboidratos e gorduras. Não houve na literatura estudos descrevendo a atuação do enfermeiro no processo de nutrição neste cenário(AU)

Objective- To describe the dietary profile of patients after late heart transplantation (HT) from a Brazilian transplant center. Method- Cross-sectional observational study with descriptive design. The study took place in a public education institution in Minas Gerais. Data collection took place from 2017 to 2019. Results-. The study sample consisted of 62 individuals transplanted between 2006 and 2016. Approximately 63% were male. The mean age was 46.53 years. The consumption of carbohydrates and fats was adequate in 46.77% and 59.68% of the sample, respectively. The consumption of proteins was above the recommended in 77.42% and the consumption of fibers below the recommended in 79.03%. Conclusion- There was a predominance of males. The individuals presented an adequate consumption of only carbohydrates and fats. There were no studies in the literature describing the role of nurses in the nutrition process in this scenario(AU)

Objetivo- Describir el perfil dietético de pacientes después de un trasplante cardíaco (TC) tardío de un centro de trasplante brasileño. Método- Estudio observacional transversal con diseño descriptivo. El estudio se llevó a cabo en una institución de educación pública en Minas Gerais. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo de 2017 a 2019. Resultados-. La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por 62 individuos trasplantados entre 2006 y 2016. Aproximadamente el 63% eran hombres. La edad media fue de 46,53 años. El consumo de carbohidratos y grasas fue adecuado en el 46,77% y 59,68% de la muestra, respectivamente. El consumo de proteína estuvo por encima del nivel recomendado en un 77,42% y el consumo de fibra por debajo del nivel recomendado en un 79,03%. Conclusión- Hubo predominio del sexo masculino. Los individuos presentaron un consumo adecuado de solo carbohidratos y grasas. No hubo estudios en la literatura que describieran el papel del enfermero en el proceso de nutrición en este escenario.(AU)

Prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular no mundo e no Brasil / Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors worldwide and in Brazil

A doença cardiovascular é a primeira causa de morte em todo o mundo e também no Brasil. Entretanto, um ponto fundamental é que, apesar da mortalidade elevada, ela é altamente passível de prevenção. A relação dos fatores de risco com a doença cardiovascular é um processo em constante evolução. Isso justifica a necessidade de reavaliação dos fatores de risco ao longo do tempo para que as estratégias de prevenção também possam adequar-se a essas mudanças no perfil dos fatores de risco. O artigo analisa a prevalência dos fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil e no mundo utilizando quatro cenários diferentes: Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL), "Global Burden of Diseases", Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) e Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Em todos esses cenários, destaca-se a queda da prevalência de tabagismo no mundo e particularmente no Brasil. A presença de desigualdade social associou-se à prevalência maior dos fatores de risco nos menos escolarizados e nas faixas de menor renda. Todos os outros fatores de risco associados à doença cardiovascular apresentam frequências elevadas que podem colocar em risco a queda da mortalidade associada a doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil e no mundo em futuro próximo.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and also in Brazil. Ho-wever, a key point is that despite elevated mortality, it is highly preventable. The relationship between risk factors and cardiovascular disease is a constantly evolving process. This justifies the need to reassess risk factors over time so that preventive strategies can also be adapted to these changes in the profile of risk factors. The article analyzes the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Brazil and worldwide, using four different scenarios: Surveillance system for risk and protective factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey (VIGITEL), Global Burden of Diseases, Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil), and National Health Survey (PNS). The declining prevalence of tobacco smoking in the world and particularly in Brazil stands out in all these scenarios. The presence of social inequality was associated with a higher prevalence of risk factors among the less educated and in lower income brackets. All other risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease are highly common, a fact that may jeopardize the decrease in mortality associated with cardiovascular disease in Brazil and worldwide in the near future

Limiting FODMAP consumption for patients with IBS.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder affected by stress and dietary habits. This article explores the role of diets low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols in reducing IBS symptoms.

Providing self-management education to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Addressing basic nutrition and hypoglycemia.

NPs and other primary care providers will continue to encounter a growing population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Helping patients engage in self-care behaviors is essential to achieve blood glucose control and prevent diabetes-related complications. This article explores opportunities to provide education to patients with diabetes mellitus on the important self-care topics of nutrition and hypoglycemia during a primary care visit.

[Nutritional self-care promotion in community-dwelling older people: a protocol of mixed method research]. / La promozione del self-care in ambito nutrizionale nella persona anziana: protocollo di ricerca con metodo misto.

AIM: To describe a research protocol designed to promote nutritional self-care in older people. The aims of the research are: a) to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutritional education intervention in changing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors; b) to describe the nutritional self-care ability and activities; c) to identify the promoting factors and barriers that influence the changes in nutritional knowledge, behaviors and attitudes in home-dwelling older people. METHOD: Sequential explanatory mixed method design. The study will enroll 50 people aged 65 years and over. In the first quantitative phase, a pre-test and post-test design will be used to deliver a nutritional intervention aimed to change knowledge, behaviors and attitudes toward nutrition. Using the quantitative study results, the qualitative study phase will be conducted by interviews in sub-groups of older people. In a third phase, the quantitative and qualitative study results will be integrated. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and qualitative data will be analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS: The study will provide new knowledge on nutritional self-care in home-dwelling older adults and the factors promoting nutritional self-care. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional self-care promotion is of pivotal importance for the nursing care provided to home-dwelling older people. Educational programs aimed at the maintenance of proper nutrition in the older adults may reduce malnutrition and the related diseases. Nutrition educational programs should be based on knowledge derived from research to tailor individualized nutritional interventions and to realize effective educational programs.

The Intergenerational Cycle of Obesity and Its Implications for Nursing Care of Childbearing Women.

Despite intensive focus and interventions at societal and individual levels, more than a third of people in the United States are overweight or obese, and childhood/adolescent obesity rates have dramatically increased during the past three decades. Biomedical research has shown a clear link between the prenatal environment and lifetime adiposity. Children born to overweight and obese women with impaired glucose metabolism show cardiometabolic consequences throughout their life spans that, in turn, affect their children's adiposity. Awareness of this intergenerational cycle of obesity can prompt nurses to intervene in the preconception, prenatal, and postnatal phases.

The effects of patient participation-based dietary intervention on nutritional and functional status for patients with gastrectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing gastrectomy because of stomach cancer often face weight loss in the perioperational period, which can lead to malnutrition and negative treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a patient participation-based dietary intervention (PPDI) and evaluate its effects on patient outcomes. INTERVENTIONS/METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial in which the patients were recruited in a cancer center in South Korea. The participants (N = 56), who underwent gastrectomy with stomach cancer stage I to III, were randomly assigned into either the experimental or the control group. The PPDI, which was given on the day before the hospital discharge, comprised 2 face-to-face and 2 telephone interventions. The outcome variables included body weight, body mass index, muscle mass, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment, Dietary Symptom Scale, Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy-General, Karnofsky Performance Status, Adherence to Dietary Guidelines Scale, Scale of Dietary Knowledge, Patient Satisfaction Scale, and a 3-day food diary. RESULTS: Participants in the PPDI intervention demonstrated significant (P < .05) reductions in adverse dietary symptoms and significant improvements (P < .05) in functional status, performance status, dietary intake, adherence to dietary guidelines, dietary knowledge, and satisfaction with the intervention as compared with the control group over time. CONCLUSION: The PPDI was an effective dietary intervention for patients undergoing a gastrectomy for gastric cancer and deserves additional study in other populations of patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Incorporating patients' perspectives into a dietary intervention after gastrectomy for gastric cancer may contribute to improved patient outcomes and quality care.

Essentials of healthy eating: a guide.

Enough solid evidence now exists to offer women several fundamental strategies for healthy eating. They include emphasizing healthful unsaturated fats, whole grains, good protein "packages," and fruits and vegetables; limiting consumption of trans and saturated fats, highly refined grains, and sugary beverages; and taking a multivitamin with folic acid and extra vitamin D as a nutritional safety net. A diet based on these principles is healthy through virtually all life stages, from young adulthood through planning for pregnancy, pregnancy, and on into old age.

Maternal nutrition and perinatal outcomes.

Diet and patterns of eating during pregnancy can affect perinatal outcomes through direct physiologic effects or by stressing the fetus in ways that permanently affect phenotype. Supplements are not a magic nutritional remedy, and evidence of profound benefit for most supplements remains inconclusive. However, research supports calcium supplements to decrease preeclampsia. Following a low glycemic, Mediterranean-type diet appears to improve ovulatory infertility, decrease preterm birth, and decrease the risk of gestational diabetes. Although women in the United States have adequate levels of most nutrients, subpopulations are low in vitamin D, folate, and iodine. Vitamin D has increasingly been shown to be important not only for bone health, but also for glucose regulation, immune function, and good uterine contractility in labor. To ensure adequate vitamin and micronutrient intake, especially of folate before conception, all reproductive age women should take a multivitamin daily. In pregnancy, health care providers need to assess women's diets, give them weight gain recommendations based on their body mass index measurement, and advise them to eat a Mediterranean diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids (ingested as low-mercury risk fatty fish or supplements), ingest adequate calcium, and achieve adequate vitamin D levels through sun exposure or supplements. Health care providers should continue to spend time on nutrition assessment and counseling.

Practical advice for caring for women with eating disorders during the perinatal period.

Pregnancy is a critical time for women struggling with disordered eating and weight concerns. For the majority of women with eating disorders, symptoms improve during pregnancy. Other women, particularly those with either subclinical or binge eating disorders, are at risk for an escalation of pathologic behaviors, putting both mother and fetus at risk for negative birth outcomes. Routinely screening for eating disorders will help identify those women who will most benefit from specialized care. Attention must be paid to possible harmful comorbid behaviors found in women with eating disorders, such as smoking, alcohol use, abusing laxatives or herbal supplements, and self-injurious behavior. This article reviews the mixed research findings of the impact of eating disorders upon pregnancy and identifies key times in prenatal care where nutritional counseling and specific interventions will increase the likelihood of positive pregnancy outcomes. The postpartum period is another critical time for provider intervention that may lower women's risks for eating disorder relapse, postpartum depression, and breastfeeding difficulties.

Cookery, diet and district nursing in late nineteenth-century London.

While health education in late nineteenth-century Britain could be beneficial for every household, it was particularly so where district nurses understood family circumstances and adapted knowledge to individual needs. During this period sick room cookery training and lectures on hygiene and dietetics became standard for nurses--especially following the reforms of Matron Eva Lückes at the London Hospital. Because understanding about health was not widespread in society, due to the living conditions and poverty of so many patients, and because doctors had few opportunities to convey such knowledge, the active support of nurses in the community proved to be essential for translating professional knowledge into words commonly understood. By demonstrating cooking and other health-related skills in the homes of the poor, nurses played an important part in improving the nation's health.

Healthy eating during pregnancy: determinants and supportive strategies.

This article provides a review of the determinants of healthy eating in pregnancy by synthesizing current research findings and offers strategies to promote healthy eating during pregnancy. This article is guided by the ecological model for health promotion that suggests the determinants of healthy eating as intrapersonal or collective determinants of food choices and public policies that support healthy eating during pregnancy. Community health nurses can apply this model to gain insights into identifying gaps in practice and to prioritize action strategies to guide program development and interventions designed to support healthy eating by all pregnant women.

Diet and menopausal health.

This article outlines the evidence for exercise and dietary influences on many of the major disease risks for women around the menopause and after, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer and osteoporosis.