Concomitant pyogenic spondylodiscitis and empyema following tongue cancer resection and wisdom tooth extraction: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Pyogenic spondylodiscitis is an infectious spinal disease that causes significant motor dysfunctions. Its diagnosis can be challenging owing to its rapid onset and nonspecific symptoms. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 79-year-old Japanese man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and polymyalgia rheumatica presented to our department with tongue pain. Following partial glossectomy and wisdom tooth extraction under general anesthesia, on 10 postoperative day (POD) the patient developed right-sided abdominal pain and difficulty in walking. On 12 POD, the patient was admitted to a municipal hospital due to respiratory distress and paraplegia. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with pyogenic spondylodiscitis and empyema. Blood tests revealed elevated C-reactive protein levels (36.5), white blood cell count (19,570), and neutrophil count (17,867). INTERVENTIONS: The patient received meropenem hydrate 3 g/2 days as empiric antibiotic treatment for acute infection. Upon admission to the emergency department on 16 POD, the lung abscess was drained, hemilaminectomy was performed. OUTCOMES: Blood cultures, sputum tests, and cultures from the thoracic and spinal abscesses drained during surgery revealed methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. The infection was successfully managed, and the respiratory disturbance and inflammatory response improved. However, the lower half of the patient body remained paralyzed. Subsequently, the patient was transferred to a rehabilitation facility on 45 POD. The patient continued to undergo functional restoration training, gradually regained function, and eventually achieved the ability to walk with grasping gait. LESSONS: This is the first case report of S aureus causing pyogenic spondylodiscitis and empyema due to blood stream infection from a post-oral surgical wound. Pyogenic spondylodiscitis arising from a secondary hematogenous infection is difficult to diagnose and can lead to severe functional impairment. Prompt and appropriate diagnosis and treatment based on detailed patient interviews, additional blood tests, and computed tomography are essential.

Diagnosis and management of complications following pelvic organ prolapse surgery using a synthetic mesh: French national guidelines for clinical practice.

Complications associated with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery using a synthetic non-absorbable mesh are uncommon (<5%) but may be severe and may hugely diminish the quality of life of some women. In drawing up these multidisciplinary clinical practice recommendations, the French National Authority for Health (Haute Autorité de santé, HAS) conducted an exhaustive review of the literature concerning the diagnosis, prevention, and management of complications associated with POP surgery using a synthetic mesh. Each recommendation for practice was allocated a grade (A,B or C; or expert opinion (EO)), which depends on the level of evidence (clinical practice guidelines). PREOPERATIVE PATIENTS' INFORMATION: Each patient must be informed concerning the risks associated with POP surgery (EO). HEMORRHAGE, HEMATOMA: Vaginal infiltration using a vasoconstrictive solution is not recommended during POP surgery by the vaginal route (grade C). The placement of vaginal packing is not recommended following POP surgery by the vaginal route (grade C). During laparoscopic sacral colpopexy, when the promontory seems highly dangerous or when severe adhesions prevent access to the anterior vertebral ligament, alternative surgical techniques should be discussed per operatively, including colpopexy by lateral mesh laparoscopic suspension, uterosacral ligament suspension, open abdominal mesh surgery, or surgery by the vaginal route (EO). BLADDER INJURY: When a bladder injury is diagnosed, bladder repair by suturing is recommended, using a slow resorption suture thread, plus monitoring of the permeability of the ureters (before and after bladder repair) when the injury is located at the level of the trigone (EO). When a bladder injury is diagnosed, after bladder repair, a prosthetic mesh (polypropylene or polyester material) can be placed between the repaired bladder and the vagina, if the quality of the suturing is good. The recommended duration of bladder catheterization following bladder repair in this context of POP mesh surgery is from 5 to 10 days (EO). URETER INJURY: After ureteral repair, it is possible to continue sacral colpopexy and place the mesh if it is located away from the ureteral repair (EO). RECTAL INJURY: Regardless of the approach, when a rectal injury occurs, a posterior mesh should not be placed between the rectum and the vagina wall (EO). Concerning the anterior mesh, it is recommended to use a macroporous monofilament polypropylene mesh (EO). A polyester mesh is not recommended in this situation (EO). VAGINAL WALL INJURY: After vaginal wall repair, an anterior or a posterior microporous polypropylene mesh can be placed, if the quality of the repair is found to be satisfactory (EO). A polyester mesh should not be used after vaginal wall repair (EO). MESH INFECTION (ABSCESS, CELLULITIS, SPONDYLODISCITIS): Regardless of the surgical approach, intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended (aminopenicillin + beta-lactamase inhibitor: 30 min before skin incision +/- repeated after 2 h if surgery lasts longer) (EO). When spondylodiscitis is diagnosed following sacral colpopexy, treatment should be discussed by a multidisciplinary group, including especially spine specialists (rheumatologists, orthopedists, neurosurgeons) and infectious disease specialists (EO). When a pelvic abscess occurs following synthetic mesh sacral colpopexy, it is recommended to carry out complete mesh removal as soon as possible, combined with collection of intraoperative bacteriological samples, drainage of the collection and targeted antibiotic therapy (EO). Non-surgical conservative management with antibiotic therapy may be an option (EO) in certain conditions (absence of signs of sepsis, macroporous monofilament polypropylene type 1 mesh, prior microbiological documentation and multidisciplinary consultation for the choice of type and duration of antibiotic therapy), associated with close monitoring of the patient. BOWEL OCCLUSION RELATED TO NON-CLOSURE OF THE PERITONEUM: Peritoneal closure is recommended after placement of a synthetic mesh by the abdominal approach (EO). URINARY RETENTION: Preoperative urodynamics is recommended in women presenting with urinary symptoms (bladder outlet obstruction symptoms, overactive bladder syndrome or incontinence) (EO). It is recommended to remove the bladder catheter at the end of the procedure or within 48 h after POP surgery (grade B). Bladder emptying and post-void residual should be checked following POP surgery, before discharge (EO). When postoperative urine retention occurs after POP surgery, it is recommended to carry out indwelling catheterization and to prefer intermittent self-catheterization (EO). POSTOPERATIVE PAIN: Before POP surgery, the patient should be asked about risk factors for prolonged and chronic postoperative pain (pain sensitization, allodynia, chronic pelvic or non-pelvic pain) (EO). Concerning the prevention of postoperative pain, it is recommended to carry out a pre-, per- and postoperative multimodal pain treatment (grade B). The use of ketamine intraoperatively is recommended for the prevention of chronic postoperative pelvic pain, especially for patients with risk factors (preoperative painful sensitization, allodynia, chronic pelvic or non-pelvic pain) (EO). Postoperative prescription of opioids should be limited in quantity and duration (grade C). When acute neuropathic pain (sciatalgia or pudendal neuralgia) resistant to level I and II analgesics occurs following sacrospinous fixation, a reintervention is recommended for suspension suture removal (EO). When chronic postoperative pain occurs after POP surgery, it is recommended to systematically seek arguments in favor of neuropathic pain with the DN4 questionnaire (EO). When chronic postoperative pelvic pain occurs after POP surgery, central sensitization should be identified since it requires a consultation in a chronic pain department (EO). Concerning myofascial pain syndrome (clinical pain condition associated with increased muscle tension caused by myofascial trigger points), when chronic postoperative pain occurs after POP surgery, it is recommended to examine the levator ani, piriformis and obturator internus muscles, so as to identify trigger points on the pathway of the synthetic mesh (EO). Pelvic floor muscle training with muscle relaxation is recommended when myofascial pain syndrome is associated with chronic postoperative pain following POP surgery (EO). After failure of pelvic floor muscle training (3 months), it is recommended to discuss surgical removal of the synthetic mesh, during a multidisciplinary discussion group meeting (EO). Partial removal of synthetic mesh is indicated when a trigger point is located on the pathway of the mesh (EO). Total removal of synthetic mesh should be discussed during a multidisciplinary discussion group meeting when diffuse (no trigger point) chronic postoperative pain occurs following POP surgery, with or without central sensitization or neuropathic pain syndromes (EO). POSTOPERATIVE DYSPAREUNIA: When de novo postoperative dyspareunia occurs after POP surgery, surgical removal of the mesh should be discussed (EO). VAGINAL MESH EXPOSURE: To reduce the risk of vaginal mesh exposure, when hysterectomy is required during sacral colpopexy, subtotal hysterectomy is recommended (grade C). When asymptomatic vaginal macroporous monofilament polypropylene mesh exposure occurs, systematic imaging is not recommended. When vaginal polyester mesh exposure occurs, pelvic +/- lumbar MRI (EO) should be used to look for an abscess or spondylodiscitis, given the greater risk of infection associated with this type of material. When asymptomatic vaginal mesh exposure of less than 1 cm2 occurs in a woman with no sexual intercourse, the patient should be offered observation (no treatment) or local estrogen therapy (EO). However, if the patient wishes, partial excision of the mesh can be offered. When asymptomatic vaginal mesh exposure of more than 1 cm2 occurs or if the woman has sexual intercourse, or if it is a polyester prosthesis, partial mesh excision, either immediately or after local estrogen therapy, should be offered (EO). When symptomatic vaginal mesh exposure occurs, but without infectious complications, surgical removal of the exposed part of the mesh by the vaginal route is recommended (EO), and not systematic complete excision of the mesh. Following sacral colpopexy, complete removal of the mesh (by laparoscopy or laparotomy) is only required in the presence of an abscess or spondylodiscitis (EO). When vaginal mesh exposure recurs after a first reoperation, the patient should be treated by an experienced team specialized in this type of complication (EO). SUTURE THREAD VAGINAL EXPOSURE: For women presenting with vaginal exposure to non-absorbable suture thread following POP surgery with mesh reinforcement, the suture thread should be removed by the vaginal route (EO). Removal of the surrounding mesh is only recommended when vaginal mesh exposure or associated abscess is diagnosed. BLADDER AND URETERAL MESH EXPOSURE: When bladder mesh exposure occurs, removal of the exposed part of the mesh is recommended (grade B). Both alternatives (total or partial mesh removal) should be discussed with the patient and should be debated during a multidisciplinary discussion group meeting (EO).

Conservative Management of Spondylodiscitis after Laparoscopic Sacral Colpopexy: A Case Report and Review of Literature / Manejo conservador da espondilodiscite após colpopexia sacral laparoscópica: Relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Abstract Sacral colpopexy is one of the standard procedures to treat apical pelvic organ prolapse. In most cases, a synthetic mesh is used to facilitate the colposuspension. Spondylodiscitis is a rare but potentially serious complication that must be promptly diagnosed and treated, despite the lack of consensus in the management of this complication.We report one case of spondylodiscitis after a laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy and sacral colpopexy treated conservatively. We also present a literature review regarding this rare complication. A conservative approach without mesh removal may be possible in selected patients (stable, with no vaginal lesions, mesh exposure or severe neurologic compromise). Hemocultures and culture of imageguided biopsies should be performed to direct antibiotic therapy. Conservative versus surgical treatment should be regularly weighted depending on clinical and analytical progression. A multidisciplinary team is of paramount importance in the follow-up of these patients.

Resumo A colpopexia sacral é um dos procedimentos padrão para tratar o prolapso de órgãos pélvicos apical. Na maioria dos casos, uma tela sintética é usada para facilitar a colposuspensão. A espondilodiscite é uma complicação rara, mas potencialmente grave, que deve ser prontamente diagnosticada e tratada, apesar da falta de consenso no manejo dessa complicação. Relatamos um caso de espondilodiscite após histerectomia supracervical laparoscópica e colpopexia sacral tratada conservadoramente. Também apresentamos uma revisão da literatura sobre essa complicação rara. Uma abordagem conservadora sem remoção da tela pode ser possível em pacientes selecionadas (estáveis, sem lesões vaginais, exposição da tela ou comprometimento neurológico grave). Hemoculturas e cultura de biópsias guiadas por imagem devemser realizadas para direcionar a antibioticoterapia. O tratamento conservador versus o cirúrgico deve ser avaliado regularmente, dependendo da progressão clínica e analítica. Uma equipe multidisciplinar é de suma importância no acompanhamento desses pacientes.

Caracterización y asociación clínico bacteriológica en la espondilodiscitis piógena / Bacteriological-clinical association and characterization in Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre las características clínicas y estudios de laboratorio con el tipo de microorganismo aislado en hemocultivos de pacientes con espondilodiscitis piógena. Material y métodos: Es un estudio transversal analítico, se revisaron expedientes clínicos de pacientes con espondilodiscitis piógena desde Enero de 2013 hasta Enero de 2017. Se realizó análisis descriptivo univariado usando frecuencias y porcentajes para variables cualitativas, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para las cuantitativas. Análisis bivariado mediante prueba de χ2 o test exacto de Fisher. Análisis de variables cuantitativas mediante t Student o U de Mann-Whitney. Se usó coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Considerando significancia estadística p < 0.05. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 34 pacientes, 20 (58%) fueron mujeres, mediana (Me) de edad 60 años (52-66). Se aisló en hemocultivos, bacterias Gram positivas 11 (32.4%) y Gram negativas 23 (67.6%). El microorganismo aislado más frecuente fue Escherichia coli 12 (35.3%). Los pacientes con espondilodiscitis por Gram negativas presentaron dolor leve y velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG) Me 26 mm/hra P (18-36), los pacientes con espondilodiscitis por Gram positivas presentaron dolor severo y VSG Me 38 mm/h P (34-40) (p = 0.000 y 0.028, respectivamente). La VSG y dolor en el grupo de pacientes con espondilodiscitis por bacterias Gram negativas tuvo un coeficiente de correlación de Spearman moderado 0.418, (p = 0.047); en el grupo de Gram positivas, un coeficiente de correlación de Spearman bajo 0.228, (p = 0.507). Conclusión: Existe una asociación clínica y estadística de manera significativa entre los tipos de microorganismo aislado en hemocultivo, la intensidad del dolor valorado en escala visual análoga (EVA) y los niveles de VSG.

Abstract: Objective: Determine the association between clinical characteristics and laboratory studies with the type of isolated microorganism in blood cultures of patients with Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis. Material and methods: It is a cross-analytical study, clinical records of patients with Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis were reviewed from January 2013 to January 2017. Univariate descriptive analysis was performed using frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables, central trend measures and dispersion for quantitative ones. Bivariate analysis by testing of χ2 or Fisher's exact test. Analysis of quantitative variables using T Student or Mann-Whitney U. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used. Considering statistical significance p < 0.05. Results: A sample of 34 patients was obtained, 20 (58%) were women, median (Me) of age 60 years (52-66). Was isolated into blood cultures, Gram-positive bacteria 11 (32.4%) gram negatives 23 (67.6%). The microorganism most common isolate was Escherichia coli 12 (35.3%). Patients with Gram-negative spondylodiscitis had mild pain and globular sedimentation rate (VSG) Me 26 mm/hra P (18-36), patients with Gram-positive spondylodyscitis had severe pain and VSG Me 38 mm/h P (34-40) (p= 0.000 and 0.028, respectively). VSG and pain in the group of patients with gram-negative bacteria spondylodiscitis had a moderate Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.418, (p = 0.047); in the Gram positives group, a low correlation coefficient of Spearman 0.228, (p = 0.507). Conclusion: There is a clinical and statistical association significant between types of isolated microorganism in blood culture, pain intensity valued on analog visual scale (EVA) and VSG levels.

Espondilodiscitis Bacteriana Inespecífica: una afección con incidencia creciente. Revisión de seis casos clínicos en período 2009-2011, Hospital Pasteur / Non specific bacterial Spondylodiscitis: an increasingly frequent condition. Review of six clinical cases in the 2009-2011 period. Hospital Pasteur

La Espondilodiscitis bacteriana inespecífica es la infección bacteriana de dos vértebras adyacentes con compromiso del disco intervertebral a gérmenes inespecíficos. Es poco frecuente, pero su incidencia se ha incrementado en los últimos años, vinculada al aumento de la realización de procedimientos invasivos, mayor sobrevida de pacientes inmunocomprometidos, así como a su mayor sospecha diagnóstica. La presencia de signos de alarma (“redflags”) del dolor dorso-lumbar permite orientar a esta etiología. Analizamos retrospectivamente 6 casos clínicos de espondilodiscitis bacteriana inespecífica asistidos en el Hospital Pasteur en el período 2009-2011. En su mayoría fueron hombres, entre los 50 y 60 años y la localización más frecuente fue lumbar. En todos los casos el germen se obtuvo en los hemocultivos, correspondiendo en la mitad de ellos a Staphylococcus aureus. Hubo una buena respuesta terapéutica y la evolución fue favorable en lo infeccioso en todos los casos, aun con los distintos planes antibióticos utilizados. El retraso en el diagnóstico es un elemento de mal pronóstico y existe alta tasa de complicaciones...

Espondilodiscite: revisão de literatura / Spondylodiscitis: literature review

A espondilodiscite é a junção de osteomielite vertebral, espondilite e discite, sendo causada por vários agentes. O Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus e Mycobacterium tuberculosis são os mais comuns no Brasil, e o reconhecimento dos patógenos é de extrema importância para a definição do tratamento antimicrobiano específico. Os exames de imagem são os exames de escolha para o diagnóstico da espondilodiscite, sendo a ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) o padrão-ouro para fechar o diagnóstico, além de poder ser utilizado como método avaliativo da eficácia terapêutica. O tratamento conservador é feito com base no uso de antibióticos, uso de órteses e repouso. Já o tratamento cirúrgico consiste na descompressão da coluna, desbridamento da área infectada e fusão vertebral. O seguinte trabalho é uma análise das publicações ligadas ao assunto com o objetivo de esclarecer e elucidar dúvidas sobre um tema ainda pouco estudado no nosso meio neurocirúrgico, evidenciada pela escassez de trabalhos brasileiros nessa área.

The spondylodiscitis is the junction of vertebral osteomyelitis, spondylitis and discitis, being caused by various agents. The Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the most common in Brazil, and the recognition of pathogens is extremely important to define the specific antimicrobial treatment. Imaging tests are the tests of choice for the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis, and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard to make the diagnosis, and can be used as a method evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. The conservative treatment is based on the use of antibiotics, use of orthoses and repose. The surgical treatment consists in decompression of the column, debridement of infected area and spinal fusion. This article is an analysis of the publications related to the subject in order to clarify and elucidate questions about a subject still little studied in our midst neurosurgical, evidenced by the paucity of Brazilians studies in this area.

Utilización de un método molecular para la detección de kingella kingae en muestras osteoarticulares / The Use of a molecular method for the detection of Kingella kingae in bone and joint samples

Kingella kingae es un agente causal de infecciones osteoarticulares especialmente en niños menores de 4 años. En este trabajo se ha realizado un estudio comparativo entre un método molecular [reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real y dos métodos microbiológicos habitualmente empleados para el estudio de las infecciones osteoarticulares. Sólo se obtuvo resultado positivo para K. kingae por el método de PCR en 3 de las 60 muestras analizadas. Los pacientes evolucionaron sin secuelas aparentes con tratamiento antibiótico. Es importante destacar, como ya lo han hecho otros autores, que adicionando métodos moleculares se puede aumentar sensiblemente la recuperación de este patógeno.

Espondilodiscitis infecciosas espontaneas en adultos. Analisis de 30 casos / Spontaneous infections spondylodiskitis in adults. Analysis of 30 cases

Se revisaron retrospectivamente 30 casos de espondilodiscitis infecciosas espontáneas (EIE) en adultos, diagnosticadas entre 1986 y 1997. La edad media de los pacientes fue 68.8 años y el 56.7 por ciento eran varones. Las causas identificables fueron endocarditis bacteriana 13 (43.3 por ciento); tuberculosis 7 (23.3 por ciento); infección urinaria 4 (13.3 por ciento); bacteriemia con foco 2 (6.7 por ciento) y sin foco 2 (6.7 por ciento). No se identificó la causa en otros 2 casos (6.7 por ciento). Las infecciones fueron debidas a gérmenes piógenos 19 (63.3 por ciento); tuberculosis 6 (20 por ciento) y de origen desconocido 5 (16.7 por ciento). Todos los pacientes tuvieron dolor localizado, 70 por ciento de ellos fiebre, 36.7 por ciento dolor irradiado y 23.3 por ciento paraparesia. La fiebre fue más frecuente en los pacientes con infección pilógena que tuberculosa (p=0.004). Resultaron positivos 17 (70.8 por ciento) de los hemocultivos realizados (contribuyeron al diagnóstico etiológico en 56.6 por ciento de los casos). Se practicó punción guiada del disco en 13 pacientes, el cultivo fue positivo en 7. Los gérmenes causales fueron estreptococos 33.3 por ciento; Mycobacterium tuberculosis 20 por ciento; estafilococos 16.6 por ciento. Escherichia coli 6.6 por ciento; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6.6 por ciento. No hubo recuperación bacteriológica en 5 (16.7 por ciento). La localización fue lumbar en 18 (60 por ciento), dorsa en 8 (26.6 por ciento) y cervical en 4 (13.3 por ciento). La radiografia de columa fue positiva en 63.3 por ciento de los casos, la gammagrafía ósea con TC 99 en 90.5 por ciento, la TAC en 85.7 por ciento y la RMI en el 100 por ciento de los casos de los que se realizó. Todos los pacientes recibieron tratamiento antibiótico con una mediana de duración de 6 semanas para las EIE piogénicas y un año para las tuberculosas. Requieron corset 83.3 por ciento y cirugía para estabilización 10 por ciento. Tuvieron complicaciones 36 por ciento de los pacientes, la mayoría por su enfermedad causal. Hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre mortalidad y diabetes.

Discite pós-operatória: diagnóstico e tratamento / Postoperative discitis: diagnosis and treatment

Foram revistos 9 pacientes, com diagnóstico de discite pós-cirúrgica, tratados nos últimos 8 anos, no Hospital da Força Aérea do Galeäo. Em 8, a lesäo localizava-se na regiäo lombar, e em 1 na regiäo cervical. L4-L5 foi o espaço mais acometido (6 pacientes). Em 2 a lesäo localizava-se em L5-S1 e, na regiäo cervical, o espaço acometido foi C6-C7. Os sintomas mainfestaram-se a partir do 10§ dia. A dor lombar, hipersensibilidade, contratura da musculatura paravertebral e manobras de estiramento positivo foram os sinais clínicos mais comuns. A VHS (Velocidade de Hemossedimentaçäo) estava aumentada em todos, Os exames radiológicos e cintilográficos normais, exceto em 2 pacientes com diagnóstico tardio, que apresentavam avançada lesäo com reabsorçäo óssea. A tomografia computadorizada realizada nestes 2 pacientes mostrou imagens características. SEis pacientes receberam apenas tratamento clínico, 2 foram submetidos a artrodese lombar por via anterior e 1 reoperado por apresentar secreçäo após discectomia cervical anterior. Staphylococcus foi isolado em 2 pacientes. Um paciente faleceu no pós-operatório de artrodese lombar por causa de embolia pulmonar e os outros estäo clinicamente curados