Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (Jeavons syndrome): Generalized, focal, or combined generalized and focal epilepsy syndrome?

Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (EM) or Jeavons syndrome (JS) is an epileptic syndrome related to the spectrum of genetic generalized epilepsies (GGE). We report two untreated children on which EEGs were performed several hours after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS). These showed a unilateral, nearly continuous posterior slowing. This slow-wave activity was associated with contralateral epileptiform activity in one case, while in the second case, it was associated with an ipsilateral activity. However, in the latter child, a few months later an independent focus on the contralateral side was observed. A diagnosis of focal occipital lobe epilepsy was proposed in both cases, and one child underwent a left occipital lobectomy at 3.5 years of age. Despite surgery, absences with EM persisted in this child, and a marked photosensitivity to photic stimulation was observed two years later. The focal slow wave activity of one occipital lobe several hours after a GTCS in these two subjects was in favor of a focal onset preceding the generalization. The EEG evidence for independent left and right posterior focus in these two cases, the persistence of EM, and the development of a marked photosensitivity to photic stimulation in the child who underwent an occipital lobectomy, allow us to suggest that JS is associated with a network of bi-occipital hyperexcitability that rapidly engages bilaterally to produce generalized seizures.

The impact of a history of status epilepticus for epilepsy surgery outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with focal drug resistant epilepsy are excellent candidates for epilepsy surgery. Status epilepticus (SE) and seizure clusters (SC), described in a subset of patients, have both been associated with extended epileptogenic cerebral networks within one or both hemispheres. In this retrospective study, we were interested to determine if a history of SE or SC is associated with a worse surgical outcome. METHODS: Data of 244 patients operated between 2000 to 2018 were reviewed, with a follow-up of at least 2 years. Patients with a previous history of SE or SC were compared to operated patients without these conditions (control group, CG). RESULTS: We identified 27 (11%) and 38 (15.5%) patients with history of SE or SC, respectively. No difference in post-operative outcome was found for SE and SC patients. Compared to the control group, patients with a history of SE were diagnosed and operated significantly at earlier age(p = 0.01), and after a shorter duration of the disease (p = 0.027), but with a similar age of onset. SIGNIFICANCE: A history of SE or SC was not associated with a worse post-operative prognosis. Earlier referral of SE patients for surgery suggests a heightened awareness regarding serious complications of recurrent SE by the referring neurologist or neuropediatrician. While the danger of SE is evident, policies to underline the impact for SC or very frequent seizures might be an efficient approach to accelerate patient referral also for this patient group.

Developmental epileptic encephalopathy in DLG4-related synaptopathy.

OBJECTIVE: The postsynaptic density protein of excitatory neurons PSD-95 is encoded by discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4 (DLG4), de novo pathogenic variants of which lead to DLG4-related synaptopathy. The major clinical features are developmental delay, intellectual disability (ID), hypotonia, sleep disturbances, movement disorders, and epilepsy. Even though epilepsy is present in 50% of the individuals, it has not been investigated in detail. We describe here the phenotypic spectrum of epilepsy and associated comorbidities in patients with DLG4-related synaptopathy. METHODS: We included 35 individuals with a DLG4 variant and epilepsy as part of a multicenter study. The DLG4 variants were detected by the referring laboratories. The degree of ID, hypotonia, developmental delay, and motor disturbances were evaluated by the referring clinician. Data on awake and sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and/or video-polygraphy and brain magnetic resonance imaging were collected. Antiseizure medication response was retrospectively assessed by the referring clinician. RESULTS: A large variety of seizure types was reported, although focal seizures were the most common. Encephalopathy related to status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep (ESES)/developmental epileptic encephalopathy with spike-wave activation during sleep (DEE-SWAS) was diagnosed in >25% of the individuals. All but one individual presented with neurodevelopmental delay. Regression in verbal and/or motor domains was observed in all individuals who suffered from ESES/DEE-SWAS, as well as some who did not. We could not identify a clear genotype-phenotype relationship even between individuals with the same DLG4 variants. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study shows that a subgroup of individuals with DLG4-related synaptopathy have DEE, and approximately one fourth of them have ESES/DEE-SWAS. Our study confirms DEE as part of the DLG4-related phenotypic spectrum. Occurrence of ESES/DEE-SWAS in DLG4-related synaptopathy requires proper investigation with sleep EEG.

Unmet needs in epileptic encephalopathy with spike-and-wave activation in sleep: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathy with spike-and-wave activation in sleep (D/EE-SWAS), also referred to as electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES) or epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep (CSWS or EE-CSWS), is a spectrum of rare childhood epileptic encephalopathies that can lead to long-term cognitive impairment. Despite the importance of early diagnosis and intervention for D/EE-SWAS, there is a paucity of well-controlled clinical trial data to inform treatment, and no approved treatments are available. To assess correlations between diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in D/EE-SWAS, we carried out a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: In August 2020, we conducted comprehensive database searches using search terms including "electrical status epilepticus," "ESES," "CSWS," and "Landau-Kleffner syndrome." Two or more independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles for those that met the following criteria: prospective studies (randomized controlled trials [RCTs] or open-label trials), retrospective studies (drug evaluations or observational studies/chart reviews), and case series with ≥ 10 participants. Both interventional and non-interventional studies were included (i.e., drug intervention was not an inclusion criterion). Articles published before 2012, review articles, animal studies, and studies of surgical or dietary interventions were excluded. Standardized data extraction templates were used to capture data on study design, patient characteristics, interventions, and outcomes from each of the selected publications. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) or the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for retrospective, observational studies. RESULTS: A total of 34 studies were included for full data extraction, most of which were uncontrolled and observational. Interpretation of study outcomes was limited by small study populations, variability in inclusion criteria, and inconsistency in methods of assessment and reporting of outcomes, which resulted in large heterogeneity in patients and their presenting symptoms. Despite these limitations, some patterns could be discerned. Several studies found that longer duration of ESES and younger age at onset were correlated with more severe language and cognitive deficits. In addition, several studies reported an association between improvement in cognitive outcomes and reduction in electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities and/or seizure frequency. In the 16 prospective or retrospective studies that evaluated drug treatments (e.g., antiseizure medications, corticosteroids, and high-dose diazepam), there was some improvement in EEG, seizure, and/or cognitive outcomes, although the specific outcomes and rates of improvement reported varied from study to study. CONCLUSION: Long-term cognitive deficits remain common in D/EE-SWAS, and data gaps exist in the literature that preclude an evidence-based approach to managing this complex epilepsy indication. Early intervention with more effective medications is needed to optimize long-term outcomes. Sufficiently powered, randomized, double-blind, controlled trials with standardized methods and predefined primary and secondary outcomes are needed.

Coexistence of temporal lobe epilepsy and idiopathic generalized epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the frequency of coexistence of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) in a retrospective database study. We also explored the underlying pathomechanisms of the coexistence of TLE and IGE based on the available information, using bioinformatics tools. METHODS: The first phase of the investigation was a retrospective study. All patients with an electro-clinical diagnosis of epilepsy were studied at the outpatient epilepsy clinic at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, from 2008 until 2023. In the second phase, we searched the following databases for genetic variations (epilepsy-associated genetic polymorphisms) that are associated with TLE or syndromes of IGE: DisGeNET, genome-wide association study (GWAS) Catalog, epilepsy genetic association database (epiGAD), and UniProt. We also did a separate literature search using PubMed. RESULTS: In total, 3760 patients with epilepsy were registered at our clinic; four patients with definitely mixed TLE and IGE were identified; 0.1% of all epilepsies. We could identify that rs1883415 of ALDH5A1, rs137852779 of EFHC1, rs211037 of GABRG2, rs1130183 of KCNJ10, and rs1045642 of ABCB1 genes are shared between TLE and syndromes of IGE. CONCLUSION: While coexistence of TLE and IGE is a rare phenomenon, this could be explained by shared genetic variations.

Gen SCN1A, Epilepsias Genéticas (Sindrome de DRAVET), Correlato Genotipo / Fenotipo / The SCN1A gene, congenital epilepsies (Dravet syndrome), genotype/phenotype correlations

Las mutaciones del Gen SCN1A están asociadas a varios síndromes epilépticos con presentaciones clínicas superpuestas y de variable severidad a saber: Epilepsia Severa Mioclonica de la Infancia o Síndrome de Dravet,Epilepsia Generalizada con Convulsiones Febriles Plus, formas más leves de Sindrome de Dravet, la Epilepsia Intratable con Convulsiones Generalizadas Tonico-Clonicas y raros casos de Migraña familiar. Todas estas formas clínicas representan el 90% de los casos de mutación del gen SCN1A; recientemente se han incluido la Epilepsia Focal y Generalizada Criptogenética, la Mioclónica–Astática, formas del Síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut y la forma severa de Epilepsia Multifocal Infantil (Epilepsia Migratoria o Multifocal Severa de la Infancia). El objetivo de la presentación de estos tres casos de Epilepsia Refractaria Precoz es enfatizar los Fenotipos variables en la evolución de la semiología convulsiva, y del compromiso cognitivo, asociado a genotipos variables (compromiso de alelos diferentes en el mismo Gen). Se debe sospechar compromiso del Gen SCN1A en toda Encefalopatía Epiléptica con convulsiones febriles de comienzo en el 1er año de vida repetidas, en muchas ocasiones, prolongadas o en ramilletes, refractarias al tratamiento médico, con neuroimagenes y EEG normales en el inicio del trastorno convulsivo aunque la regresión psicomotora ocurra años después o las mioclonias estén ausentes y en quienes la vulnerabilidad a la fiebre o a los estados infecciosos leves precipitan convulsiones

Mutations in the SCN1A gene are associated with different epi-lepsy syndromes with overlapping clinical presentations and of variable severity, such as severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy or Dravet syndrome, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, milder forms of Dravet syndrome, refractory epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and rare cases of familial migraine. In 90% of all these clinical presentations SCN1A mutations are found. More recently, cryptogenic focal and ge-neralized epilepsy, myoclonic–astatic epilepsy, different types of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and the severe form of infantile multifocal epilepsy (migrating partial seizures or severe infanti-le multifocal epilepsy) have also been included. The aim of the presentation of these three cases of early refractory epilepsy was to emphasize the variable phenotypes in the evolution of seizure semiology and the cognitive involvement associated with variable genotypes (involvement of different alleles of the same gene). SCN1A-gene involvement should be suspected in the face of all epileptic encephalopathies...

Epilepsia atônica como causa de quedas em uma paciente idosa / Atonic epilepsy as a cause of falls in an elderly patient

Os autores relatam o caso de uma senhora de 92 anos, internada no Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro do IPSEMG com história de episódios intermitentes de quedas, iniciados há cerca de 40 anos (sic), sem causa determinada até então. Concluem, a partir de cuidadosa investigação clínica e da prova terapêutica com o anticonvulsivante fenitoína, que as quedas são devido a convulsões atônicas, forma incomum, pouco suspeitada, de epilepsia

Here we report the case of a 92 year-old lady with a history of frequent falls that began about 40 years ago without a clear aetiology until present. Based on a careful clinical investigation and a challenge with phenytoin we concluded that atonic seizures, an uncommon and therefore little suspected type of seizure, were the cause of the frequent falls in this lady