Antipsychotic medications associated with increased length of hospital stay in autoimmune encephalitis and multiple sclerosis: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic medications (APMs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frequently utilized in patients with neuroinflammatory disorders, such as autoimmune encephalitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). This retrospective study investigates how in-hospital treatment with APMs and SSRIs in patients with these neuroinflammatory diseases are associated with differences in hospital length-of-stay (LOS) and mortality. METHODS: We evaluated all the inpatients in the Stanford University Hospital from 2008 to 2023 diagnosed with either non-infectious encephalitis or MS and subdivided them into those who did or did not receive APMs or SSRIs while hospitalized. We then analyzed whether hospital LOS and mortality differed with these medications. RESULTS: Among inpatients with non-infectious encephalitis (n = 114), those who were exposed to APMs had a significantly increased mean LOS (11.8 vs 20.9 days, p < 0.01). For inpatients with MS (n = 1095), treatment with an APM was associated with a significant increase in mean LOS (2.8 vs. 7.1, p < 0.00001). When comparing typical to atypical APMs given to subjects with MS, those who received atypical APMs showed a significant increase in LOS (4.3 vs 10.5, p < 0.01), although typical APMs showed significantly increased risk of mortality (p < 0.05). For inpatients with MS and SSRI use, there was a significant increase in mean hospital LOS (3.5 vs 5.3, p < 0.01), with a significant difference found in those who received fluoxetine or citalopram, but not sertraline or escitalopram. Finally, several healthcare disparities were found, including that Black patients were more likely to receive APMs, and those with MS were more likely to receive typical rather than atypical APMs. Conversely, Black patients with MS were less likely to receive SSRI treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There was a statistically significant increase in LOS associated with APM use in non-infectious encephalitis and MS, as well as with SSRI use in MS. These data reflect the importance of these medications in these neuroinflammatory disorders and suggest that further investigation into their risks and benefits would be warranted.

The case of lethal encephalitis due to Chikungunya virus in immunosuppressed patient: a case report

"At present, there are limited data on the association of CHIKV severe manifestations in patients with comorbidities and immunosuppression. Some descriptions of correlations between severe manifestations and arboviruses co-infection have been described, which does not correspond to the herein described case.(19)˒(20) In the present study, we report on a immunocompromised patients due to underlying immunological disease and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, who evolved with encephalitis after CHIKV infection. This case add significant data to the limited literature on the subject and raise further studies to corroborate this correlation, in order to identify risk groups for severe manifestations"

Toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients in São Paulo during 1988 and 1991: a comparative retrospective analysis

We conducted a retrospective analysis of Toxoplasma encephalitis patients from Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, the main AIDS hospital of São Paulo, Brazil, during two different stages of the HIV epidemics, in 1988 (38 patients) and 1991 (33 patients). There were AIDS-related demographic differences, but the clinical presentation and diagnostic efficiency were similar, usually based on tomography and clinical response to therapy, with a clear distinction from other CNS infections, based on clinical and laboratory findings. Specific serologic studies were performed less often in 1991, with a high frequency of therapy change. The direct acute death rate from Toxoplasma encephalitis was high during both periods, i.e. 8/38 in 1988 and 10/33 in 1991. The direct acute death rate for the patients from the two periods as a whole was 25.4 percent (18/71), related to the time of HIV infection, absence of fever and presence of meningeal irritation at presentation, blood leukocytes higher than 10,000/mm3 and blood lymphocytes lower than 350/mm3. Toxoplasma encephalitis is a preventable disease when adequate prophylactic therapy is used and is relatively easy to treat in diagnosed HIV patients. Unfortunately, this severe and deadly disorder is the HIV diagnostic disease in several patients, and our data support the need for careful management of these patients, especially in those countries with a high toxoplasmosis prevalence where AIDS is concurrent with economic and public health problems.

Prevalencia da Encefalite por Toxoplasma em pacientes com SIDA no Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre / Prevalence of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients eith AIDS in Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre

Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalencia da encefalite por toxoplasma (ET) em pacientes com SIDA, em nosso meio, bem como descrever o perfil sorologico antitoxoplasma desta populacao, revisaram-se 313 prontuarios de pacientes portadores do virus da imunodeficiencia humana (VIH) internados entre maio/85 e dezembro/89. A prevalencia presuntiva (por achados tomograficos) foi de 8,9% (28 casos). Em 192 pacientes foram dosados anticorpos antitoxoplasma (IgG) no sangue; destes 65,6% foram reagentes. Vinte e sete pacientes com ET tinham dosagem de anticorpos antitoxoplasma no sangue, sendo 26 reagentes. Quinze pacientes com ET tinham dosagem de anticorpos antitoxoplasma no sangue, sendo 26 reagentes. Quinze pacientes com ET tinham dosagem de anticorpos antitoxoplasma no liquor sendo 14 reagentes. Concluimos que a prevalencia da ET, em pacientes com SIDA, em nosso meio, e semelhante a descrita na literatura, e que maiores esforcos se devem empregar para a obtencao de material (por biopsia ou necropsia)a fim de firmar o diagnostico definitivo