Enfermeiros militares na força auxiliar do estado do Rio de Janeiro: um estudo histórico / Military nurses in the auxiliary force of the state of Rio de Janeiro: a historical study / Enfermeros militares en la fuerza auxiliar del estado de Rio de Janeiro: un estudio histórico

OBJETIVO: Analisar o processo de seleção da primeira turma de Oficiais Enfermeiros do Corpo de Bombeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, realizado no período de 1992 a 1993. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa histórica, do tipo documental, cujas fontes históricas diretas foram documentos escritos relativos ao tema. RESULTADOS: Foram oito vagas para oficiais enfermeiros, que se submeteram a um processo seletivo rigoroso, sendo selecionados cinco homens e três mulheres, após aprovação nas quatro etapas do concurso. DISCUSSÃO: Integrar o Corpo de Bombeiros significava submeter-se às regras que o estruturavam, e para lograr êxito era necessária a atualização do habitus dos postulantes à patente de oficiais na Corporação. CONCLUSÃO: Enfermeiros foram selecionados dentro do rigor exigido pela Instituição, cujo domínio do conhecimento na área de enfermagem deveria caminhar pari passu com boas condições de saúde e condicionamento físico, atributos fundamentais no desempenho de um bombeiro militar.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the selective process of the first class of Nursing Officers of the Fire Department of the State of Rio de Janeiro, carried out from 1992 to 1993. METHOD: This is a historical research, a documental one, which used as direct historical sources written documents concerning the theme. OUTCOMES: There were eight vacancies for nursing officers, who were submitted to a rigorous selective process that approved five men and three women after four stages along the contest. DISCUSSION: Making part of the Fire Department meant to accept being submitted to its structural rules, and succeeding required updating the habitus of the candidates according to the ranking of the Corporation's officers. CONCLUSION: Nurses were selected under the rigorous criteria as required by the Institution. Their knowledge abilities in the nursing area should come at equal pace as good health conditions and physical fitness, fundamental performance attributes of a military officer of the Fire Department.

OBJETIVO: Analizar el proceso de selección del primer grupo de Oficiales Enfermeros del Cuerpo de Bomberos del estado de Rio de Janeiro, realizado en el período de 1992 a 1993. MÉTODO: Se trata de una investigación histórica, del tipo documental, cuyas fuentes históricas directas han sido los documentos escritos relativos al tema. RESULTADOS: Fueron ocho vacantes para oficiales enfermeros, que se sometieron a un riguroso proceso de selección. Tras aprobar en las cuatro etapas del concurso, se seleccionaron a cinco hombres y a tres mujeres. DISCUSIÓN: Formar parte del Cuerpo de Bomberos significaba someterse a las reglas que lo estructuraban, y para lograr éxito se hacía necesaria una actualización del habitus de los postulantes al rango de oficiales en la Corporación. CONCLUSIÓN: Los enfermeros se seleccionaron dentro del rigor exigido por la Institución, y su dominio del conocimiento en el área de enfermería debería caminar pari passu con las buenas condiciones de salud y acondicionamiento físico, atributos fundamentales en el desempeño de un bombero militar.

History of the Military Nurse Corps and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Lessons for the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic.

During World War I, the 1918 influenza pandemic struck the fatigued combat troops serving on the Western Front. Medical treatment options were limited; thus, skilled military nursing care was the primary therapy and the best indicator of patient outcomes. This article examines the military nursing's role in the care of the soldiers during the 1918 flu pandemic and compares this to the 2019 coronavirus pandemic.

Oficiais enfermeiros no hospital militar no ano de 1995 / Oficiales enfermeros en el hospital militar en el año de 1995 / Nursing officers at the military hospital in the year of 1995

Resumo Objetivo analisar a lotação e distribuição da primeira turma de oficiais enfermeiros, ao término do Curso de Formação de Oficiais, com a patente de 2º Tenente, no Hospital Central da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em 1995. Método estudo histórico em fontes documentais escritas e orais produzidas por meio de 19 entrevistas, sendo 18 oficiais enfermeiros e um civil. Os conceitos de poder simbólico e capital de Pierre Bourdieu consubstanciaram a análise dos achados. Resultados a classificação obtida no curso de formação de oficiais e a experiência profissional, embora com menor peso, foram preponderantes na distribuição nos setores do hospital. Considerações finais e implicações para prática os critérios de antiguidade da vida militar influenciaram na configuração da equipe de enfermagem no hospital militar. Destaca-se que a ocupação das chefias pelos oficiais enfermeiros foi determinada pelo capital incorporado no estágio probatório, o qual foi institucionalizado pela patente.

Resumen Objetivo analizar la capacidad y la distribución de la primera clase de oficiales enfermeros al término del Curso de Formación de Oficiales, con el grado de 2º Teniente, en el Hospital Central da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, en 1995. Método estudio histórico en fuentes de documentos escritos y orales producidos a través de 19 entrevistas, 18 de las cuales fueron enfermeras y una civil. Los conceptos de poder simbólico y capital de Pierre Bourdieu fundamentaron el análisis de los hallazgos. Resultados la clasificación obtenida en el curso de formación para oficiales y la experiencia profesional predominaron en la distribución en los sectores hospitalarios, aunque con menor peso. Conclusión e implicaciones para práctica los criterios de antigüedad en la vida militar influyeron en la configuración del equipo de enfermería. Se destaca que la ocupación de los comandos por oficiales enfermeros fue determinada por el capital incorporado en la etapa probatoria, institucionalizada por el grado.

Abstract Objective to analyze the capacity and distribution of the first class of nurse officers, at the end of the Officer Training Course, with the rank of 2nd Lieutenant, at the Hospital Central da Polícia Militar of the State of Rio de Janeiro, in 1995. Method historical study in written and oral documentary sources produced through 19 interviews, of which 18 are nurse officers and one civilian. Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of symbolic power and capital substantiated the analysis of the findings. Results the classification obtained in the training course for officers and professional experience, although with less weight, were preponderant for the distribution in the hospital sectors. Final considerations and implications for practice the criteria of seniority in military life influenced the configuration of the nursing team at the military hospital. It is noteworthy that the occupation of the heads by the nurse officers was determined by the capital incorporated in the probationary period, which was institutionalized by the patent.

Volunteer experiences of wartime nursing in Finland during World War II.

The aim of the research was to analyse the experience of medical volunteers during World War II in the context of nursing history. Oral history data used in the study consisted of 30 interviews with Finnish wartime medical volunteers, known locally as Lottas. Interview data were analysed both thematically and by using the oral history method. Based on the analysis, the Lottas' experiences during wartime nursing became the leitmotif of this study. The main themes consisted of the following: 'taking care of wounded and ill patients', 'taking care of dying and deceased patients', 'taking care of mentally ill and psychoactive substance-addicted patients' and 'confronting ethical and role dilemmas in nursing'. The interview results showed that the Lottas' duties were sometimes more demanding than basic nursing tasks and that their education was not adequate for the challenges that they faced. In this paper, the terms Lotta, medical Lotta or medical volunteer are used interchangeably and refer to people who were assigned to medical volunteer tasks, regardless of whether or not they were trained. It also includes junior members of the organisation who served as medical volunteers as minors, with special permission.

The admiral is a lady: Alene Duerk, RN.

Promoted by President Nixon in 1972, Admiral Alene Duerk (1920-2018) was the first female admiral to serve in any navy in the world. This article highlights her accomplishments as a nurse and a military leader.

The Nurses No-One Remembers: Looking for Spanish Nurses in Accounts of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

Accounts of Spanish nursing and nurses during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) that appear in the memoirs and correspondence of International Brigade volunteers, and are subsequently repeated in the secondary literature on the war, give little indication of existence of trained nurses in country. We set out to examine this apparent erasure of the long tradition of skilled nursing in Spain and the invisibility of thousands of Spanish nurses engaged in the war effort. We ask two questions: How can we understand the narrative thrust of the international volunteer accounts and subsequent historiography? And what was the state of nursing in Spain on the Republican side during the war as presented by Spanish participants and historians? We put the case that the narrative erasure of Spanish professional nursing prior to the Civil War was the result of the politicization of nursing under the Second Republic, its repression and reengineering under the Franco dictatorship, and the subsequent national policy of "oblivion" or forgetting that dominated the country during the transition to democracy. This policy silenced the stories of veteran nurses and prevented an examination of the impact of the Civil War on the Spanish nursing profession.

The Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital in the Korean War (1951-1954): Military Hospital or Humanitarian "Sanctuary?"

During the Korean War (1950-1953) the Norwegian government sent a mobile army surgical hospital (MASH) to support the efforts of the United Nations (UN) Army. From the first, its status was ambiguous. The US-led military medical services believed that the "Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital" (NORMASH) was no different from any other MASH; but both its originators and its staff regarded it as a vehicle for humanitarian aid. Members of the hospital soon recognized that their status in the war zone was primarily that of a military field hospital. Yet they insisted on providing essential medical care to the local civilian population as well as trauma care to UN soldiers and prisoners of war. The ambiguities that arose from the dual mission of NORMASH are explored in this article, which pays particular attention to the experiences of nurses, as expressed in three types of source: their contemporary letters to their Matron-in-Chief; a report written by one nurse shortly after the war; and a series of oral history interviews conducted approximately 60 years later. The article concludes that the nurses of NORMASH experienced no real role-conflict. They viewed it as natural that they should offer their services to both military and civilian casualties according to need, and they experienced a sense of satisfaction from their work with both types of patient. Ultimately, the experience of Norwegian nurses in Korea illustrates the powerful sense of personal agency that could be experienced by nurses in forward field hospitals, where political decision-making did not impinge too forcefully on their clinical and ethical judgment as clinicians.

From civilian service to military service: what led policy-makers to remove nursing care from field units of the Israeli defense force (IDF) and return it later?

BACKGROUND: From the very onset, Israeli military nurses served in supporting positions on the front lines, shoulder to shoulder with men. When the IDF was established in 1948, nurses were sent to serve near areas of conflict and were not included in compulsory military service in field units. Once the military hospitals were closed in 1949, nursing in the Medical Corps lost a clear military purpose, and its main contribution was in the civilian arena. From 1949 until 2000, most recruited military nurses operated their mandatory service mainly in a civilian framework according to the integration agreement between the ministry of defense to the ministry of health. Between 2000 to 2018, military nurses served at home front military clinics and in headquarters jobs at the Medicine Corps. In2018, the Medical Corps decided to integrate military nurses into the Israeli military service in order to cope with the shortage of military physicians, among other things, and ensure appropriate availability of medical and health services for military units.. This study examines, for the first time, the considerations that led to the closure of military hospitals and the transfer of the military service of nurses in the IDF to the Ministry of Health in 1949 and the decision in 2018 to return the military nurses to the field's military battalions. METHODS: The study was based on an analysis of documents from the IDF archives, the Israeli parliament archive, the David Ben-Gurion archive, articles from periodical newspapers, and interviews with nurses and partners in the Israeli Medical Corps. RESULTS: During almost 70 years, Israeli military nursing's main contribution was to the civilian hospitals. The return of nursing care to the IDF field units in recent years intended to supplement the medicine corps demands in field units by placing qualified academic nurses. CONCLUSIONS: The removal of nursing care from the IDF field units was provided as a response to the needs of the health demands of the emerging state. Until 2018 there was no significant need for military nurses except in emergency time. This is in contrast to other military nursing units.

[From corpsman to rescuer, the missed nurse's ideal towards the end of italian Risorgimento]. / Da portaferiti a soccorritore, l'ideale mancato di infermiere militare sul finir del Risorgimento italiano.

INTRODUCTION: Military corps have always been supported by healthcare providers who took care of the injured and sick soldiers. Traditionally the military nurse's figure has never been fully appreciated to the point that, even nowadays, it is still searching for its own identity. AIM: The aim of the study is to describe the military nurse's role from the Second War for Italian Independence (1859) to the conquest of Rome (1870). METHODS: Historical investigation. Secondary sources were consulted to carry out a geopolitical and historical contextualization of the reference period, while to trace the military nurse's evolution the team referred to primary sources. All the mentioned sources were analyzed according to Chabod's methodology (2012). RESULTS: The military nurse was born as a corpsman. The Risorgimento wars contributed to highlight the major contribution that nurses could give to military healthcare. In 1863 the Ministry of War elaborated a new and innovative profile for military nurses which foresaw particular physical and moral requirements, but also specific competences. Even though a new ideal of nurse was created, the Military Nurses Corp did not experience any changes: the nurses' activities remained transporting the injured and assisting doctors. CONCLUSIONS: Primary sources analysis highlighted an important attention towards the military nurse's role and education after national unity, although the gap shown by the military healthcare service during the Risorgimento battles was evident. Such condition facilitated the development of the first rescue committees which became, at a later time, the International Red Cross. The committees popularity allowed the volunteers to gain higher fame and social prestige than military nurses.

"Not Only with Thy Hands, But Also with Thy Minds": Salvaging Psychologically Damaged Soldiers in the Second World War.

This essay breaks new ground in exploring the tensions in female nursing during the Second World War as the mental health needs of the injured were increasingly acknowledged. Advances in weaponry and transportation meant that the Second World War was a truly global war with mobile troops and enhanced capacity to maim and kill. A critical mass of female nursing sisters was posted to provide care for physical trauma, yet the nature of this uniquely modern war also required nurses to provide psychological support for troops readying for return to action. Most nursing sisters of the British Army had little or no mental health training, but there were trained male mental health nurses available. Publications of broadcasts by the Matron-in-Chief of the British Army Nursing Service detail the belief that the female nurse was the officer in charge of the ward when the patients had physical needs. However, that the nursing sister held this position when the patients' requirements were of a psychological nature was at times tested and contested. Through personal testimony and contemporary accounts in the nursing and medical press, this essay investigates how female nursing staff negotiated their position as the expert by the psychologically damaged combatants' bedside. The essay identifies the resourcefulness of nurses to ensure access to all patient groups and also their determination to move the boundaries of their professional work to support soldiers in need.

Recrutamento e formação da primeira turma de oficiais enfermeiros do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (1992-1993) / Recruitment and training of the first class of nursing officers from the Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (1992-1993)

INTRODUÇÃO: A primeira inserção da enfermagem militar no Corpo de Bombeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro se deu em 1986 para compor Grupamento de Socorro de Emergência. Somente seis anos depois, foi aberto edital para o ingresso de oficiais enfermeiros na corporação. Foram abertas oito vagas para Segundo Tenente Bombeiro Militar, sendo assim, o estudo tem como objeto o processo de recrutamento e formação da primeira turma de Oficiais Enfermeiros do Corpo de Bombeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em 1992-1993 (ano de publicação do edital - formatura). OBJETIVOS: descrever as circunstâncias que determinaram a criação do Quadro de Oficiais Enfermeiro; analisar o edital do processo de seleção dos candidatos ao posto de Oficiais Enfermeiros. MÉTODO: estudo histórico, do tipo documental que utilizou fontes históricas diretas: edital, diários oficiais, boletins da corporação e indiretas: livros, dissertações, teses e artigos sobre a temática. ASPECTOS ÉTICOS: resolução 510/16, aplicável à pesquisa em Ciências Humanas e Sociais. RESULTADOS: As oito vagas oferecidas foram disputadas por 523 enfermeiros de ambos os sexos, sendo aprovados 233 candidatos. Os candidatos classificados apresentaram notas maiores que 50 pontos, variando entre 72 o primeiro lugar e 62 o último candidato convocado. A seleção foi realizada dentro dos rigores exigidos pela corporação pois, além de domínio do conhecimento, boa saúde e condicionamento eram atributos fundamentais para o desempenho das atividades de bombeiro militar. CONCLUSÃO: a criação do GSE foi um fator determinante para criação de um quadro de enfermeiros em 1992. O pioneirismo da entrada de enfermeiros militares em Força Auxiliar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro representou a oportunidade de o enfermeiro atuar em cenário inédito, de modo a se fazer ver, se dar a conhecer e por conseguinte se fazer reconhecer no CBMERJ.

INTRODUCTION: The first insertion of military nursing in the Rio de Janeiro State Fire Department occurred in 1986 to compose the Emergency Relief Group. Only six years later, a notice was opened for the entry of nurse officers into the corporation. Eight vacancies were opened for Second Lieutenant Military Firefighter, so the study has as its object the process of recruitment and training of the first class of Nursing Officers of the Fire Department of the State of Rio de Janeiro, in 1992-1993 (year of publication of announcement - graduation). OBJECTIVES: to describe the circumstances that led to the creation of the Nurse Officers Board; analyze the announcement of the process of selection of candidates for the position of Nurse Officers. METHOD: historical study, the documentary type that used direct historical sources: public notice, official diaries, corporation bulletins and indirect: books, dissertations, theses and articles on the subject. ETHICAL ASPECTS: resolution 510/16, applicable to research in the Humanities and Social Sciences. RESULTS: The eight vacancies offered were disputed by 523 male and female nurses, and 233 candidates were approved. The classified candidates scored higher than 50 points, ranging from 72 first place to 62 last summoned candidate. The selection was carried out within the rigors required by the corporation because, in addition to knowledge, good health and conditioning were fundamental attributes for the performance of military firefighter activities. CONCLUSION: the creation of the GSE was a determining factor for the creation of a nursing staff in 1992. Pioneering the entry of military nurses into the Auxiliary Force of the State of Rio de Janeiro represented the opportunity for nurses to act in an unprecedented setting, in order to be able to act in a new setting. To be seen, to make itself known and therefore to be recognized in CBMERJ.

El cuidado de la salud del Ejército de los Andes del general San Martín / The health care of the Army of Andes of General San Martín

A través de la revisión de documentos históricos y otras fuentes bibliográficas, y desde la perspectiva de la enfermería, se describen los recursos y prácticas sanitarias con que contaba el equipo de salud que acompañó al cuerpo del Ejército de los Andes al mando del general José de San Martín desde el inicio del cruce de los Andes el 19 de enero en las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, hasta finalizada la batalla de Chacabuco, en la Capitanía General de Chile, el 12 de febrero de 1817. Este trabajo nos permite conocer el trabajo de los primeros sanitarios militares que asistieron en el cuidado de los soldados de los ejércitos patrios y contribuir así a difundir la historia de la Medicina Argentina. (AU)

Through the review of historical documents and other bibliographic sources, and from the perspective of nursing, we describe the health resources and practices held by the health team that accompanied the Army of Los Andes under the command of General José de San Martín, from the start of crossing Los Andes on January 19th in the Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, to finish in the battle of Chacabuco, in the General Captaincy of Chile on February 12th, 1817. This work allows us to know the work of the first military health professionals who assisted in the care of the soldiers of the patriotic armies and contribute to spread the history of the Argentine Medicine. (AU)

Louisa May Alcott and Hospital Sketches: An innovative approach to gender and nursing professionalization.

AIM: To show the development of an emerging nursing profession through the eyes of Louisa May Alcott and Hospital Sketches. BACKGROUND: In Hospital Sketches, Louisa May Alcott recounts her experiences when she worked as a nurse of injured soldiers during the American Civil War, in an autobiographically and masked-referential way, which allows her to negotiate between transgression and convention. Unlike other reviews, in this paper the relevance of nursing remains highlighted. DESIGN: Discussion paper. DATA SOURCES: Existing literature in databases, history books and our own reading of facts. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Illuminating overlooked meanings hidden in nurses' personal sources enables to approach their contribution to history, improve their visibility and project the future of nursing. Nursing care, whether domestic or professional, was and remains a catalyst for change. CONCLUSION: Through Alcott's words, we understand the transition of nursing care as a gradual extension of the middle-class woman's domestic role and a progressive definition of nurses' identity. In particular, we highlight how certain professional nursing nuances which appear in the text are compatible with the gradual extension of the boundaries of women's domesticity. Furthermore, Alcott's use of literary devices reveals the delicate balance between women's domestic role and some new nursing professional features, which anticipates nursing professionalization.

Experiences of civilian nurses in triage during the Iran-Iraq War: An oral history.

PURPOSE: Nurses played a critical role in performing triage during the Iran-Iraq War. However, their experiences in triage have not been discussed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the triage experiences of civilian nurses during the Iran-Iraq War. METHODS: Oral history method and in-depth interviews were used to collect data to gain the nurses' experiences in triage. RESULTS: Four themes were extracted from the data, which were the development of triage, challenging environment to perform triage, development of mobile triage teams, and challenges of triage chemical victims for nurses. CONCLUSION: Triage is an important skill for nurses to manage critical situations such as disasters and wars. Nurses have to be competent in performing triage. Involvement in critical situations helps the nurses learn and gain more experience on how to manage unexpected events.