Laboratory-based surveillance of chronic kidney disease in people with private health coverage in Brazil

BACKGROUND Although approximately 25% of Brazilians have private health coverage (PHC), studies on the surveillance of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in this population are scarce. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of CKD in individuals under two PHC regimes in Brazil, who total 8,335,724 beneficiaries. METHODS Outpatient serum creatinine and proteinuria results of individuals from all five regions of Brazil, ≥18 years of age, and performed between 10/01/2021 and 10/31/2022, were analyzed through the own laboratory network database. People with serum creatinine measurements were evaluated for the prevalence and staging of CKD, and those with simultaneous measurements of serum creatinine and proteinuria were evaluated for the risk category of the disease. CKD was classified according to current guidelines and was defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR)<60 ml/min/1.73 m² estimated by the 2021 CKD-EPI equation. RESULTS The number of adults with serum creatinine results was 1,508,766 (age 44.0 [IQR, 33.9­56.8] years, 62.3% female). The estimated prevalence of CKD was 3.8% (2.6%, 0.8%, 0.2% and 0.2% in CKD stages 3a, 3b, 4 and 5, respectively), and it was higher in males than females (4.0% vs. 3.7%, p<0.001, respectively) and in older age groups (0.2% among 18-29-year-olds, 0.5% among 30-44-year-olds, 2.0% among 45-59-year-olds, 9.4% among 60-74-yearolds, and 32.4% among ≥75-year-olds, p<0.001) Adults with simultaneous results of creatinine and proteinuria were 64,178 (age 57.0 [IQR, 44.8­67.3] years, 58.1% female). After adjusting for age and gender, 70.1% were in the low-risk category of CKD, 20.0% were in the moderate-risk category, 5.8% were in the high-risk category, and 4.1% were in the very high-risk category. CONCLUSION The estimated prevalence of CKD was 3.8%, and approximately 10% of the participants were in the categories of high or very high-risk of the disease. While almost 20% of beneficiaries with PHC had serum creatinine data, fewer than 1% underwent tests for proteinuria. This study was one of the largest ever conducted in Brazil and the first one to use the 2021 CKD-EPI equation to estimate the prevalence of CKD.

[Application and advancement of digital teaching materials in teaching epidemiology].

This study aims at examining the application and development of digital teaching materials in the field of epidemiology, encompassing both China and international contexts. The research involved conducting search on websites and literature databases to assess the status of digital teaching materials in epidemiology, nationally and internationally. At present, in China, digital teaching materials used in epidemiology are primarily presented in the form of printed books with added QR codes, providing teaching resources such as videos and exercises. However, issues with the level of interactivity have been identified. In foreign countries, with stronger emphasis placed on personalization, interactivity, and the use of rich media technologies in the digital teaching materials, epidemiologically. Enhanced digitization regarding materials and learning outcomes is achieved through features such as real-time notes, interactive animations, and quizzes. These approaches are considered worth considering for adoption. This study provides valuable insights for the digital transformation of epidemiology education.

Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Altos Estudios "Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon"

Ente adscrito al Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud que ofrece programas de formación de posgrado, formación permanente y de interacción social para dar respuesta a las necesidades del Sistema Público Nacional de Salud, eventos edición de publicaciones, incluyendo el Boletin de Malariología y Salud Ambiental.

Caracterización del cáncer vesical en adultos según variables clínicas y epidemiológicas / Characterization of bladder cancer in adults according to clinical and epidemiological variables

Introducción: El cáncer de la vejiga es uno de los más frecuentes del tracto urinario y se manifiesta de dos formas: como tumor superficial de bajo grado o como neoplasia invasora de alto grado. Objetivo: Caracterizar el cáncer vesical en adultos, según variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y de servicio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y retrospectivo, para caracterizar el cáncer vesical en adultos, según variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y de servicio de los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de Urología del Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro» en el periodo comprendido de octubre 2019 y 2022. Población del estudio: 242 pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer vesical. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer vesical corresponden al año 2019 (45,86 %): masculinos (75,20 %); blancos (89,25 %); mayores de 70 o más años (64,46 %) y fumadores (95,45 %). La hematuria fue el síntoma principal (91,73 %), como expresión del carcinoma urotelial papilar de bajo grado (36,77 %). Tratamiento: la resección transuretral (88,01 %), sin metástasis a distancia (88,42 %). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer vesical corresponden al año 2019, masculinos, blancos, mayores de 70 o más años, fumadores y con hematuria. Más frecuente: el carcinoma urotelial papilar de bajo grado. El tiempo trascurrido antes del diagnóstico de la enfermedad fue de 36-40 días, y un mes, el tiempo trascurrido antes del tratamiento de la enfermedad.

Introduction: bladder cancer is one of the most frequent cancers of the urinary tract and manifests itself in two ways: as a superficial low-grade tumor or as a high-grade invasive neoplasm. Objective: to characterize bladder cancer in adults according to clinical, epidemiological and service variables. Methods: a descriptive and retrospective observational study was carried out to characterize bladder cancer in adults according to clinical, epidemiological and service variables of patients treated in the Urology service at "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital from October 2019 and 2022. The study population was 242 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer. Results: most of the patients diagnosed with bladder cancer correspond to the year 2019 (45.86%): male (75.20%); whites (89.25%); older than 70 or more years (64.46%) and smokers (95.45%). Hematuria was the main symptom (91.73%), as an expression of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (36.77%). The treatment was transurethral resection (88.01%), without distant metastasis (88.42%). Conclusions: most of the patients diagnosed with bladder cancer correspond to the year 2019, male, whites, older than 70 years or older, smokers and with hematuria. Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma was the most frequent cancer. The time elapsed before the diagnosis of the disease was 36-40 days, and the time elapsed before the treatment of the disease was 1 month.

Boletín Epidemiológico Semana 52/2023 (del 24 al 30 de diciembre de 2023) / Epidemiological Bulletin Week 52/2023 (from 24 to 30 December 2023

Resumen de eventos de notificación hasta SE 52/2023. Alertas internacionales. Situación epidemiológica de dengue. Situación epidemiológica de zika y chikungunya. Infección respiratoria aguda. Neumonías. Vigilancia centinela de influenza y centinela de rotavirus. Vigilancia de otros virus respiratorios. Vigilancia enfermedad diarreica aguda

Summary of notification events up to SE 52/2023. International alerts. Epidemiological situation of dengue. Epidemiological situation of Zika and chikungunya. Acute respiratory infection. Pneumonia. Sentinel surveillance of influenza and rotavirus sentinel. Surveillance of other respiratory viruses. Surveillance of acute diarrheal disease

Epidemiología de la apendicitis aguda en Colombia: Un análisis de las bases de datos administrativas del Ministerio de Salud / Epidemiology of acute appendicitis in Colombia: An Analysis of the Ministry of Health administrative databases

Introducción. La apendicitis aguda es una afección común, con un pico de incidencia entre los 10 y 20 años. La cirugía es el tratamiento preferido y la apendicectomía por laparotomía sigue siendo el estándar, aunque el abordaje laparoscópico ha mostrado menos complicaciones. El objetivo de este artículo fue caracterizar tanto la enfermedad como el tratamiento quirúrgico en Colombia, usando datos de bases oficiales. Métodos. Se accedió a la base de datos del Sistema Integrado de Información para la Protección Social (SISPRO) del Ministerio de Salud de Colombia en febrero de 2023. Se recogieron datos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de apendicitis y con procedimiento de apendicectomía entre 2017 y 2021, y se analizaron por edad, sexo y ubicación geográfica. Resultados. Entre 2017 y 2021 se diagnosticaron 345.618 casos de apendicitis (51,8 % mujeres), con pico de incidencia a los 15-20 años. Se realizaron 248.133 apendicectomías, el 16,7 % por laparoscopia. Los hospitales con más procedimientos reportados estaban en Bogotá, Yopal, Popayán y Florencia. La mortalidad fue de 0,56 % en hombres y 0,51 % en mujeres. Conclusión. La apendicitis es común, con pico a los 10-19 años. Las mujeres tienen mayor probabilidad de apendicectomía, debido a otras afecciones ginecológicas. El acceso a la apendicectomía disminuye la mortalidad; en estos pacientes, el 16 % fue laparoscópica, lo que sugiere que se necesita más entrenamiento y acceso a esta técnica. Este estudio aporta a la comprensión de la epidemiología de la apendicitis y apendicectomías en Colombia.

Introduction. Acute appendicitis is a common condition, with a peak incidence between 10 and 20 years of age. Surgery is the preferred treatment and laparotomy appendectomy remains the standard, although the laparoscopic approach has shown fewer complications. The objective of this article was to characterize both the disease and the surgical treatment in Colombia, using data from official databases. Methods. The Integrated Information System for Social Protection (SISPRO) database of the Ministry of Health was accessed in February 2023. Data with diagnosis of apendicitis and with appendectomy between 2017 and 2021 were collected. Analysis was done by age, gender, and geographic location. Results. Between 2017 and 2021, 345,618 cases of appendicitis were diagnosed (51.8% females), with peak incidence at 15-20 years of age. A total of 248,133 appendectomies were performed, 16.7% by laparoscopy. The hospitals with most reported procedures were located in Bogotá, Yopal, Popayán, and Florencia. Mortality was 0.56% in men and 0.51% in women. Conclusion. Appendicitis is common, peaking at ages 10-19. Women are more likely undergo appendectomy due to other gynecological conditions. Access to appendectomy improves mortality. In these patients, 16% were laparoscopic, suggesting that more training and access to this technique is needed. This study contributes to the understanding of the epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomies in Colombia.

Psychiatric epidemiology and the Chicago School of Sociology.

This article explores the Chicago School of Sociology's influence on psychiatric epidemiology. While the Chicago School text usually associated with psychiatric epidemiology is the 1939 book by Faris and Dunham, it is important to acknowledge the influence of earlier Chicago School projects during the 1920s. These projects, tackling everything from homelessness and delinquency to the ghetto and suicide, provided models not only for Faris and Dunham, but also for numerous methodological and theoretical insights for the social psychiatry projects that would emerge after World War II. The social sciences and the humanities still have important roles to play in informing contemporary approaches to psychiatric epidemiology and deriving ways to tackle the socio-economic problems that contribute to mental illness.

Introduction to Special Issue: Geneses, organizations and transformations of psychiatric epidemiology.

Recent historiography has revealed a growing interest in the developments of psychiatric epidemiology. This volume aims to explicitly tackle the problem of transforming a diversity of knowledge into a structured scientific unit. Furthermore, it aims to answer this by bringing together historical studies that demonstrate how epistemic authority has led to the hierarchization of knowledge and the institutionalization of psychiatric epidemiology. Interdisciplinary research teams are traced back in history, and their organization is interrogated. Tracing the history of psychiatric epidemiology involves an exploration of disciplinary divisions of labour, such as how survey methods are based on theoretical frameworks, how research programmes are regulated with political and moral ideals, and how the wider public recognizes public health expertise.

Frecuencia del dolor lumbar en médicos especialistas en Ortopedia y Traumatología: estudio transversal / Prevalence of low back pain in Orthopedics and Traumatology specialists: A cross-sectional study

Introducción: Hasta el 85% de la población padecerá, al menos, un episodio de dolor lumbar a lo largo de su vida. Representa una de las principales quejas del personal de salud, y tiene una prevalencia anual del 77%; los traumatólogos tenemos múltiples factores de riesgo para desarrollar este cuadro. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de lumbalgia e identificar posibles factores asociados, en una muestra de médicos traumatólogos.materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico observacional transversal sobre el padecimiento de dolor lumbar en médicos especialistas en Ortopedia y Traumatología, miembros de la AAOT. El cuestionario se envió semanalmente durante un mes. Resultados: Se recibieron 393 respuestas, predominó el sexo masculino, y la media de la edad era de 46 años. Más del 50% de la muestra refirió sobrepeso, y el 43%, sedentarismo. La media de autopercepción de estrés laboral fue de 7. Un 86% afirmó haber sufrido, al menos, un episodio en el último año y un 38%, más de 4 episodios. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de lumbalgia fue alta. Predominaron los episodios agudos, no fueron necesarios estudios complementarios. Menos del 10% hizo reposo laboral. El hábito sedentario, el número de comorbilidades y la edad se asociaron con un riesgo más alto de sufrir >2 episodios de dolor. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: Up to 85% of the population will suffer at least one episode of low back pain throughout their lives. It is one of the most common complaints among healthcare workers, with a reported annual prevalence of 77%. Orthopedic surgeons have multiple risk factors for developing this condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of low back pain and identify possible contributing factors in a sample of orthopedic surgeons. Materials and methods: Across-sectional observational analytical study on low back pain in Orthopedics and Traumatology specialists who are members of the AAOT. Over the course of one month, a questionnaire was sent weekly. Results: 393 responses were received, the predominant sex was male, and the mean age was 46 years. More than 50% of the sample reported being overweight, whereas 43% reported being sedentary. The average self-perceived work stress was 7. 86% of respondents reported at least one episode in the previous year, with 38% reporting more than four. Conclusions: The prevalence of low back pain was high. Acute episodes predominated, and complementary studies were not necessary. Less than 10% took time off work. Sedentary habits, comorbidities, and age were all associated with an increased likelihood of suffering >2 episodes of pain. Level of Evidence: III

Ansiedade e Depressão: rastreio entre profissionais da estratégia de saúde da família na Amazônia / Anxiety and Depression: screening among family health strategy professionals in the Amazon / Ansiedad y Depresión: tamizaje entre profesionales de estrategias de salud familiar en la Amazonía

Objetivo: realizar rastreamento de depressão e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada entre profissionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família em um município no interior da Amazônia. Método:estudo transversal desenvolvido com 63 profissionais atuantes em 12 equipes de ESF na cidade de Santarém, Pará, Brasil. Foram utilizadas ferramentas validadas e adaptadas transculturalmente: o Patient ́s Health Questionaire ­9 e o Generalizes Anxiety Disorder ­7. Os dados foram analisados a partir de ferramentas da estatística descritiva (frequências absolutas e relativas) a partir do software Microsoft Excel 2018. Resultados:Houve predomínio de indivíduos do sexo feminino, na idade de 40 a 44 anos e raça/cor pardo. O estado civil predominante foi casado, a categoria profissional mais representada na amostra foram os agentes comunitários de saúde e o a maioria dos participantes possuía nível superior completo. 57.1% tiveram rastreamento positivo para depressão e 42.1% para ansiedade. Conclusão:Observou-se elevada frequência de ansiedade e depressão entre os profissionais incluídos na amostra. Nossos dados reforçam a necessidade de ações preventivas na área de saúde mental visando reduzir os impactos dos fatores de risco. Além disso, é fundamental a realização de grandes estudos voltados à investigação dos fatores associados à saúde mental dos trabalhadores da saúde no Brasil

Objective: To screen for depression and generalized anxiety disorder among Family Health Strategy professionals in a municipality in the interior of the Amazon. Method:A cross-sectional study was carried out with 63 professionals working in 12 FHS teams in the city of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Cross-culturally adapted and validated tools were used: the Patient's Health Questionnaire -9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder -7. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics tools (absolute and relative frequencies)using Microsoft Excel 2018 software. Results:There was a predominance of females, aged between 40 and 44 and of brown race/color. The predominant marital status was married, the most represented professional category in the sample were community health agents and the majority of participants had completed higher education. 57.1% were screened positive for depression and 42.1% for anxiety. Conclusion:There was a high frequency of anxiety and depression among the professionals included in the sample. Our data reinforces the need for preventive action in the area of mental health in order to reduce the impact of risk factors. In addition, it is essential to carry out large-scale studies investigating the factors associated with the mental health of health workers in Brazil.

Objetivo: Detectar depresión y ansiedad generalizada en profesionales de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de un municipio del interior de la Amazonia. Método:Se realizó un estudio transversal con 63 profesionales que trabajan en 12 equipos de la ESF en la ciudad de Santarém, Pará, Brasil. Se utilizaron instrumentos validados y adaptados transculturalmente: el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente -9 y el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada -7. Los datos se analizaron mediante herramientas de estadística descriptiva (frecuencias absolutas y relativas) utilizando el software Microsoft Excel 2018. Resultados:Hubo un predominio de mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 40 y 44 años y de raza/color moreno. El estado civil predominante fue casado, la categoría profesional más representada en la muestra fue la de agentes de salud comunitarios y la mayoría de los participantes habían completado estudios superiores. El 57,1% dieron positivo en depresión y el 42,1% en ansiedad. Conclusión:Hubo una elevada frecuencia de ansiedad y depresión entre los profesionales incluidos en la muestra. Nuestros datos refuerzan la necesidad de acciones preventivas en el área de la salud mental para reducir el impacto de los factores de riesgo. Además, es fundamental la realización de grandes estudios dirigidos a investigar los factores asociados a la salud mental de los trabajadores de la salud en Brasil

Enfoque estratégico para la acreditación de la especialidad de Higiene y Epidemiología en Villa Clara / Strategic approach for the accreditation of the Hygiene and Epidemiology specialty in Villa Clara

La epidemiología es una ciencia básica de la Salud Pública porque sus fundamentos científicos permiten la toma de decisiones en los problemas de salud. Para controlar la calidad de la formación de los profesionales y perfeccionarla, se aplica el sistema de acreditación de escenarios docentes, proceso de gran importancia que garantiza la calidad del pregrado y el posgrado. En la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara se realizó dicho proceso en la especialidad de Higiene y Epidemiología, fue utilizada la autoevaluación estratégica del escenario laboral como actividad previa. El interés de los autores es exponer el método seguido para cumplir con los requerimientos establecidos. Con la aplicación de esta matriz estratégica para lograr el estado deseado en el proceso docente de la especialidad de Higiene y Epidemiología en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara se logró una evaluación de excelente.

Epidemiology is a basic science of Public Health because its scientific foundations make possible decision-making regarding health problems. To control the training quality for professionals and improve it, the accreditation system for teaching scenarios is applied, a very important process that guarantees the quality of undergraduate and postgraduate training. At the University of Medical Sciences of Villa Clara, in the specialty of Hygiene and Epidemiology, this process was carried out; the strategic self-assessment of the work scenario as a prior activity, was used. To expose the method followed to comply with the established requirements, is the aim of the authors. By using this strategic matrix to achieve the desired state in the teaching process of the specialty of Hygiene and Epidemiology at the University of Medical Sciences of Villa Clara, an excellent evaluation was achieved.

Dinâmica espaço-temporal e fatores associados à mortalidade neonatal / Space-temporal dynamics and factors associated with newborn mortality / Dinámica Espacio-temporal y factores asociados a la mortalidad del recién nacido

Objetivo:analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal da mortalidade neonatal e fatores associados no Piauí de 2007 a 2017. Método: foi utilizado o método Joinpoint, estatística bayesiana e a técnica de varredura Scan. A análise multivariada dos indicadores foi realizada através do modelo Ordinary Least Squares Estimation, considerando-se p<0,05. Resultados: a mortalidade neonatal reduziu de forma linear e significativa ao longo do período estudado. As maiores taxas bayesianas variaram de 16,34 a 18,38 óbitos por 1.000 nascidos vivos, especialmente no Sudeste piauiense. Houve associação negativa entre a mortalidade neonatal e as variáveis: Taxa de analfabetismo (ß = -0,60; p= 0,027), Cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ß = -2,80; p= 0,023) e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (ß = -0,60; p= 0,003). Conclusão: a mortalidade neonatal segue decrescente e sua distribuição no território mostrou-se irregular. Indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde influenciam a mortalidade neonatal no Piauí

Objective: to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of neonatal mortality and associated factors in Piauí from 2007 to 2017. Method: the Joinpoint method, Bayesian statistics and the Scan technique were used. The multivariate analysis of the indicators was performed using the Ordinary Least Squares Estimation model, considering p<0.05. Results: neonatal mortality decreased linearly and significantly over the period studied. The highest Bayesian rates ranged from 16.34 to 18.38 deaths per 1,000 live births, especially in Southeast Piauí. There was a negative association between neonatal mortality and the variables: Illiteracy rate (ß = -0.60; p= 0.027), Family Health Strategy Coverage (ß = -2.80; p= 0.023) and Human Development Index Municipal (ß = -0.60; p= 0.003). Conclusion: neonatal mortality continues to decrease and its distribution in the territory proved to be irregular. Socioeconomic and health indicators influence neonatal mortality in Piauí

Objetivos: analizar la distribución espacial y temporal de la mortalidad neonatal y factores asociados en Piauí de 2007 a 2017. Método: se utilizó el método Joinpoint, la estadística bayesiana y la técnica Scan. El análisis multivariado de los indicadores se realizó mediante el modelo de Estimación por Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios, considerando p<0,05. Resultados: la mortalidad neonatal disminuyó lineal y significativamente durante el período estudiado. Las tasas bayesianas más altas oscilaron entre 16,34 y 18,38 muertes por 1.000 nacidos vivos, especialmente en el Sudeste de Piauí. Hubo asociación negativa entre la mortalidad neonatal y las variables: Tasa de Analfabetismo (ß = -0,60; p= 0,027), Cobertura de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ß = -2,80; p= 0,023) e Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal (ß = -0,60; p= 0,003). Conclusión: la mortalidad neonatal continúa en descenso y su distribución en el territorio resultó ser irregular. Indicadores socioeconómicos y de salud influyen en la mortalidad neonatal en Piauí

Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Analysis of Odontogenic Tumors: A 20-Year Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform the epidemiological and clinicopathological analyses of odontogenic tumors in Kerman for 20 years. Material and Methods: The present study investigated collected records from pathology departments of the Faculty of Dentistry, Bahonar, and Shafa teaching-medical hospitals for 20 years. Data on odontogenic tumors was recorded based on age, sex, and tumor location in the information forms. The statistical t-test and the Kappa coefficient computer codes were utilized for data analysis. Results: 38 samples of odontogenic tumors were considered in the present study. The mean age of participants was 31.7± 10.3 years. The frequency of tumors was higher in women (63.2%) and in the lower jaw) 78.9%). Among various tumors, ameloblastoma (63.1%) and odontoma (18.4%) were the most common tumors, respectively. The correlation between clinical and histopathologic diagnoses was 71.8% using the kappa coefficient. Conclusion: Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor. The incidence of lesions was higher in the mandible, and odontogenic tumors were higher in women. Since the diagnosis of odontogenic tumors is based on radiographic and histologic appearances, clinical physicians and pathologists should collaborate for the definitive diagnosis of the disease.