RESUMO
The healthy cervicovaginal microbiota is dominated by various Lactobacillus species, which support a condition of eubiosis. Among their many functions, vaginal lactobacilli contribute to the maintenance of an acidic pH, produce antimicrobial compounds, and modulate the host immune response to protect against vaginal bacterial and fungal infections. Increasing evidence suggests that these beneficial bacteria may also confer protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Viral STIs pose a substantial public health burden globally, causing a range of infectious diseases with potentially severe consequences. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which lactobacilli exert their protective effects against viral STIs is paramount for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. This review aims to provide more recent insights into the intricate interactions between lactobacilli and viral STIs, exploring their impact on the vaginal microenvironment, host immune response, viral infectivity and pathogenesis, and highlighting their potential implications for public health interventions and clinical management strategies.
Assuntos
Lactobacillus , Vagina , Humanos , Feminino , Lactobacillus/fisiologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Vagina/virologia , Vagina/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , MicrobiotaRESUMO
Zika virus (ZIKV) received worldwide attention over the past decade when outbreaks of the disease were found to be associated with severe neurological syndromes and congenital abnormalities. Unlike most other flaviviruses, ZIKV can spread through sexual and transplacental transmission, adding to the complexity of Zika pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. In addition, the spread of ZIKV in flavivirus-endemic regions, and the high degree of structural and sequence homology between Zika and its close cousin Dengue have raised questions on the interplay between ZIKV and the pre-existing immunity to other flaviviruses and the potential immunopathogenesis. The Zika epidemic peaked in 2016 and has affected over 80 countries worldwide. The re-emergence of large-scale outbreaks in the future is certainly a possibility. To date, there has been no approved antiviral or vaccine against the ZIKV. Therefore, continuing Zika research and developing an effective antiviral and vaccine is essential to prepare the world for a future Zika epidemic. For this purpose, an in-depth understanding of ZIKV interaction with many different pathways in the human host and how it exploits the host immune response is required. For successful infection, the virus has developed elaborate mechanisms to escape the host response, including blocking host interferon response and shutdown of certain host cell translation. This review provides a summary on the key host factors that facilitate ZIKV entry and replication and the mechanisms by which ZIKV antagonizes antiviral innate immune response and involvement of adaptive immune response leading to immunopathology. We also discuss how ZIKV modulates the host immune response during sexual transmission and pregnancy to induce infection, how the cross-reactive immunity from other flaviviruses impacts ZIKV infection, and provide an update on the current status of ZIKV vaccine development.
Assuntos
Infecção por Zika virus , Imunidade Adaptativa , Animais , Autoimunidade , Reações Cruzadas , Feminino , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/etiologia , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Gravidez , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Zika virus/fisiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/complicações , Infecção por Zika virus/imunologia , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissãoRESUMO
The vaginal ecosystem is important for women's health and for a successful reproductive life, and an optimal host-microbial interaction is required for the maintenance of eubiosis. The vaginal microbiota is dominated by Lactobacillus species in the majority of women. Loss of Lactobacillus dominance promotes the colonization by anaerobic bacterial species with an increase in microbial diversity. Vaginal dysbiosis is a very frequent condition which affects the immune homeostasis, inducing a rupture in the epithelial barrier and favoring infection by sexually transmitted pathogens. In this review, we describe the known interactions among immune cells and microbial commensals which govern health or disease status. Particular attention is given to microbiota compositions which, through interplay with immune cells, facilitate the establishment of viral infections, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV2).
Assuntos
Disbiose/complicações , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Disbiose/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Microbiota , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/etiologia , Vagina/imunologia , Vagina/virologia , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
Although Zika virus (ZIKV) can be transmitted sexually and cause congenital birth defects, immune control mechanisms in the female reproductive tract (FRT) are not well characterized. Here we show that treatment of primary human vaginal and cervical epithelial cells with interferon (IFN)-α/ß or IFN-λ induces host defense transcriptional signatures and inhibits ZIKV infection. We also assess the effects of IFNs on intravaginal infection of the FRT using ovariectomized mice treated with reproductive hormones. We find that mice receiving estradiol are protected against intravaginal ZIKV infection, independently of IFN-α/ß or IFN-λ signaling. In contrast, mice lacking IFN-λ signaling sustain greater FRT infection when progesterone is administered. Exogenous IFN-λ treatment confers an antiviral effect when mice receive both estradiol and progesterone, but not progesterone alone. Our results identify a hormonal stage-dependent role for IFN-λ in controlling ZIKV infection in the FRT and suggest a path for minimizing sexual transmission of ZIKV in women.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Interleucinas/farmacologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Infecção por Zika virus/prevenção & controle , Zika virus/patogenicidade , Administração Intravaginal , Animais , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Colo do Útero/citologia , Colo do Útero/virologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Epiteliais , Estradiol/farmacologia , Feminino , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Humanos , Interferon-alfa/farmacologia , Interferon-alfa/uso terapêutico , Interferon beta/farmacologia , Interferon beta/uso terapêutico , Interleucinas/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Cultura Primária de Células , Progesterona/farmacologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Vagina/citologia , Vagina/virologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Zika virus/efeitos dos fármacos , Zika virus/imunologia , Infecção por Zika virus/imunologia , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissão , Infecção por Zika virus/virologiaRESUMO
The detrimental effects of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection on mouse testicular functions have reminded a viral threat to male fertility. A broad range of virus families has tropism for male reproductive system, particularly the testes. Certain virus types of these viruses, such as mumps virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), may severely damage the testes and consequently lead to male infertility. ZIKV has been recently found to damage testicular functions and lead to male infertility in mice. Many other viruses also have detrimental effects on host reproduction. Public attention has been paid to sexually transmitted viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses in humans and likewise in economically important farm animals. This article provides an overview on main viruses affecting the male reproductive system and their detrimental effects on fertility, and outlines some important issues for future study.
Assuntos
Infertilidade Masculina/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Testículo/patologia , Viroses/imunologia , Vírus/patogenicidade , Animais , Fertilidade/imunologia , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/patologia , Infertilidade Masculina/virologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/complicações , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/patologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Testículo/imunologia , Testículo/virologia , Viroses/complicações , Viroses/patologia , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The evidence that HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces the risk of HIV transmission is overwhelming. But as PrEP and TasP can lead to increased sexual mixing between HIV positive and negative men who have sex with men (MSM), sexually transmitted infections such as acute hepatitis C (HCV), which were thought to be limited to HIV-infected MSM, could become more frequent in HIV uninfected MSM as well. The objective of this study was to describe a series of cases of sexually transmitted HCV infections in HIV-uninfected MSM in the Netherlands and Belgium. METHODS: Through the Dutch Acute HCV in HIV Study (a Dutch-Belgian prospective multicentre study on the treatment of acute HCV infection, NCT02600325) and the Be-PrEP-ared study (a PrEP project in Antwerp, EudraCT2015-000054-37) several acute HCV infections were detected in HIV-negative men. RESULTS: A newly acquired HCV infection was diagnosed in ten HIV-negative MSM. HCV was diagnosed at a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic (n = 2), by their general practitioner (n = 2), by their HIV physician (n = 1) or at a PrEP clinic (n = 5). Ten patients reported unprotected anal intercourse and four had a concomitant STI at the time of HCV diagnosis. Six patients reported using drugs during sex. CONCLUSIONS: Our observation calls for a larger nationwide epidemiological study on the prevalence, incidence and risk factors of HCV infection in HIV-uninfected MSM. In the changing landscape of TasP and PrEP, reliable and up-to-date epidemiological data on HCV among HIV-uninfected MSM are needed and will help in developing evidence-based testing policies.
Assuntos
Soronegatividade para HIV , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , HIV , Hepacivirus , Hepatite C/imunologia , Hepatite C/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sexual , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Sexo sem ProteçãoRESUMO
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can have clinical presentations from self-limited benign growth in the skin and mucosal epithelia to malignant growth. HPV infects basal epithelial cells (undifferentiated keratinocytes) of the squamous-columnar junction, especially of the cervix. Although today we understand HPV oncogenesis very well, we have very powerful methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HPV related precancerous lesions, however, more than 270,000 women annually die from cervical cancer worldwide. Integrating HPV vaccination with new, more sensitive, cervical screening assays as part of routine preventive care will improve healthcare for all women. The availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines has provided powerful tools for primary prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-associated diseases. Secondary prevention through primary high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) testing has the potential to further reduce morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer. However, to achieve the maximum benefit of screening, there is need to continue to identify women who are either unscreened or under-screened. Synergies between HPV vaccination and HPV screening is recommended to improve the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prevention HPV-related disease.
Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus/imunologia , Condiloma Acuminado/imunologia , Vacina Quadrivalente Recombinante contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16, 18/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/imunologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/imunologia , Alphapapillomavirus/classificação , Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Condiloma Acuminado/prevenção & controle , Condiloma Acuminado/virologia , Feminino , Vacina Quadrivalente Recombinante contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16, 18/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Vacinação/métodos , Displasia do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
Once considered merely as a vehicle for spermatozoa, it is now clear that seminal plasma (SP) induces a variety of biological actions on the female reproductive tissues able to modulate the immune response against paternal antigens. To our knowledge, the influence of SP on the immune response against sexually transmitted pathogens has not been yet evaluated. We here analyzed whether the seminal vesicle fluid (SVF), which contributes almost 60% of the SP volume in mice, could modulate the immune response against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). We found that SVF does not modify the course of primary infection, but markedly improved protection conferred by vaginal vaccination with inactivated HSV-2 against a lethal challenge. This protective effect was shown to be associated to a robust memory immune response mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both the lymph nodes draining the vagina and the vaginal mucosa, the site of viral replication. In contrast with the widespread notion that SP acts as an immunosuppressive agent, our results suggest that SVF might improve the female immune response against sexually transmitted pathogens.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Genitália Feminina/fisiologia , Herpes Genital/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 2/imunologia , Mucosa/imunologia , Sêmen/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Administração Intravaginal , Animais , Feminino , Genitália Feminina/virologia , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucosa/virologia , Vacinação , Vacinas AtenuadasRESUMO
HSV-1 epidemiology in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) remains poorly understood. Our study aimed to measure HSV-1 antibody prevalence (seroprevalence) and its age-distribution among select MENA populations residing in Qatar. Sera were collected from male blood donors attending Hamad Medical Corporation 2013-2015. A total of 2,077 sera were tested for anti-HSV-1 antibodies using HerpeSelect® 1 ELISA IgG kits (Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA). Robust Poisson regression was conducted to estimate adjusted infection prevalence ratios. Country-specific HSV-1 seroprevalence was estimated for 10 national populations: 97.5% among Egyptians, 92.6% among Yemenis, 90.7% among Sudanese, 88.5% among Syrians, 86.5% among Jordanians, 82.3% among Qataris, 81.4% among Iranians, 81.4% among Lebanese, 80.5% among Palestinians, and 77.0% among Pakistanis. Age-specific HSV-1 seroprevalence was estimated for Egypt, the Fertile Crescent (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria), and Qatar. Seroprevalence increased with age among Fertile Crescent and Qatari nationals. Seroprevalence increased from 70.0% among those aged ≤ 24 years up to 98.0% among those aged ≥55 years among Fertile Crescent nationals. Seroprevalence was consistently above 90% for all ages among Egyptians. HSV-1 seroprevalence is high in MENA, though with some variation across countries. The seroprevalence appears to have declined among current young age cohorts compared to its levels a few decades ago.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Doadores de Sangue , Herpes Simples/epidemiologia , Herpes Simples/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/imunologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto , África do Norte/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Herpes Genital/epidemiologia , Herpes Genital/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oriente Médio/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Catar/epidemiologia , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologiaRESUMO
The clustering of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in some individuals is often interpreted as the result of common risk factors rather than biological interactions between different types of HPV. The intraindividual correlation between times-at-risk for all HPV infections is not generally considered in the analysis of epidemiologic studies. We used a deterministic transmission model to simulate cross-sectional and prospective epidemiologic studies measuring associations between 2 HPV types. When we assumed no interactions, the model predicted that studies would estimate odds ratios and incidence rate ratios greater than 1 between HPV types even after complete adjustment for sexual behavior. We demonstrated that this residual association is due to correlation between the times-at-risk for different HPV types, where individuals become concurrently at risk for all of their partners' HPV types when they enter a partnership and are not at risk when they are single. This correlation can be controlled in prospective studies by restricting analyses to susceptible individuals with an infected sexual partner. The bias in the measured associations was largest in low-sexual-activity populations, cross-sectional studies, and studies which evaluated infection with a first HPV type as the exposure. These results suggest that current epidemiologic evidence does not preclude the existence of competitive biological interactions between HPV types.
Assuntos
Coinfecção , Interações Microbianas , Infecções por Papillomavirus/transmissão , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Interferência Viral , Viés , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Papillomaviridae/classificação , Papillomaviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Fatores de Risco , Parceiros Sexuais , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the most important emerging viruses of 2016. A developing outbreak in the Americas has demonstrated an association between the virus and serious clinical manifestations, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and congenital malformations in infants born to infected mothers. Pathogenesis and mechanisms of neurologic or immune disease by ZIKV have not been clearly delineated. However, several pathways have been described to explain viral involvement in brain and immune system as well as other organ systems such as eye, skin, and male and female reproductive tracts. ZIKV activates toll-like receptor 3 and several pathways have been described to explain the mechanisms at a molecular level. The mechanism of microcephaly has been more difficult to demonstrate experimentally, likely due to the multifactorial and complex nature of the phenotype. This article provides an overview of existing literature on ZIKV pathogenicity and possible molecular mechanisms of disease as outlined to date.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Microcefalia/virologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Infecção por Zika virus/virologia , Zika virus/patogenicidade , Aedes/virologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Vetores de Doenças , Feminino , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Masculino , Microcefalia/imunologia , Morfogênese , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/imunologia , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Zika virus/imunologia , Infecção por Zika virus/imunologia , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissãoRESUMO
Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused a major infection outbreak in the Americas since 2015. In parallel with the ZIKV epidemic, an increase in cases of neurological disorders which include Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), encephalitis, and myelitis have been linked to the infection. We reviewed the evidence suggesting a relationship between ZIKV and neurological disorders in adults. A search of the literature supporting such link included databases such as PubMed and the World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance system. Through June 1, 2016, 761 publications were available on PubMed using the search word "Zika." Among those publications as well as surveillance reports released by the WHO and other health organizations, 20 articles linked ZIKV with neurological complications other than microcephaly. They corresponded to population and surveillance studies (n = 7), case reports (n = 9), case series (n = 3), and case-control studies (n = 1). Articles were also included if they provided information related to possible mechanisms of ZIKV neuropathogenesis. Evidence based on epidemiological and virological information supports the hypothesis that ZIKV infection is associated with GBS. Although cases of encephalopathy and myelitis have also been linked to ZIKV infection, the evidence is scarce and there is a need for virological, epidemiological, and controlled studies to better characterize such relationship.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Surtos de Doenças , Encefalite Viral/virologia , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/virologia , Mielite/virologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Infecção por Zika virus/virologia , Zika virus/patogenicidade , Adulto , Aedes/virologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Central/imunologia , Vetores de Doenças , Encefalite Viral/epidemiologia , Encefalite Viral/imunologia , Feminino , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Masculino , Mielite/epidemiologia , Mielite/imunologia , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Zika virus/imunologia , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/imunologia , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissãoRESUMO
More than 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired each day globally. Etiotropic drugs cannot effectively control infectious diseases therefore, there is a dire need to explore alternative strategies especially those based on the regulation of immune system. The review discusses all rational approaches to develop better understanding towards immunotherapeutic strategies based on modulation of immune system in an attempt to curb the elevating risk of infectious diseases such as HIV, HPV and HSV because of their high prevalence. Development of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several other immune based treatments are promising alternative strategies that are offering new opportunities to eradicate pathogens.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/terapia , Herpes Simples/terapia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/terapia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/terapia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Herpes Simples/imunologia , Humanos , Imunomodulação , Imunoterapia/tendências , Infecções por Papillomavirus/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologiaAssuntos
Portador Sadio/transmissão , Portador Sadio/virologia , Ebolavirus/isolamento & purificação , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/transmissão , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/virologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Sobreviventes , África Ocidental/epidemiologia , Animais , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/imunologia , Pré-Escolar , Preservativos , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Ebolavirus/genética , Ebolavirus/imunologia , Ebolavirus/fisiologia , Feminino , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/epidemiologia , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/imunologia , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/veterinária , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Masculino , Gravidez , RNA Viral/análise , Sexo Seguro , Sêmen/virologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/virologiaRESUMO
The mucosal barrier plays an integral function in human health as it is the primary defense against pathogens, and provides a critical transition between the external environment and the human internal body. In the context of HIV infection, the most relevant mucosal surfaces include those of the gastrointestinal (GI) and genital tract compartments. Several components help maintain the effectiveness of this mucosal surface, including the physical anatomy of the barrier, cellular immunity, soluble factors, and interactions between the epithelial barrier and the local microenvironment, including mucus and host microbiota. Any defects in barrier integrity or function can rapidly lead to an increase in acquisition risk, or with established infection may result in increased pathogenesis, morbidities, or mortality. Indeed, a key feature to all aspects of HIV infection from transmission to pathogenesis is disruption and/or dysfunction of mucosal barriers. Herein, we will detail the host-pathogen relationship of HIV and mucosal barriers in both of these scenarios.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa/imunologia , Mucosa/virologia , Animais , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Humanos , Microbiota , Mucosa/microbiologia , Mucosa/patologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission from a chronic patient to a susceptible individual is a good opportunity to study viral and host factors that may influence the natural course of hepatitis C infection towards either spontaneous recovery or chronicity. To compare a documented case of a bottleneck event in the sexual transmission of HCV from a chronically infected patient to a recipient host that cleared infection. METHODS: Host genetic components such as Class I and II HLA and IL28B polymorphism (rs12979860 SNPs) were identified by direct sequencing and LightMix analysis, respectively. Deep nucleotide sequence analysis of quasispecies complexity was performed using massive pyrosequencing platform (454 GS-FLX), and the CD4 specific immune response was characterized by ELISPOT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Sequencing analysis and CD4 response highlighted several NS3-helicase domains in which an interplay between amino acid variability and CD4 immune response might have contributed either to chronicity in the donor patient or to viral clearance in the receptor (newly infected) patient.
Assuntos
Hepacivirus/patogenicidade , Hepatite C Crônica/transmissão , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Parceiros Sexuais , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/complicações , Adulto , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/diagnóstico , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C Crônica/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Fenótipo , Indução de Remissão , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/virologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Human papillomavirus (HPV), one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, has an established role in the pathogenesis of genital malignancies such as cervical cancer. The virus has also been implicated in the oncogenesis of nongenital cancers including head and neck malignancies (specifically oropharyngeal cancers) as well as anal cancer. There is less clarity regarding its role in lung and esophageal cancers. Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer has been increasing over time. These patients have improved outcomes compared with those with HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancers, and there is continued interest in designing treatments specifically for this HPV-positive subgroup. Clinicians continue to gain an understanding of HPV in anal cancers and the risk factors associated with infection and progression to malignancy. This has potential implications for the eventual screening of high-risk groups. While HPV vaccination is currently approved for the prevention of cervical cancer, it also has potential in the prevention of all HPV-associated malignancies. In this review, current understanding of the role of HPV in nongenital cancers is discussed, as well as future implications for treatment and prevention.