Manoeuvring Across Academia in National Socialist Germany: The Life and Work of Devendra Nath Bannerjea.

The article investigates the possibilities and limits for the academic Devendra Nath Bannerjea to find employment in National Socialist Germany by producing-what he imagined to be-useful knowledge for the state. Bannerjea, who came from the Punjab in northwestern India via London, Geneva and Rome to Berlin, defies neat categorization. He was neither a National Socialist scholar, nor can he be solely understood as an Indian anticolonial nationalist. In the more than four decades he spent in Europe, Bannerjea appeared in many different roles-as an anticolonial rebel, false diplomat, researcher, and endeavouring professor. Despite his employment in different educational institutions, his publications, and his political and academic networks, he remained a second row intellectual and political activist. His activities led to repeated conflicts, first with British and later Nazi authorities, because of his radical ideas and claims to intellectual egalitarianism on the one hand, and, even more often, because of his 'creative' efforts to improve his precarious living conditions on the other.The article explores the relationship between knowledge production and National Socialist state politics through the lens of Bannerjea's life, focussing on the exchange of resources between Bannerjea and the National Socialist apparatus. Against the backdrop of the social circumstances of his livelihood, it investigates the knowledge produced by Bannerjea and the rewards he received from the National Socialist regime in return.

From triple quandary to talent quest: The past, present, and future of A. Wade Boykin's contributions to psychology.

A. Wade Boykin's scholarship has provided key insights into the psychological realities of racially minoritized people and catalyzed revolutionary changes in psychology and education. Combining insights from personal and research experiences, Boykin authored the foundational triple quandary (TQ), a framework describing how Black Americans must navigate the often conflicting values and priorities of dominant mainstream society, the heritage culture of Black communities, and dynamics associated with being racially minoritized. TQ describes the unique developmental challenges faced by Black children, for whom misalignment between home cultural socialization and U.S. schooling often leads to pathologizing mischaracterizations of their attitudes and behaviors, resulting in chronic academic opportunity gaps. Boykin used his training as an experimental psychologist to empirically test the validity and explanatory utility of the TQ framework and to determine whether Black cultural values could be leveraged to improve student learning. Focusing on cultural values such as expressive movement, verve, and communalism, studies with his collaborators consistently supported Boykin's framework and predictions for improving Black student achievement-related outcomes. Beginning in the early 2000s, Boykin and his colleagues began to scale the lessons of decades of empirical work into the talent quest model for school reform. The TQ and talent quest continue to evolve in their application, as scholars and practitioners have found them relevant to a diverse range of minoritized populations in American society and beyond. Boykin's work continues to bear on the scholarship, career outcomes, and day-to-day lives of many scholars, administrators, practitioners and students across disciplines and institutions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Thurgood Marshall, Hero of American Medicine.

One of the heroes in American history, Associate Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) sought legal remedies against racial discrimination in education and health care. As director of the Legal Defense Fund (LDF) of NAACP from 1940 to 1961, his success in integrating law schools in Texas led to the first black medical student admitted to a state medical school in the South. Representing doctors and dentists needing a facility to perform surgery, the LDF brought cases before the courts in North Carolina that moved the country toward justice in health care. His ultimate legal victory came in 1954, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In 1964, the LDF under Jack Greenberg, Marshall's successor as director, won Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, a decision that held that hospitals accepting federal funds had to admit black patients. The two decisions laid the judicial foundation for the laws and administrative acts that changed America's racial history, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Social Security Act Amendments of 1965 that established Medicare and Medicaid. His achievements came during the hottest period of the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Well past the middle of the twentieth century, black Americans were denied access to the full resources of American medicine, locked in a "separate-but-equal" system woefully inadequate in every respect. In abolishing segregation, Marshall initiated the long overdue remedy of the unjust legacies of slavery and Jim Crow.

Transmitir e aprender: dilemas do educar contemporâneo / Transmitir y aprender: dilemas de la educación contemporánea / Transmitting and learning: dilemmas of contemporary education / Transmettre et apprendre: les dilemmes de l'éducation contemporaine

O presente artigo trata do discurso pedagógico contemporâneo apontando transformações nas noções de transmitir e aprender, as quais se deslocaram da dialética própria à relação educativa para uma dilemática que se caracteriza mais pela promoção de uma paralisia que pela fluidez do trabalho subjetivo de educar. O objetivo é demonstrar, a partir de uma peça do discurso pedagógico contemporâneo, a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) brasileira, que tais transformações são efeito do discurso chamado por Lacan (1969) de capitalista, cujo funcionamento se pauta na não formação de laço e na justa adequação entre sujeito e objeto. Para essa demonstração, foram pinçados elementos que se articulam num deslize ao discurso do capitalista. Desse modo, concluiu-se que o discurso presente nesse texto acaba por promover a referida dilemática.

Este artículo aborda el discurso pedagógico contemporáneo que ha cambiado en las nociones de transmitir y aprender, que han pasado de la dialéctica de la relación educativa a un dilema que se caracteriza más por la promoción de la parálisis que por la fluidez del subjetivo labor de educar. El objetivo es demostrar, a partir de un fragmento del discurso pedagógico contemporáneo, la Base Curricular Común Nacional Brasileña (BNCC), que tales transformaciones son efecto del discurso llamado por Lacan (1969) como capitalista, cuyo funcionamiento se basa en la no formación de vínculo y en la justa adecuación entre sujeto y objeto. Para esta demostración se seleccionaron elementos que se articulan en un desliz al discurso capitalista. Así, se concluye que el discurso presente en este texto termina por promover el dilema mencionado

This article deals with the contemporary pedagogical discourse that has changed in the notions of transmitting and learning, which have shifted from the dialectic of the educational relationship to a dilemma that is characterized more by the promotion of paralysis than by the fluidity of the subjective work of educating. The goal is to demonstrate, from a piece of contemporary pedagogical discourse, the Brazilian National Common Curricular Base (BNCC), that such transforms are effect of the discourse called by Lacan (1969) as capitalist, whose functioning is based on the non-formation of bond and in the fair adequacy between subject and object. For this demonstration, elements that are articulated in a slip to the capitalist discourse were selected. Thus, it is concluded that the discourse present in this text ends up promoting the aforementioned dilemma

Le présent article traite du discours pédagogique contemporain, en pointant les transformations des notions de transmission et d'apprentissage, qui sont passées de la dialectique de la relation éducative à un dilemme qui se caractérise plus par la promotion de la paralysie que par la fluidité du subjectif travail d'éducation. L'objectif est de démontrer, à partir d'un discours pédagogique contemporain, le Base Curriculaire Nationale Commune brésilienne (BNCC), que de telles transformations sont un effet du discours qualifié par Lacan (1969) de capitaliste, dont le fonctionnement est fondé sur le non-formation d'un lien et dans la juste adéquation entre sujet et objet. Pour cette démonstration, des éléments qui s'articulent dans un glissement au discours capitaliste ont été sélectionnés. Ainsi, il a été conclu que le discours présent dans ce texte finit par promouvoir le dilemme susmentionné

'Flores da revolução': notas para uma pedagogia do trabalho em Paulo Freire / 'Flowers of the revolution': notes for a pedagogy of work in Paulo Freire / 'Flores de la revolución': notas para una pedagogía del trabajo en Paulo Freire

Resumo O principal objetivo deste ensaio consiste em problematizar elementos constitutivos de uma pedagogia do trabalho presente nas obras de Paulo Freire, com ênfase na experiência registrada no livro Cartas à Guiné-Bissau. Destarte, uma das ideias que desenvolvo é aquela segundo a qual Paulo Freire, ao tratar do tema da educação de adultos, no decorrer de sua experiência como educador, tratou em última análise de processos de educação de trabalhadores, um patrimônio singular de educação crítica e libertadora da classe trabalhadora. Por meio da análise das cartas guineenses em diálogo com outras obras do próprio Freire e autores do campo do materialismo histórico, observaram-se fundamentos de uma pedagogia do trabalho de natureza revolucionária e caráter anticolonial. Assim, chegou-se a seis temas pedagógicos principais relacionados à categoria trabalho: educação e trabalho produtivo; a escola do trabalho; formação de trabalhadores; educação, produção e saúde; o novo intelectual coletivo; e pedagogia da luta e descolonização das mentalidades. 'Flores da revolução' consiste em um texto que celebra o fecundo legado teórico-metodológico freiriano, herdado pelo processo revolucionário de Guiné-Bissau, bem como comemora os cem anos de nascimento de Paulo Freire em 2021.

Abstract The main objective of this essay is to problematize constitutive elements of a pedagogy of work present in the works of Paulo Freire, with emphasis on the experience recorded in the book Cartas à Guiné-Bissau. Thus, one of the ideas that I develop is that according to which Paulo Freire, when dealing with the subject of adult education, in the course of his experience as an educator, ultimately dealt with the processes of worker education, a unique heritage of critical and liberating education of the working class. Through the analysis of Guinean letters in dialogue with other works by Freire himself and authors in the field of historical materialism, the foundations of a pedagogy of work of a revolutionary nature and anti-colonial character were observed. Thus, we arrived at six main pedagogical themes related to the work category: education and productive work; the school of work; training of workers formation; education, production and health; the new collective intellectual; and pedagogy of struggle and decolonization of mentalities. 'Flowers of the revolution' consists of a text that celebrates Freire's fertile theoretical-methodological legacy, inherited by the revolutionary process of Guinea-Bissau, as well as commemorating the 100th anniversary of Paulo Freire's birth in 2021.

Resumen El principal objectivo de este ensayo consiste en problematizar elementos constitutivos de una pedagogía del trabajo presente en las obras de Paulo Freire, con enfásis en la experiencia registrada en el libro Cartas à Guinea-Bissau. Sin embargo, una de las ideas que desarollo aquí es aquella según la cual Paulo Freire, al tratar del tema de la educación de los adultos, a lo largo de su experiencia como educador, se ocupó, en última análisis, de procesos de educación de trabajadores, un património singular de la educación crítica y libertadora de la clase obrera. A través del análisis de las cartas guineanas, en diálogo con otras obras del propio Freire y autores del campo del materialismo histórico, se observaron fundamentos de una pedagogía del trabajo de naturaleza revolucionaria y caracter anticolonial. De esta forma, se llegó a seis principales temas relacionados a la categoría trabajo: educación y trabajo productivo; la escuela del trabajo; formación de trabajadores; educación, producción y salud; el nuevo intelectual colectivo; y pedagogía de la lucha y descolonización de las mentalidades. 'Flores de la revolución' consiste en un texto que celebra el fecundo legado teórico-metodológico de la obra de Freire, heredado por el proceso revolucionario de Guinea-Bissau, así como celebra los cien años de nascimiento de Paulo Freire en 2021.

The Evolving Social Purpose of Academic Freedom.

In the face of the increasing substitution of free speech for academic freedom, I argue for the distinctiveness and irreplaceability of the latter. Academic freedom has evolved alongside universities in order to support the important social purpose universities serve. Having limned this evolution, I compare academic freedom and free speech. This comparison reveals freedom of expression to be an individual freedom, and academic freedom to be a group-differentiated freedom with a social purpose. I argue that the social purpose of academic freedom behooves an inclusive approach to group differentiation.

La psicología educativa colombiana: un tránsito hacia el desarrollo / Colombian educational psychology: a path towards development

La psicología educativa ha sido objeto de diversos cambios a lo largo del tiempo y, al llegar a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1948, los rasgos teóricos y paradigmáticos locales reflejaban, en alguna medida, lo que a nivel macro estaba ocurriendo dentro de la disciplina. Este rastreo teórico acerca del proceso de tránsito, crítica y cambio de la psicología educativa da un parámetro para entender de dónde viene, dónde está y hacia dónde va a nivel nacional. Como conclusión, se evidencia un tránsito hecho por la psicología educativa colombiana hacia un desarrollo, fortalecimiento, establecimiento y posicionamiento en un contexto cada vez más cambiante y exigente a través de los diversos paradigmas, metodologías, técnicas y modelos educativos existentes y desarrollados en la historia de la educación

Educational psychology has undergone various changes over time and, upon arriving at the National University of Colombia in 1948, the local theoretical and paradigmatic features reflected, to some extent, what was happening at the macro level within the discipline. This theoretical tracking on the process of transition, criticism and change of educational psychology gives a parameter to understand where it comes from, where it is and where it is heading at national level. In conclusion, there is evidence of a transition made by Colombian educational psychology towards a development, strengthening, establishment and positioning in an increasingly changing and demanding context through the various paradigms, methodologies, techniques and educational models existing and developed in the history of education

Apuntes históricos de la Federación Estudiantil Universitaria. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, primera parte / Historical notes on the University Students Federation in the Matanzas University of Medical Sciences. Part I

RESUMEN muy poco se conoce y apenas existe documentación sobre lo que la Federación Estudiantil Universitaria ha realizado en la provincia y en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas. Por ser tan importante esta temática como parte del rescate de la memoria histórica de la organización estudiantil, constituye un reto investigar y escribirla. Describir algunos apuntes históricos del inicio y desarrollo de la Federación Estudiantil Universitaria en la hoy Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, durante una primera etapa. Se describen algunos de los principales hechos vinculados al trabajo de los miembros de la Federación de Estudiantes Universitarios de las carreras de ciencias médicas de Matanzas, se recopiló información sobre sus dirigentes estudiantiles, eventos académicos, científicos, culturales, juegos deportivos, entre otros, desde los años iniciales de la educación médica superior en la provincia hasta el comienzo de la década del 90. La historia de la Federación de Estudiantes Universitarios, en la hoy Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, refleja el papel desempeñado por la organización, sus miembros y dirigentes, lo que la hace rejuvenecer cada año, con las nuevas generaciones que la integran (AU).

SUMMARY Very little is known and there is hardly any documentation on what the University Students Federation (FEU by its Spanish initialism) has done in the province and at Matanzas University of Medical Sciences. Because this theme is so important as part of the rescue of the historical memory of the student's organization, it is a challenge to investigate and write it. To provide some historical notes on the beginning and development of the University Student Federation in the current University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas, during a first stage. The authors described some of the main facts related to the work of the members of the University Students Federation of the medical sciences degree courses of Matanzas; they collected information about its student leaders, academic, scientific, cultural events, sports games, among others, from the initial years of higher medical education in the province until the beginning of the 90s.The history of the University Students Federation at Matanzas University of Medical Sciences mirrors the role played by the organization, its members and leaders, rejuvenating it every year, with the new generations joining it in (AU).

Global health in the making: health demonstration areas in Europe, 1950s and 1960s.

Global health is a multifaceted concept that entails the standardization of procedures in healthcare domains in accordance with a doctrine agreed upon by experts. This essay focus on the creation of health demonstration areas by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to establish core nodes for integrated state-of-the-art health services. It explores the origins, theoretical basis and aims of this technique and reviews several European experiences during the first 20 years of the WHO. Particular attention is paid to the historical importance of technical cooperative activities carried out by the WHO in regard to the implementation of health services, a long-term strategic move that contributed to the thematic upsurge of primary health care in the late 1970s.

Global health in the making: health demonstration areas in Europe, 1950s and 1960s / Construcción de la salud global: zonas de demostración sanitaria en Europa, décadas de 1950 y 1960

Abstract Global health is a multifaceted concept that entails the standardization of procedures in healthcare domains in accordance with a doctrine agreed upon by experts. This essay focus on the creation of health demonstration areas by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to establish core nodes for integrated state-of-the-art health services. It explores the origins, theoretical basis and aims of this technique and reviews several European experiences during the first 20 years of the WHO. Particular attention is paid to the historical importance of technical cooperative activities carried out by the WHO in regard to the implementation of health services, a long-term strategic move that contributed to the thematic upsurge of primary health care in the late 1970s.

Resumen Salud global es un concepto complejo que implica la normalización de los procedimientos de actuación sanitaria siguiendo una doctrina acordada por expertos. Este trabajo se ocupa del establecimiento de zonas de demostración sanitaria por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) a modo de núcleos de modernos servicios sanitarios integrados. Revisa el origen, las bases téoricas y los objetivos de esta técnica y examina diversas experiencias europeas durante los primeros veinte años de la OMS. Pone de manifiesto la importancia histórica de las actividades de cooperación técnica de la OMS en la puesta en marcha de servicios sanitarios, una estrategia de largo plazo que ayuda a entender la aparición de la atención primaria de salud a finales de la década de 1970.

History and evolution of regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine fellowship training.

INTRODUCTION: In 2016, individual training programs in regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine (RA/APM) became eligible for accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), thereby culminating a process that began 15 years earlier. Herein, we review the origins of regional anesthesia training in the USA, the events leading up to accreditation and the current state of the fellowship. METHODS: We reviewed pertinent literature on the historical aspects of RA/APM in the USA, related subspecialty training and the formation and current state of RA/APM fellowship training programs. Additionally, a survey was distributed to the directors of the 74 RA/APM fellowships that existed as of 1 January 2017 to gather up-to-date, program-specific information. RESULTS: The survey yielded a 76% response rate. Mayo Clinic Rochester and Virginia Mason Medical Center likely had the first structured RA/APM fellowships with formalized curriculums and stated objectives, both starting in 1982. Most programs (86%), including ACGME and non-ACGME fellowships, came into existence after the year 2000. Six responding programs have or previously had RA/APM comingled with another subspecialty. Eight current programs originally offered unofficial or part-time fellowships in RA/APM, with fellows also practicing as attending physicians. DISCUSSION: The history of RA/APM training in the USA is a tortuous one. It began with short 'apprenticeships' under the tutelage of the early proponents of regional anesthesia and continues today with 84 official RA/APM programs and a robust fellowship directors' group. RA/APM programs teach skills essential to the practice and improvement of anesthesiology as a specialty.

Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of the North American Testis Workshop.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the history of the North American Testis Workshop (NATW), of its relationship to the American Society of Andrology (ASA), and of the publications that resulted from the first 25 workshops. METHODS: The collection of volumes and journal articles that relate to the NATW was searched. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: During the first twenty-five meetings of the NATW, a remarkable number of breakthroughs regarding every aspect of the testis were presented. We anticipate that with the acceleration of new genetic, epigenetic, and molecular knowledge of the functions of testicular cells, we will continue to learn about the discovery of new and clinically important aspects of testicular function during the next twenty-five NATWs.

Rui Barbosa e a educação física nos pareceres para o ensino primário de 1883: influências e proposições / Rui Barbosa's 1883 expert opinions on physical education in primary school: influences and proposals / Rui Barbosa y la educación física en los informes para la educación primaria de 1883: influencias y proposiciones

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as influências e proposições para a Educação Física apresentadas por Rui Barbosa em seu parecer para o ensino primário. Os documentos analisados foram: o parecer intitulado "Reforma do Ensino Primário e várias instituições complementares da instrução pública", publicado em 1883, e o decreto nº 7.247, de 19 de abril de 1879. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como qualitativa, teve como teoria de orientação para as análises a Micro-história e utilizou-se da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Podem-se identificar cinco influências: os gregos antigos; os fisiologistas; as nações modernas; os pensadores da educação; e os pensadores da ginástica. No que concerne às proposições, identificaram-se: a ginástica para ambos os sexos; a criação de uma seção de ginástica nas escolas; a obtenção de um professor estrangeiro para atuação e formação de um quadro de profissionais no Brasil; e equiparação da Educação Física às outras disciplinas em importância.

The study identifies influences and propositions for Physical Education presented by Rui Barbosa in his expert opinion on primary education. The documents analyzed were the opinion entitled "Reform of Primary School and Several Institutions complementary of Public Education," published in 1883, and Executive Order 7247 of April 19, 1879. The study was characterized as qualitative, with Microhistory as its guiding theory for the analyzes. It also employed Content Analysis. Five influences were identified: the ancient Greeks; physiologists; modern nations; education thinkers; and gymnastics thinkers. The following propositions were found: gymnastics for both sexes; creation of a gymnastics section in schools; bringing a foreign teacher to work and train professional staff in Brazil; and equating Physical Education with other disciplines in importance.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las influencias y propuestas para la Educación Física presentadas por Rui Barbosa en su informe para la educación primaria. Los documentos analizados fueron: el informe titulado "Reforma de la Educación Primaria y varias instituciones complementarias de la instrucción pública" publicado en 1883 y el decreto número 7.247, de 19 de abril de 1879. La investigación se caracterizó como cualitativa, tuvo la Microhistoria como teoría guía para los análisis y utilizó la técnica de Análisis de Contenido. Se pueden identificar cinco influencias: los antiguos griegos; fisiólogos; naciones modernas; los pensadores de la educación; y los pensadores de la gimnasia. En cuanto a las propuestas, se identificaron las siguientes: gimnasia para ambos sexos; la creación de una sección de gimnasia en las escuelas; tener un profesor extranjero para actuar en la formación y capacitación de un cuadro de profesionales en Brasil; y equiparar en importancia a la Educación Física a otras disciplinas.

[Eloísa Díaz: between medicine, psychology and education]. / Eloísa Díaz Inzunza: entre la medicina, la psicología y la educación.

Eloísa Díaz Insunza, the first Latin American female physician, completed her studies in Medicine and Surgery at the University of Chile in 1887 and worked a large part of her life as Medical Inspector of Public Schools of Santiago, Chile. In this article, the focus is placed on her "Test Memorandum" (1886) and her first Reports to the Ministry of Public Education (1899-1905), to appreciate the hygienist perspective that characterizes her proposals. We describe her intervention project that sought to integrate medical practice with psychology and education, to solve a social problem such as the degeneration of the Chilean race.

Uma reflexão sobre o contexto educacional contemporâneo / A reflection on the contemporary educational context / Una reflexión sobre el contexto educativo actual

Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre os desafios vivenciados pela educação em contexto pós-moderno para, assim, recomendar ações de mudança para as escolas e realidades socioeconômicas e políticas locais, utilizando-se da reflexão e consequente ação sobre o processo educacional brasileiro em contexto atual. A conjuntura educacional contemporânea acaba se distanciando de sua apropriada função ao depender de instrumentos de avaliação e manutenção com base em direcionamentos globais, capitalistas e neoliberais. Para a discussão, utilizaram-se fundamentos teórico-metodológicos da Educação Comparada, em digressões sobre a formação do homem em diferentes contextos histórico-sociais. As reflexões acerca da educação contemporânea levaram a ajuizar que esta se distancia cada vez mais de sua função, afastando-se do processo da busca pela verdade, comprometido com a formação cidadã, devido à força capitalista sob princípios neoliberais, que busca a padronização, a produção e qualificação de mão de obra para manutenção de um sistema ideológico hegemônico. Como alternativa, pode-se pensar em uma escola que destaque a maturidade política do cidadão para que este possa ser sujeito modificador da sociedade e de sua história.

This paper aims to reflect on the challenges experienced by education in post-modern context to thereby recommend actions for change to the schools, socioeconomic and local policies realities, using reflection and subsequent action on the Brazilian educational process in current context. The contemporary educational environment ends up distancing itself from its proper function by relying on evaluation and maintenance tools based on capitalist and neoliberal global directions. For the discussion, theoretical and methodological foundations of comparative education were used in digressions on the formation of man in different historical and social contexts. The reflections on the contemporary education led to judge that it is increasingly moving away from its function, distancing itself from the process of seeking the truth and its commitment to civic education due to the capitalist force under neoliberal principles that seeks to standardize and produce labor qualification for maintenance of a hegemonic ideological system. Alternatively, one can think of a school that highlight the political maturity of the citizen so that they can be subjects that could change society and its history.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre los desafíos experimentados por la educación en el contexto post-moderno, por lo tanto, recomendar acciones para cambiar las escuelas y las realidades socioeconómicas y políticas locales, mediante la reflexión y la acción consecuente en el termina alejandose de su función propia al depender de las herramientas de evaluación y mantenimiento basado en direcciones globales, capitalistas y neoliberales. Para la discusión, utilizamos fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos de la Educación Comparada en digresiones sobre la formación del hombre en diferentes contextos históricos y sociales. Las reflexiones sobre la educación contemporánea llevaron a concluir que este se aleja cada vez más de su funcion alijandose de los procesos de búsqueda de la verdad, comprometida con la formacion ciudadana, debido a la fuerza capitalista bajo los principios neoliberales, que busca estandarizar la producción y calificación de mano obra para el mantenimiento de un sistema ideológico hegemónico . Alternativamente, se puede pensar en una escuela que señale la madurez política de el ciudadano para que el pueda ser agente modificador de la sociedad y de su historia.