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1.
J Sports Sci ; 42(8): 676-687, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38842288

RESUMO

The objective of the present research was to examine doping-related decisional trade-offs, and their relationship with health risk perceptions towards doping and moral attitudes in sport. A mixed methods sequential-explanatory design was used. In Study 1,249, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes from 16 countries completed anonymous online questionnaires on decisional trade-offs related to doping, health risk beliefs towards doping, moral attitudes in sport, and socio-demographic variables. The results showed that almost 1 in 10 athletes would trade their life for sporting success, independently of the moral implications of their choice. When mortal threat was absent, 31.5% of the athletes would trade morality for sporting success. Decisional trade-off choices differentiated scores in moral attitudes, such as acceptance of cheating and keeping winning in proportion. In Study 2, 11 British competitive MMA athletes were interviewed about decisional trade-offs involving moral violations or mortal threats. Thematic analysis corroborated the Study 1 findings, with most athletes dismissing the doping choice involving a mortal threat but endorsing the one where the mortal threat was absent. Anti-doping education in MMA athletes should target the decision-making process underlying doping, with an emphasis on moral values and the adverse health risk effects of doping.


Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , Dopagem Esportivo , Princípios Morais , Humanos , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Atletas/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Atitude
2.
Rev Infirm ; 73(302): 27-28, 2024.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38901907

RESUMO

Several national and international organisations are involved in doping prevention. The aim is to guarantee athletes' health and fairness in competitions. Accurate and regularly updated information is available to help prevent the physical and psychological complications associated with doping.


Assuntos
Dopagem Esportivo , Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Humanos
3.
Subst Use Misuse ; 59(10): 1488-1494, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38812099

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are traditionally used for the treatment/control of various diseases; however, they are being used for non-therapeutic and indiscriminate purposes to enhance sports performance and physical appearance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of AAS use among professional CrossFit® competitors. METHODS: We conducted an observational cross-sectional survey in which an anonymous questionnaire was applied to professional CrossFit® athletes. RESULTS: The prevalence of AAS usage was 33.3%. Most users were male (74.2%), aged between 30 and 39 years (51.6%), with completed higher education (83.9%), and had been training for more than 5 years (77.4%); the primary motivation for AAS use was performance enhancement (77.4%). Individuals who were older (p < 0.05) and more experienced in competitions (p < 0.01) are more likely to use AAS. Testosterone was the most employed AAS (71.0%); CrossFit® athletes typically used an average of 2 different AAS. The majority of users had notably sought advice from a physician (74.2%), and AAS were acquired from either drugstores (80.6%) or through illicit channels (29.0%). Moreover, 61.3% of AAS users reported experiencing adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated a higher prevalence of AAS users among professional competitors in CrossFit® compared to the general population; older age and greater experience in official competitions were decisive factors for a greater inclination toward AAS use. A significant percentage of athletes seek drugs through illegal channels. Despite the majority of users experiencing adverse effects, athletes report satisfaction with use, believing that the benefits still outweigh the drawbacks.


Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Atletas , Dopagem Esportivo , Motivação , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Atletas/psicologia , Atletas/estatística & dados numéricos , Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Dopagem Esportivo/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem , Congêneres da Testosterona/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Prevalência , Esteróides Androgênicos Anabolizantes
4.
Orthopadie (Heidelb) ; 53(8): 608-616, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38653791

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Systematic doping programs like in the GDR were applied in adolescent competitive athletes to induce supramaximal athletic performance. The substances had adverse somatic and psychological effects. The psychological development of the young athletes was impaired and they suffered in adulthood from long-term effects and secondary diseases even years after the doping period. METHOD: The study compared three groups: competitive athletes with doping (I), competitive athletes without doping (II) and persons with no sports activities (III). Somatic and psychological diseases were analyzed to identify the adverse effects of doping in the most vulnerable phase of development in adolescence. Participants were asked to supply a patient history and completed a questionnaire with standardized psychological tests. RESULTS: The doping cohort had a higher rate of somatic diseases, psychological disorders and social and professional difficulties. The differences were gender-specific with males more often having impaired liver function, depression, tumors and difficulties associated with the workplace . The doping group reported more emotional and physical neglect during childhood. They proved to be less optimistic but more pessimistic, to perceive less social support and to be more depressive. The study identified less extraversion and more neuroticism. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurred in a small number of participants in the doping group. Doping is associated with psychiatric variables. Predictors were the subscale identifying feelings of the Toronto alexithymia scale 20 (TAS-20), the sense of coherence and the Beck depression inventory 2 (BDI-II) and the Beck depression inventory (BDI). CONCLUSION: Physical and psychosocial effects imply correlation with the application of doping substances but might not only be due to the side effects of these substances but also caused by the system, which exerts great psychological pressure and stress during adolescence, a highly vulnerable phase.


Assuntos
Saúde do Adolescente , Esteróides Androgênicos Anabolizantes , Dopagem Esportivo , Transtornos Mentais , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Esteróides Androgênicos Anabolizantes/administração & dosagem , Esteróides Androgênicos Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Saúde Mental , Congêneres da Testosterona/efeitos adversos
5.
Nutrients ; 15(4)2023 Feb 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36839238

RESUMO

Dietary supplements are widely used among athletes, but many may be unaware of the potential for unintentional doping, especially considering that supplements can often be contaminated with prohibited substances. The reason behind the widespread use of dietary supplements among athletes is often cited as being for the purposes of enhancing health or performance. However, many athletes turn to unreliable sources of information, and often lack knowledge of dietary supplement regulations. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the current research surrounding the psychological constructs (such as norms, attitudes, and beliefs) related to dietary supplement use among athletes that may lead to inadvertent doping. This review also covers possible programme structures that may be effective at preventing inadvertent doping.


Assuntos
Dopagem Esportivo , Humanos , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Atletas/psicologia , Atitude , Suplementos Nutricionais
6.
J Sports Sci ; 41(21): 1896-1905, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38304976

RESUMO

Prior research has examined the relationships between morality, attitudes, and intentions related to doping predominantly via correlational studies based on the theoretical frameworks provided by extensions to the theory of planned behaviour, and the social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In contrast, the present study experimentally analysed a psychological process (i.e., self-validation) through which thought morality can influence attitudes and intentions. Two hundred and forty-two participants (122 males and 120 females) were randomly assigned to read a message either against or in favour of legalising several doping behaviours in sports, then listed their thoughts regarding that proposal. Next, they were randomly assigned to perceive their thoughts as either moral or immoral, then indicated the extent to which they considered their thoughts as valid. Finally, participants reported their attitudes and intentions regarding the legalisation proposal. As hypothesised, the anti-legalisation (vs. pro-legalisation) message produced more unfavourable thoughts and attitudes, as well as lower intentions to support the legalisation proposal and engage in banned behaviours if legalised in sport. Most importantly, the effects of message direction on attitudes and intentions were greater for participants in the moral (vs. immoral) thought condition. Furthermore, changes in attitudes were consistent with a self-validation process.


Assuntos
Dopagem Esportivo , Intenção , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Atletas/psicologia , Atitude , Princípios Morais , Cognição
7.
Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy ; 17(1): 31, 2022 04 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35473803

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the World Anti-Doping Agency's e-learning programme for anti-doping education on knowledge of, explicit and implicit attitudes towards, and likelihood of doping among Chinese college athletes and non-athletes. METHOD: Thirty-two young adults (including 16 college athletes) were recruited to receive the Athlete Learning Program about Health and Anti-Doping (ALPHA) intervention (Zh-hans version). Another 32 young adults were recruited for no-treatment control purposes. Before and immediately after the intervention, the ALPHA test, performance enhancement attitude scale, doping likelihood scale, and brief implicit association test (BIAT) were performed. Cortical activity during the BIAT test was monitored using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy instrument. RESULTS: Significant intervention effects were observed for knowledge (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.21) and explicit attitude (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.12) but not for doping likelihood (p > 0.05; benefit situation: η2 = 0.04; cost situation: η2 = 0.02). Compared with the non-athletes, the college athletes reported lower doping likelihood scores in benefit situations (e.g., financial gain, p < 0.05, η2 = 0.10). Regarding the BIAT task, the experimental effect was successfully induced by different semantic associations between the concepts and the attitude (doping + like vs. doping + dislike). The mean reaction times (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.36) and error rate (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.34) in the doping-like block were higher than those in the doping-dislike block. Moreover, oxygenated haemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in response to BIAT interference in the temporoparietal junction-related channels was increased during the post-intervention test (p < 0.05, η2 varied from 0.09 to 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the online anti-doping education programme is partially effective among Chinese college athletes and non-athletes. Furthermore, our findings reflect enhanced cognitive control after the education intervention to suppress a prepotent implicit attitude towards doping.


Assuntos
Instrução por Computador , Dopagem Esportivo , Atletas/psicologia , Atitude , China , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Humanos , Adulto Jovem
8.
Eur J Prev Cardiol ; 29(3): 559-575, 2022 03 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35081615

RESUMO

The use of substances and medications with potential cardiovascular effects among those practicing sports and physical activity has progressively increased in recent years. This is also connected to the promotion of physical activity and exercise as core aspects of a healthy lifestyle, which has led also to an increase in sport participation across all ages. In this context, three main users' categories can be identified, (i) professional and amateur athletes using substances to enhance their performance, (ii) people with chronic conditions, which include physical activity and sport in their therapeutic plan, in association with prescribed medications, and (iii) athletes and young individuals using supplements or ergogenic aids to integrate their diet or obtaining a cognitive enhancement effect. All the substances used for these purposes have been reported to have side effects, among whom the cardiovascular consequences are the most dangerous and could lead to cardiac events. The cardiovascular effect depends on the type of substance, the amount, the duration of use, and the individual response to the substances, considering the great variability in responses. This Position Paper reviews the recent literature and represents an update to the previously published Position Paper published in 2006. The objective is to inform physicians, athletes, coaches, and those participating in sport for a health enhancement purpose, about the adverse cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids, when associated with sport and exercise.


Assuntos
Cardiologia , Dopagem Esportivo , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho , Esportes , Atletas/psicologia , Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho/efeitos adversos
9.
Nutrients ; 13(11)2021 Nov 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34836190

RESUMO

The misuse of dietary supplements and doping substances is commonly associated with toxicity, nutritional imbalances, and health and psychological consequences. This is alarming especially in light of the increasing prevalence of the use of dietary supplements and doping, particularly among young adults including athletes. There is evidence that education interventions can lead to improved knowledge, intentions, and practices. However, no review has summarized and evaluated the effectiveness of such interventions. The aim of this article is to review the characteristics, contents and effects of education interventions that were designed and implemented to improve knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and intentions with respect to the use of dietary supplements and doping agents in different populations. PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Google Scholar were searched for English-language education interventions targeting dietary supplements and doping substances. A total of 20 articles were identified and have generally provided consistent findings. Most interventions reported a significant improvement in knowledge on dietary supplements and doping agents. Unfortunately, the heavy reliance on self-reported assessment tools limits the validity of these interventions, with almost all articles targeting athletes and adolescents.


Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Dopagem Esportivo/métodos , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Atletas/psicologia , Criança , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Intenção , Masculino , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho/efeitos adversos , Adulto Jovem
10.
J Sci Med Sport ; 24(11): 1116-1122, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34176766

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Doping-related knowledge, beliefs and attitude influence adolescent athletes' susceptibility to prohibited performance-enhancing substances. They might be modified by different cultural backgrounds. This study's aim was to analyse the geographical heterogeneity of doping-related knowledge, beliefs and attitude among adolescent elite athletes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to athletes participating in the Winter Youth Olympic Games 2020 in Switzerland. Main outcomes ('subjective and actual knowledge', 'beliefs' and 'attitude') were stratified for athletes' region of origin. Geographical heterogeneity was tested with a two-way analysis of variance, and two multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess independent associations of knowledge, age and athletes' geographical region with doping-related beliefs and attitude. RESULTS: 533 athletes (54% females, mean age: 16.0 ±â€¯1.0 years), completed the questionnaire (response rate: 33%). Actual knowledge was moderate-to-good (9.2 ±â€¯2.9 correct answers out of 13), and scores of attitude and beliefs showed favourable patterns. Considerable geographical heterogeneity was found for knowledge (p < 0.001), beliefs (p = 0.004) and attitude (p < 0.001). Higher subjective knowledge and actual knowledge were favourably associated with attitude (ß = -0.096, p = 0.049; ß = -0.316, p < 0.001) and beliefs (ß = 0.120, p = 0.016; ß = 0.212, p < 0.001), independent of age and geographical region. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates considerable geographical heterogeneity of doping-related knowledge, beliefs and attitude, which are three essential target factors of doping prevention in adolescent elite athletes. This evidence should encourage medical doctors and other professionals to change their educative anti-doping approach from teaching knowledge about negative consequences into investigating and forming a young athlete's mind-set.


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Comportamento Competitivo , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Cultura , Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Geografia , Humanos , Masculino , Suíça , Adulto Jovem
11.
J Sports Sci ; 39(10): 1164-1173, 2021 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33337975

RESUMO

Whistleblowing against anti-doping rule violations and related misconduct has been recognized as an important deterrent of doping behaviour in competitive sport. However, research on whistleblowing against doping is scarce and the available studies have focused on small samples using qualitative and inductive approaches. The present study used quantitative methods to assess, for the first time, the association between self-determined motivation, achievement goals, sportspersonship orientations and intentions to engage in whistleblowing against doping misconduct. A total of 992 competitive athletes from Greece (n = 480) and Russia (n = 512) completed structured measures of self-determination, achievement goals, sportspersonship orientation beliefs, and intentions to report doping misconduct. Latent profile analysis classified athletes into clusters consistent with the theoretical predictions. One-way analyses of variance further showed consistently across countries that autonomous motivated athletes reported higher intentions to whistleblow, and athletes with higher scores in achievement goals and sportspersonship orientations had significantly higher scores in whistleblowing intentions, compared to those with lower scores in these characteristics in both countries. This is the first study to demonstrate the association between motivational regulations, achievement goals, sportspersonship beliefs, and whistleblowing intentions. The theoretical and policy implications of our study are discussed.


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Intenção , Motivação , Denúncia de Irregularidades/psicologia , Logro , Comportamento Competitivo , Objetivos , Grécia , Humanos , Autonomia Pessoal , Federação Russa
12.
Eur J Sport Sci ; 21(3): 412-420, 2021 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32105185

RESUMO

Both doping (e.g. Hodge, K., Hargreaves, E. A., Gerrard, D. F., & Lonsdale, C. (2013). Psychological mechanisms underlying doping attitudes in sport: Motivation and moral disengagement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35, 419-432.) and eating behaviours (e.g. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L., & Harris, J. (2006). From psychological need satisfaction to intentional behaviour: Testing a motivational sequence in two behavioural contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 131-148.) have been studied independently within the SDT framework, but no research has examined these variables concomitantly to better understand the relationships between motivation for sport and doping variables. We therefore examined the mediating role of eating behaviour in the relationship between SDT constructs for sport motivation and athletes' susceptibility to doping. Bootstrapped mediation analyses were performed for 171 male and female athletes with competitive experience in various sports. The analyses revealed that healthy eating behaviours significantly mediated the relationship between SDT motivational constructs and susceptibility to doping. The findings enrich our theoretical understanding of how the SDT approach to motivation for sport might provide insight into the susceptibility to doping; that is, through the potential mediating role of healthy eating behaviours. Finally, the potential central position of eating behaviours in the motivation-doping relationship opens up a potential swathe of novel research, with investigations into eating behaviours at the forefront of future research on the psychology of doping.


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Motivação , Autonomia Pessoal , Esportes/psicologia , Adolescente , Atitude , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
13.
J Sport Exerc Psychol ; 43(2): 125-139, 2021 04 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33271509

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to develop a moral intervention and to determine whether it was more effective in preventing doping than an educational (i.e., knowledge-based) intervention; their primary outcome was doping likelihood, and the secondary outcomes were moral identity, moral disengagement, moral atmosphere, and anticipated guilt. METHODS: Eligible athletes (N = 303) in the United Kingdom and Greece took part in the study. The authors randomly assigned 33 clubs to either the moral or the educational intervention. They measured outcomes pre- and postintervention and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Athletes in both interventions in both countries reported lower doping likelihood and moral disengagement and higher guilt from pre- to postintervention. These effects were maintained at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. There were no effects on moral identity or moral atmosphere. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to disseminating information about doping, doping prevention programs should include content that focuses on moral variables.


Assuntos
Atletas/educação , Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Culpa , Princípios Morais , Adolescente , Atletas/psicologia , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Feminino , Grécia , Humanos , Masculino , Desenvolvimento Moral , Reino Unido , Adulto Jovem
14.
J Sports Sci ; 39(5): 533-541, 2021 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33086940

RESUMO

The spirit of sport, which encompasses intrinsic values associated with sport participation, is core to the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) strategy for doping prevention. The contribution of these values to clean sport has yet to be established. In this study, athletes rated the importance of spirit of sport values (WADA, 2015) and sport values (Lee et al., 2000, 2008) and indicated their clean sport likelihood in a hypothetical scenario. Clean sport likelihood was positively predicted by the five spirit of sport values (ethics/fair play/honesty, respect for rules/laws, dedication/commitment, teamwork, community/solidarity), two sport value domains (morality, competence), and 11 sport values (contract maintenance, being fair, conscientiousness, sportspersonship, show skills, health/fitness, caring/compassion, team cohesion, achievement, tolerance, obedience). Clean sport likelihood was best predicted by moral values.


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Princípios Morais , Esportes/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino Unido , Adulto Jovem
15.
J Sci Med Sport ; 24(3): 307-311, 2021 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32998850

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Our study objectives were twofold: 1) examine whether users and non-users of different types of sport supplements vary in doping attitudes and sport supplement beliefs, and 2) determine whether the type of sport supplement is directly and indirectly (via sport supplement beliefs) related to doping attitudes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: Athletes (N=557; 77% male, mean±standard deviation; age=20.8±4.5 years, training=5.7±4.2h per week, competing=11.1±5.2 years) completed measures of sport supplement use, sport supplement beliefs, and doping attitudes. Sport supplements were classified into: ergogenic, medical, sport food and drinks, and superfoods. RESULTS: Compared to non-users, users of ergogenic (d=0.31, p<0.01) and medical (d=0.42, p<0.01) sport supplements reported more favourable attitudes towards doping. In addition, compared to non-users, users of ergogenic (d=1.10, p<0.01), medical (d=0.80, p<0.01) and sport food/drink (d=0.58, p<0.01) supplements reported stronger beliefs in the effectiveness of sport supplements to improve sport performance. Use of ergogenic, medical and sport food/drink supplements was indirectly related to doping attitudes via sport supplement beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: Researchers examining the relationship between sport supplement use and doping should differentiate between sport supplement types to improve measurement accuracy. Sport practitioners administering ergogenic and medical sport supplements to athletes may need to provide additional anti-doping education to counteract any favourable attitudes towards doping.


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Atitude , Suplementos Nutricionais , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Suplementos Nutricionais/classificação , Bebidas Energéticas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
16.
Br J Sports Med ; 55(4): 213-219, 2021 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32917672

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Coach-centred antidoping education is scarce. We tested the efficacy of a motivationally informed antidoping intervention for coaches, with their athletes' willingness to dope as the primary outcome. METHODS: We delivered a cluster randomised controlled trial in Australia, the UK and Greece. This study was a parallel group, two-condition, superiority trial. Participants were 130 coaches and 919 athletes. Coaches in the intervention group attended two workshops and received supplementary information to support them in adopting a motivationally supportive communication style when discussing doping-related issues with their athletes. Coaches in the control condition attended a standard antidoping workshop that provided up-to-date information on antidoping issues yet excluded any motivation-related content. Assessments of willingness to dope (primary outcome) and other secondary outcomes were taken at baseline, postintervention (3 months) and at a 2-month follow up. RESULTS: Compared with athletes in the control group, athletes in the intervention group reported greater reductions in willingness to take prohibited substances (effect size g=0.17) and psychological need frustration (g=0.23) at postintervention, and greater increases in antidoping knowledge (g=0.27) at follow-up. Coaches in the intervention group reported at postintervention greater increases in efficacy to create an antidoping culture (g=0.40) and in perceived effectiveness of need supporting behaviours (g=0.45) to deal with doping-related situations. They also reported greater decreases in doping attitudes (g=0.24) and perceived effectiveness of need thwarting behaviours (g=0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Antidoping education programmes should consider incorporating principles of motivation, as these could be beneficial to coaches and their athletes. We offer suggestions to strengthen these programmes, as most of the effects we observed were not sustained at follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This trial has been registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=371465&isReview=true).


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Motivação , Adulto , Atletas/educação , Atletas/estatística & dados numéricos , Atitude , Austrália , Comunicação , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Feminino , Grécia , Humanos , Masculino , Reino Unido , Adulto Jovem
17.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ; 30(8): 1529-1543, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32297353

RESUMO

Although research investigating doping in sport is burgeoning, there is still a lack of proxy measures of doping behavior that have undergone extensive psychometric testing. To address this issue, we modified a previously used measure of doping willingness in sport and tested aspects of validity and reliability across four studies. In Study 1, we provided support for the face and content validity of the items, and then found support for the factor structure of the scale in a sample of athletes (N = 205) using confirmatory factor analysis. In Study 2, we collected data from an independent sample of athletes (N = 236) to provide further evidence for the factor structure of the scale using confirmatory factor analysis as well as provided evidence for concurrent and discriminant validity. In Study 3, a further independent sample of athletes (N = 144) completed the scale and provided support for discriminant and predictive validity of the scale. In Study 4, we collected data from a further independent sample (N = 74) to provide support for the test-retest reliability, and stability of items. Lastly, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the samples across Studies 3 and 4, and the composite sample across all four studies which provided further support for the factor structure of the final 8-item scale. Taken together, these findings provide psychometric support for the scale to be used to measure the willingness of athletes to use banned substances to help facilitate future research investigating doping in sport.


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Tomada de Decisões , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Intenção , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto Jovem
18.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness ; 60(5): 794-799, 2020 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32037780

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Doping in young athletes at present is on escalation. A few doping cases involving athletes from South East Asia (SEA) countries have been reported. The objective of this study is to determine current perceived doping and antidoping climate in Malaysia through an exploration of doping-related knowledge, perception and beliefs among the university athletes. METHODS: A survey was conducted during the Malaysian Universities Games in Kuala Lumpur 2014. A total of 614 athletes completed the questionnaires on perception, specific knowledge, environment, behavior and beliefs towards doping. RESULTS: From this survey, we found that their knowledge about doping and antidoping was poor, they have misguided beliefs and perception about doping, and their environment seems to be favorable for performance enhancing substances usage in the future. We grouped the athletes based on their doping's environment into ultraclean, potential and high-risk group; and the results showed that they have a significant relationship with their knowledge, beliefs and perception about doping in sports, P<0.001. About 1.5-1.8% of the studied athletes have positive behavior towards doping practice; doping use, χ2 =24.6(2) P<0.001 and doping willingness, χ2 =17.15(2) P<0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Doping behavior and doping risks in this region are still under-studied. Hence, we recommended that every South East Asia countries would identify the potential risks of doping among their young athletes, and collectively collaborating in managing doping issues involving this region. Special attention should be given to doping environment as it has negative influences on athletes behavior towards doping.


Assuntos
Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Malásia , Masculino , Medição de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Universidades , Adulto Jovem
19.
Eur J Sport Sci ; 20(9): 1245-1254, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31771456

RESUMO

Perfectionism may promote engagement in illegal and unacceptable behaviours such as doping. To examine this idea, in the present study, we had two aims. First, we re-examined the relationship between perfectionism and attitudes towards doping and, in doing so, conducted a continuously cumulating meta-analysis. Second, we extended our understanding of this relationship by providing the first test of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism in context of doping. A sample of 181 university athletes (mean age 18.5 years) completed measures of perfectionism (evaluative concerns perfectionism [ECP] and personal standards perfectionism [PSP]) and attitudes toward doping. A continuously cumulating meta-analysis based on five studies (including the present study; N = 952) indicated that ECP showed a significant small-to-medium positive relationship with attitudes towards doping (r + = .21), whereas PSP showed a nonsignificant small positive relationship with attitudes towards doping (r + = .07). In addition, moderated regression analysis provided support for two hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model. Specifically, pure ECP (high ECP, low PSP) was associated with more favourable attitudes towards doping than mixed perfectionism (high ECP, high PSP) and non-perfectionism (low ECP, low PSP). The present findings suggest that ECP is a significant positive predictor of attitudes towards doping and that athletes who exhibit a combination of high ECP and low PSP are the most likely to be at risk of doping. Consequently, a focus on reducing ECP may be a valuable addition to anti-doping education programmes.


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Perfeccionismo , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Análise de Regressão , Universidades , Adulto Jovem
20.
J Sports Sci ; 38(4): 357-365, 2020 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31810403

RESUMO

Basic values, defined as trans-situational goals that vary in importance and act as guiding principles in life, have been linked with unethical cognitions, emotions and actions. Their roles in doping, a form of cheating in sport, have yet to established. College athletes reported doping likelihood in hypothetical scenario-based situations and completed measures of basic values, moral disengagement, and anticipated guilt. Correlation analysis showed that doping likelihood was positively associated with self-enhancement values but negatively associated with self-transcendence values and conservation values. Moral disengagement correlated positively with self-enhancement values and negatively with self-transcendence values, whereas guilt correlated positively conservation values and negatively with self-enhancement values and openness to change values. Regression analyses showed that self-enhancement values positively predicted doping likelihood directly, self-transcendence values negatively predicted doping likelihood indirectly via moral disengagement and guilt, and conservation values negatively predicted doping likelihood indirectly via guilt. In line with theory and evidence concerning the relationship between basic value systems and moral thought and action, we found that the values of athletes are directly (self-enhancement) and indirectly (self-transcendence, conservation) linked with likely use of banned performance enhancing substances, an expression of cheating in sport.


Assuntos
Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Valores Sociais , Dopagem Esportivo/ética , Feminino , Teoria Fundamentada , Culpa , Humanos , Masculino , Princípios Morais , Motivação , Autoimagem
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