Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 267
Filtrar
1.
Handb Clin Neurol ; 168: 249-262, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32164856

RESUMO

The electroencephalogram (EEG) was invented almost 100 years ago and is still a method of choice for many research questions, even applications-from functional brain imaging in neuroscientific investigations during movement to real-time applications like brain-computer interfacing. This chapter gives some background information on the establishment and properties of the EEG. This chapter starts with a closer look at the sources of EEG at a micro or neuronal level, followed by recording techniques, types of electrodes, and common EEG artifacts. Then an overview on EEG phenomena, namely, spontaneous EEG and event-related potentials build the middle part of this chapter. The last part discusses brain signals, which are used in current BCI research, including short descriptions and examples of applications.


Assuntos
Ondas Encefálicas/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Eletroencefalografia , Potenciais Evocados/fisiologia , Algoritmos , Eletroencefalografia/história , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos
3.
Neurocrit Care ; 31(2): 419-422, 2019 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30796756

RESUMO

Discovery of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) can be attributed to work done in research neuroscientist Horace Magoun's laboratory. Before this finding, most scientists would focus on the diencephalon (and anterior midbrain) but not more caudally. Stimulation of the medial bulbar reticular formation in the pontine and midbrain tegmentum resulted disappearance of synchronized discharge and low-voltage fast activity. The effects were mediated by a thalamic projection system. This finding was a dramatic departure from the early philosophers' ascription of the awake soul to the ventricles (Galen), lumbosacral cord (Plato), pineal gland (Descartes), and even from more modern nineteenth- and twentieth-century hypotheses that the corpus striatum or periaqueductal gray matter housed the "seat of awareness." Magoun and his collaborators closed in on its true location in the cephalic brainstem-clinicians and neuropathologists would soon follow.


Assuntos
Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Neurociências/história , Tegmento Pontino/fisiologia , Formação Reticular/fisiologia , Tálamo/fisiologia , Animais , Conscientização/fisiologia , Eletroencefalografia/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Formação Reticular Mesencefálica/fisiologia , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Vigília/fisiologia
4.
J Physiol Pharmacol ; 70(5)2019 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31889040

RESUMO

Modern research in Polish physiology began on a larger scale in the second half of the nineteenth century. The academic city of Cracow and the professors of physiology employed at the Faculty of Medicine of the Jagiellonian University played a pivotal role. Among the most eminent were Gustaw Piotrowski (1833 - 1884) and his outstanding successor in the Chair of Physiology - Napoleon Cybulski (1854 - 1919) who was a world-class researcher and a pioneer in the field of electroencephalography and endocrinology. In the following years the Chair was headed by Ernest Maydell (1878 - 1930) and Jerzy Kaulbersz (1891 - 1986). Kaulbersz's achievements were particularly important. A large part of his work concerned physiology of digestion and research into changes in the human body in alpine conditions. Kaulbersz remained in the Chair of Physiology of the Jagiellonian University after World War II.


Assuntos
Docentes/história , Fisiologia/história , Universidades/história , Eletroencefalografia/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Corpo Humano , Humanos , Polônia
7.
Curr Pharm Des ; 23(42): 6373-6375, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29076417

RESUMO

Epilepsy has been known since antiquity and trepanation has been documented as a therapeutic option. The Greek born physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia (2nd century BC) was the first to recommend trepanation for the treatment of refractory epilepsy to drugs, pointing out the efficacy of the method (Fig. 1). Trepanation was practiced throughout the Middle Ages, as it is proved by the book of "Quattuor Magistri" and during Renaissance as well. In 19th century, Sir Victor Alexander Horsley (1857-1916), combining analysis of clinical presentation with cortical stimulation, performed a series of craniotomies for the treatment of epilepsy Fig. 2. In the following years the advent of electrophysiology and neurosurgery provided a fertile ground for further progress in epilepsy surgery such as the preoperative use of electroencephalography (EEG) to determine the epileptogenic zone by Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941); the research of Wilder Graves Penfield (1891-1976) in Montreal Neurological Institute and the use of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) by the neurosurgeon Jean Talairach (1911-2007) and the neurologist Jean Bancaud (1921-1994)) Fig. 3. Nowadays, epilepsy surgery remains a valuable therapeutic option in cases of drug resistant epilepsy.


Assuntos
Epilepsia/história , Epilepsia/cirurgia , Neurocirurgia/história , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Eletroencefalografia/história , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos
10.
CNS Spectr ; 21(3): 223-9, 2016 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27322690

RESUMO

Neuropsychiatry has had different meanings at different times in the history of clinical neuroscience. In this article, the origins of what has become today's neuropsychiatry are briefly explored, hopefully revealing a number of pioneers of the discipline, some of the names being familiar to many readers, others however being less recognized or even unknown to those who today would wish to carry the moniker of a neuropsychiatrist. It explores the rise of what I refer to as modern or today's neuropsychiatry, and empathizes a phenomenological approach to clinical understanding, and the fact that neuropsychiatry it is a discipline in its own right and not just a wing of psychiatry or a bridge between neurology and psychiatry.


Assuntos
Neuropsiquiatria/história , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Eletroencefalografia/história , Epilepsia/história , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Humanos , Intenção , Transtornos Mentais/história , Doença de Parkinson Pós-Encefalítica/história , Romantismo
11.
Seizure ; 41: 191-5, 2016 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27131772

RESUMO

Modern invasive EEG recording techniques are the result of an interdisciplinary research process between neurologists and neurosurgeons that began in the 19th century. In the beginning, stimulation studies were the basis of our understanding of cortical functions. After the introduction of EEG in humans by Hans Berger and its implementation in diagnostic procedures in epilepsy patients, a new era began when Forster and Altenburger performed the first invasive EEG recording five years later. The fruitful work of Wilder Penfield and Herbert Jasper was the basis of a new understanding of epilepsy and influenced the investigations of the next generation of researchers. The development of stereotactic devices advanced by Jean Talairach and Jean Bancaud was fundamental to the understanding of deep brain functions and pathophysiological processes in epilepsy patients. In subsequent decades, new recording techniques were established and long-term video-EEG-recordings became the gold standard in presurgical evaluation. The development of imaging techniques allowed a combination of structural and electrophysiological data and restricted the indications for invasive evaluations, but also led to new concepts in the diagnostic process, including the epileptogenic network and the pathophysiological understanding of epileptogenic tissue. The following article provides an overview of the history of invasive EEG evaluation in epilepsy from the 19th century until today.


Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia/história , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Epilepsia/fisiopatologia , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Gravação em Vídeo
12.
Neurosurg Focus ; 40(5): E7, 2016 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27132528

RESUMO

Current standard practice requires an invasive approach to the recording of electroencephalography (EEG) for epilepsy surgery, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). The development of endovascular techniques offers a minimally invasive route to recording EEG from deep brain structures. This historical perspective aims to describe the technical progress in endovascular EEG by reviewing the first endovascular recordings made using a wire electrode, which was followed by the development of nanowire and catheter recordings and, finally, the most recent progress in stent-electrode recordings. The technical progress in device technology over time and the development of the ability to record chronic intravenous EEG from electrode arrays is described. Future applications for the use of endovascular EEG in the preoperative and operative management of epilepsy surgery are then discussed, followed by the possibility of the technique's future application in minimally invasive operative approaches to DBS and BMI.


Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/métodos , Eletroencefalografia , Procedimentos Endovasculares/métodos , Epilepsia/terapia , Animais , Interfaces Cérebro-Computador , Eletroencefalografia/história , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Eletroencefalografia/tendências , Procedimentos Endovasculares/tendências , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos
14.
Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci ; 57: 112-20, 2016 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26992284

RESUMO

In the neurosciences, two alternative regimes of visualization can be differentiated: anatomical preparations for morphological images and physiological studies for functional representations. Adapting a distinction proposed by Peter Galison, this duality of visualization regimes is analyzed here as the contrast between an imaging and a writing approach: the imaging approach, focusing on mimetic representations, preserving material and spatial relations, and the writing approach as used in physiological studies, retaining functional relations. After a dominance of morphological images gathering iconic representations of brains and architectural brain theories, the advent of electroencephalography advanced writing approaches with their indexical signs. Addressing the brain allegedly at its mode of operation, electroencephalography was conceived as recording the brain's intrinsic language, extending the writing approach to include symbolic signs. The availability of functional neuroimaging signaled an opportunity to overcome the duality of imaging and writing, but revived initially a phrenological conflation of form and function, suppressing the writing approach in relation to imaging. More sophisticated visualization modes, however, converted this reductionism to the ontological productivity of social neuroscience and recuperated the theorizing from the writing approach. In light of the ongoing instrumental mediations between brains, data and theories, the question of how we may think, once proposed by Vannevar Bush as a prospect of enhanced human-machine interaction, has become the state of affairs in the entanglements of instruments and organic worlds.


Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia/história , Neuroimagem/história , Neurociências/história , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Neuroimagem/métodos , Neurociências/métodos
15.
Sci Context ; 29(4): 451-472, 2016 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28079497

RESUMO

Argument This paper focuses on the uses of electroencephalograms (EEGs) in Mexico during their introductory decade from 1940 to 1950. Following Borck (2006), I argue that EEGs adapted to fit local circumstances and that this adjustment led to the consolidation of different ways of making science and the emergence of new objects of study and social types. I also maintain that the way EEGs were introduced into the institutional networks of Mexico entangled them in discussions about the objective and juridical definitions of social groups, thereby preempting concerns about their technical and epistemic limitations. This ultimately enabled the use of EEGs as normative machines and dispositifs. To this end, the paper follows the arrival of EEGs and the creation of institutional networks then analyzes the extent to which the styles of thinking behind the uses of EEGs and attempts to reify a notion of normal electrical brain behavior-particularly by applying EEGs to a community of Otomí Indians-correlated with the difficulties of defining the socio-anthropological notions that articulated legal and disciplinary projects of the time. Finally, it unveils the shortcomings of alternative attempts to define a brain model and to resist the production of ontological determinations.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Eletroencefalografia/história , Eletroencefalografia/psicologia , Eletroencefalografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Etnicidade/psicologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , México
19.
Przegl Lek ; 72(1): 45-8, 2015.
Artigo em Polonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26076579

RESUMO

Napoleon Cybulski, generally recognised the father of Polish physiology, was first a student and later an assistant of Tarchanoff at the Chair of Medical and Surgical Physiology of the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy in St Petersburg. A Professor of the Jagiellonian University himself (whose nomination, by the way, was supported among others on the recommendations from Tarchanoff), Cybulski was a co-discoverer of adrenaline, and one of the first researchers in the world to make an EEG recording. Tarchanoff's ties with Poland are far greater than his biographers would admit. He was more than just a teacher and a friend of Cybulski: after being dismissed from the Academy in St Petersburg , the scientist not only used to visit Kraków but published his scientific works here, built a house in the vicinity of the city, and here he died on 24th August 1908. His wife, Helena Antokolska-Tarchanoff was active in Kraków's artistic circles. Hints suggesting that Tarchanoff planned to spend the rest of his life in what at the time was Galicia are plenty.


Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia/história , Epinefrina/história , História do Século XX , Polônia , Federação Russa
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA