Different chemical groups modification on the surface of chitosan nonwoven dressing and the hemostatic properties.

The hemostatic properties of surface modified chitosan nonwoven had been investigated. The succinyl groups, carboxymethyl groups and quaternary ammonium groups were introduced into the surface of chitosan nonwoven (obtained NSCS, CMCS and TMCS nonwoven, respectively). For blood clotting, absorbance value (0.105±0.03) of NSCS1 nonwoven was the smallest (CS 0.307±0.002, NSCS2 0.148±0.002, CMCS1 0.195±0.02, CMCS2 0.233±0.001, TMCS1 0.191±0.002, TMCS2 0.345±0.002), which indicated the stronger hemostatic potential. For platelet aggregation, adenosine diphosphate agonist was added to induce the nonwoven to adhered platelets. The aggregation of platelet with TMCS2 nonwoven was highest (10.97±0.16%). Further research of blood coagulation mechanism was discussed, which indicated NSCS and CMCS nonwoven could activate the intrinsic pathway of coagulation to accelerate blood coagulation. NSCS1 nonwoven showed the shortest hemostatic time (147±3.7s) and the lowest blood loss (0.23±0.05g) in a rabbit ear artery injury model. These results demonstrated that these surface modified chitosan nonwoven dressings could use as a promising hemostatic intervention, especially NSCS nonwoven dressing.

[Molecular mechanisms of individual platelet reactivity in hematuria secondary to lithotripsy].

AIM: To investigate the mechanisms of individual platelet reactivity to ADP and adrenaline associated with the variability of hematuria after lithotripsy in patients with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis (COPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 41 COPN patients admitted to the Department of Urology for lithotripsy (LT). The contact ultrasonic LT was performed using the Karl Storz Calcuson Ultrasonic Lithotripsy System. Postoperative hematuria was assessed by microscopic red blood cell count. Platelets were separated from the citrated peripheral blood by centrifugation. Platelet aggregation was measured by Chrono-log aggregometer using agonists (ADP, adrenaline) at a concentration of EC50 and EU10. RESULTS: There were three types of platelet functional response to ADP and adrenaline after LT (increased, unchanged and decreased aggregation), but the predominant type of individual response was increased platelet aggregation. Testing 24 hours after LT revealed 7 platelet phenotypes differing in functional activity of 2-adrenoceptor agonist and purine receptors (R2Y1 and R2Y12). Normal purine receptor activity was associated with the ability of platelets to respond to adrenaline by increasing the functional activity aimed at limiting hematuria. Reduced platelet response to ADP after LT reaching the level of hyporesponsiveness may be viewed as a predictor of severe hematuria after surgery. CONCLUSION: Individual platelet reactivity, manifested by the interaction of ADP and adrenaline agonist, determines the effectiveness of the increase in pro-aggregation capacity of platelets in developing postoperative hematuria.

In vitro capacity of different grades of chitosan derivatives to induce platelet adhesion and aggregation.

Chitosan-derived hemostatic agents with various formulations may have distinct potential in hemostasis. This study assessed the ability of different grades and forms of chitosan derivatives as hemostatic agents to enhance platelet adhesion and aggregation in vitro. The chitosan derivatives utilized were 2% NO-CMC, 7% NO-CMC (with 0.45 mL collagen), 8% NO-CMC, O-C 52, 5% O-CMC-47, NO-CMC-35, and O-C 53. Samples of chitosan derivatives weighing 5mg were incubated at 37°C with 50 µL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) for 60 min. The morphological features of the platelets upon adherence to the chitosan were viewed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the platelet count was analyzed with an Automated Hematology Analyzer. For platelet aggregation, we added an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) agonist to induce the chitosan-adhered platelets. O-C 52 bound with platelets exhibited platelet aggregates and clumps on the surface of the membrane layer with approximately 70-80% coverage. A statistically significant correlation (p<0.01) for the platelet count was identified between the baseline value and the values at 10 min and 20 min. The results indicate that O-C 53 and O-C 52 were able to promote clotting have the potential to induce the release of platelets engaged in the process of hemostasis.

Intervalos de referencia para agregación plaquetaria en individuos sanos / Platelet aggregation reference interval for healthy individuals / Intervalos de referência para agregação plaquetária

La agregación por transmisión de luz (ATL) es el método más usado por laboratorios clínicos y de investigación para evaluar la función plaquetaria y es considerado actualmente el estándar de oro; no obstante, la ATL aún no es un método estandarizado, pese a los esfuerzos de organismos internacionales como la International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH). Organismos regulatorios recomiendan que cada laboratorio clínico determine e informe sus intervalos de referencia (IR) para cada agonista que utiliza. Se presenta los IR de este laboratorio en la determinación de agregación plaquetaria mediante ALT utilizando adenosin difosfato (ADP), colágeno y adrenalina como agonistas. Para ello se diseñó un estudio de corte transversal sobre una muestra a conveniencia de voluntarios(as) aparentemente sanos; se usó un agregómetro óptico y se emplearon los siguientes agonistas y concentraciones finales: ADP 5 µM, colágeno 2 µM y adrenalina 10 µM. Se definió IR como los percentiles 2,5 y 97,5 (P2,5 y P97,5) del Porcentaje de Agregación Plaquetaria Máxima APM%. Participaron 63 individuos, rango de edad 18 a 66 años, 79,4% sexo femenino. Los valores de APM% fueron: ADP P2,5=49% y P97,5=87%; colágeno P2,5=43% y P97,5=86%; adrenalina P2,5=42% y P97,5=85%. Atendiendo a recomendaciones internacionalmente aceptadas, se presentan los IR de APM (%) por el método ATL en este laboratorio (ASCARDIO, Barquisimeto, Venezuela), lo que permite al clínico basar sus decisiones en evidencia válida y pertinente.

Platelet aggregation tests by means of light transmission (LTA), the current gold standard, are the most commonly used methods used to evaluate platelet function at clinical and research laboratories. However, LTA has not been determinastandardized despite the work from international organizations such as the International Society of Thrombosis and Homeostasis (ISTH). Regulatory agencies recommend that each clinical laboratory establishes and informs its own Reference Internal (RI) for all agonists they use. RI are presented for our laboratory using the following agonists: diphosphate (ADP), collagen y adrenaline and the pertaining methodology. To assess our RI for platelet aggregation tests by LTA, a cross-sectional study was designed with a convenience sample of healthy volunteer men and women using an optical aggregometer with the following agonist and final concentration: adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 5 µM, collagen 2 µM and adrenaline 10 µM. The RIs were defined as Percentiles 2.5 (P2,5) and 97.5 (P97.5) of the percentage of maximal aggregation (%MA). 63 subjects participate, age range 18 to 66,79.4% were female. The IR for %MA were: ADP P2,5=49% and P97.5=87%; collagen P2,5=43% and P97.5=86%; adrenaline P2,5=42% and P97.5=85%. In agreement with international accepted recommendation guidelines, RIs for the %MA values were presented by LTA done in our clinical laboratory (ASCARDIO, Barquisimeto, Lara State, Venezuela), that allows physicians to base their clinical decision process on valid and pertinent information.

A agregometria por transmissão de luz (ATL) é o método mais utilizado pelos laboratórios clínicos e de pesquisa para avaliar a função plaquetária e é atualmente considerada o padrão-ouro; no entanto, a ATL ainda não é um método padronizado, apesar dos esforços das agências internacionais como a International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH). Agências reguladoras recomendam que cada laboratório clínico determine e comunique seus intervalos de referência (IR) para cada agonista utilizado. São apresentados o IR de nosso laboratório para determinar a agregação plaquetária através de ALT usando Difosfato de Adenosina (ADP), Colágeno e Adrenalina como agonistas. Para isso foi elaborado um estudo de corte transversal em uma amostra de conveniência de voluntários(as) aparentemente saudáveis , foi usado agregômetro ótico e foram utilizados os seguintes agonistas e concentrações finais: 5µ M ADP, Colágeno 2µM e Adrenalina 10µM. Definiu-se o IR com os percentis 2,5 e 97.5 (P2,5 e P97.5) do Percentual de Agregação Plaquetária Máxima APM%. Participaram 63 indivíduos, na faixa etária 18-66 anos, 79,4% do sexo feminino. Os valores de APM% foram: ADPP2,5=49% e P97.5=87%; Colágeno P2,5=43% e P99,5=86%, Adrenalina P2,5=42% e P97.5=85%. Atendendo às recomendações aceitas internacionalmente, apresentam-se os IR de APM% pelo método ATL em nosso laboratório (ASCARDIO, Barquisimeto, Venezuela), o que permite ao médico basear as suas decisões em evidências válidas e pertinentes.

The influence of platelet activating factor on the effects of platelet agonists and antiplatelet agents in vitro.

We assessed the effect of the intercellular mediator of inflammation, platelet activating factor (PAF), on platelet function. The interaction between PAF and the platelet agonists ADP, thrombin and convulxin was analyzed in vitro in whole blood with the use of flow cytometry and was further characterized with the use of receptor antagonists to PAF (ABT-491), P2Y1 (MRS-2179), and P2Y12 (cangrelor) as well as a monoclonal anti-PSGL-1 antibody (anti-CD162). Low concentrations of PAF (0.1 nM) synergistically augmented platelet activation induced by other agonists (P < 0.01). Augmentation by PAF was receptor mediated and did not require platelet-leukocyte interaction. With >99% inhibition of P2Y receptor-mediated platelet activation, greater than additive activation was still observed with the combination of ADP plus PAF. Accordingly, PAF synergistically augments platelet activation in response to ADP and thrombin, and the extent of inhibition exerted by P2Y receptor antagonists is decreased in the presence of PAF.

The prevalence of the platelet glycoprotein IIIa Pl(A1/A2) polymorphism in three South African ethnic groups and its effect on platelet function.

INTRODUCTION: In South Africa coronary artery disease (CAD) is less common in African than Indian or white subjects. Although the association between CAD and metabolic factors have been well documented, the role of genetic factors is as yet poorly understood. Specific polymorphisms in the platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIIa gene Pl(A1/A2), have been implicated in the development of CAD. METHODS: The prevalence of platelet GPIIIa (Pl(A1/A2)) polymorphisms and their effect on platelet function was determined in 313 Indian, 267 white and 227 African subjects with and without a history of CAD. RESULTS: In subjects without a history of CAD the frequency of the unfavourable Pl(A2) allele was 8.0%, 14.8% and 8.7% in the Indian, white and African populations respectively, with the frequency being significantly higher (p<0.05) in the white than both other groups. The frequency of the Pl(A2) allele was higher in subjects with (23.0%) than without (10.0%; p<0.0001) a history of CAD. Aggregation studies showed that platelets carrying the Pl(A2) allele were hypersensitive to the platelet aggregating agonists ADP and collagen and produced a higher amount of TXA(2) when stimulated with low concentrations of both these agonists. CONCLUSIONS: The positive association observed between the platelet GPIIIa Pl(A1/A2) polymorphism and platelet function suggests that the GPIIIa Pl(A2) allele may be a genetic factor that contributes to the risk of sudden death from myocardial infarction in the absence of known risk factors but it does not explain ethnic differences in the prevalence of CAD.

ADP-induced platelet activation.

Platelet activation is central to the pathogenesis of hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. Platelet aggregation plays a major role in acute coronary artery diseases, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and stroke. ADP is the first known and an important agonist for platelet aggregation. ADP not only causes primary aggregation of platelets but is also responsible for the secondary aggregation induced by ADP and other agonists. ADP also induces platelet shape change, secretion from storage granules, influx and intracellular mobilization of Ca2+, and inhibition of stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. The ADP-receptor protein mediating ADP-induced platelet responses has neither been purified nor cloned. Therefore, signal transduction mechanisms underlying ADP-induced platelet responses either remain uncertain or less well understood. Recent contributions from chemists, biochemists, cell biologists, pharmacologists, molecular biologists, and clinical investigators have added considerably to and enhanced our knowledge of ADP-induced platelet responses. Although considerable efforts have been directed toward identifying and cloning the ADP-receptor, these have not been completely successful or without controversy. Considerable progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms of ADP-induced platelet responses but disagreements persist. New drugs that do not mimic ADP have been found to inhibit fairly selectively ADP-induced platelet activation ex vivo. Drugs that mimic ADP and selectively act at the platelet ADP-receptor have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their therapeutic efficacy to block selectively ADP-induced platelet responses. This review examines in detail the developments that have taken place to identify the ADP-receptor protein and to better understand mechanisms underlying ADP-induced platelet responses to develop strategies for designing innovative drugs that block ADP-induced platelet responses by acting selectively at the ADP-receptor and/or by selectively interfering with components of ADP-induced platelet activation mechanisms.