RESUMO
The integration of the ORION digital signal processing-based MCA system coupled with a 3â³ × 3â³ NaI(Tl) detector assembly with a GM detector for counting beta (ß) has eliminated the need for a standalone ß-γ method in which U3O8 is determined by gross ß and gross γ counting. Uraniferous and mixed U-Th samples were taken up for study and compared with the results obtained from Canberra p-type coaxial high resolution gamma ray spectrometry detector. In uraniferous samples, U3O8 values obtained are within ±10%, whereas in the case of mixed U-Th samples, U3O8 values are within ±15%. Regression graphs drawn between the outcomes from the two analytical systems indicate R2 > 0.95 for Ra(eU3O8) and ThO2. In uraniferous samples, the R2 value for U3O8 was found to be > 0.99, but in mixed U-Th samples, it is 0.92. The closeness of agreement between the results obtained from two methods at various concentrations over the analytical range shows that the integrated system is suitable for the quantitative determination of eU3O8, U3O8, Ra(eU3O8), ThO2 and K in geological rock samples.
Assuntos
Monitoramento de Radiação , Espectrometria gama , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/métodos , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Partículas beta , Urânio/análise , Európio/química , Európio/análise , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/instrumentação , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/métodos , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Tálio/análise , Tório/análise , Iodeto de SódioRESUMO
To avoid harm to the public and the environment, lost ionizing radiation sources must be found and brought back under the regulatory control as soon as possible. Usually, mobile gamma spectrometry systems are used in such search missions. It is possible to estimate the position and activity of point gamma sources by performing Bayesian inference on the measurement data. The aim of this study was to theoretically investigate the improvements in the Bayesian estimations of the position and activity of a point gamma source due to introduction of data from multiple detectors with angular variations of efficiency. Three detector combinations were tested-a single 123% HPGe detector, single 4l NaI (Tl) detector and a 123% HPGe with 2x4l NaI (Tl) detector combination-with and without angular efficiency variations for each combination resulting in six different variants of the Bayesian algorithm. It was found that introduction of angular efficiency variations of the detectors did improve the accuracy of activity estimation slightly, while introduction of data from additional detectors lowered the signal-to-noise ratio threshold of the system significantly, increasing the stability and accuracy of the estimated source position and activity, for a given signal-to-noise ratio.
Assuntos
Espectrometria gama/métodos , Algoritmos , Teorema de Bayes , Desenho de Equipamento , Raios gama , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Espectrometria gama/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Thorium-227 (227Th) is a long-lived (T1/2 = 18.7 d) α-emitter that has emerged as candidate for radioimmunotherapy. Imaging of patients treated with thorium-227 conjugates is challenging due to the low activity administered and to photon emissions with low yields. In addition, the radioactive daughter radium-223 (223Ra) have photon emissions in the same energy range as 227Th. The long half-life of 223Ra (T1/2 = 11.4 d) and the possibility of redistribution motivates efforts to separate 227Th and 223Ra. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of imaging of patients treated with 227Th-labeled-monoclonal antibody (mAb) and to determine acquisition and image processing parameters to enable discrimination between 227Th and 223Ra. Imaging was performed with a GE Discovery 670 NM/CT γ-camera. Radionuclide separation with different energy windows (EW) and collimators was studied in images of vials with either 227Th or 223Ra. Phantom acquisitions with clinically relevant activities were performed to assess image quality and the usefulness of background subtraction and spatial filtering. Two patients treated with 227Th-labeled-mAb were imaged. Imaging of vials showed that 223Ra can be distinguished from 227Th using multiple energy windows. Medium- and high-energy collimators showed similar performance of sensitivity and spatial resolution, whereas the low-energy collimator had higher sensitivity but poor resolution due to collimator penetration. Visually, the image quality was improved with background subtraction and spatial filtering. The patient images exhibited the expected image quality and a possibility to separate 227Th and 223Ra. γ-Camera imaging of patients treated with 227Th-mAb is feasible and 223Ra can be distinguished from 227Th. Image quality is substantially improved using background subtraction and a spatial smoothing filter. Acquisition settings recommended for planar images are: high-energy general purpose or medium-energy general purpose collimator, 40 min acquisition time and energy windows: (1) 70-100 keV (227Th and 223Ra); (2) 215-260 keV (227Th); (3) 260-290 keV (223Ra); (4) 350-420 keV (223Ra).
Assuntos
Radioimunoterapia/métodos , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/farmacocinética , Rádio (Elemento)/farmacocinética , Tório/farmacocinética , Ensaios Clínicos Fase I como Assunto , Estudos de Viabilidade , Câmaras gama , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imagens de Fantasmas , Radiometria/métodos , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/administração & dosagem , Rádio (Elemento)/administração & dosagem , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/métodos , Tório/administração & dosagem , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Introduction: Thorium-227 is an alpha-emitting radioisotope with potential therapeutic applications in targeted alpha therapy. Thorium-227 decays to Radium-223, which may have an independent biodistribution to that of the parent Thorium-227 radiopharmaceutical. Quantitative in vivo imaging with sodium iodide (NaI) detectors is challenging due to cross-talk between neighboring γ-photopeaks as well as scattered γ-photons. The aim of this work was to validate the use of a spectral analysis technique to estimate the activity of each isotope within a region of interest applied to a pair of conjugate view planar acquisitions, acquired at multiple energy windows. Methods: Energy spectra per unit activity arising from unscattered Thorium-227 photons and Radium-223 photons as well as from scattered photons were modeled. These spectra were scaled until the combination of these component spectra resulted in the closest match to the measured data in four energy windows. Results: Measured estimates of activity followed the known decay curves in phantoms representative of a human torso. The mean errors in estimating Thorium-227 and Radium-223 were 5.1% (range -8.0% to 40.0%) and 3.4% (range -50.0% to 48.7%), respectively. The differences between the integrals of the theoretical and estimated time activity curve were <10% for both Thorium-227 and Radium-223. Conclusion: γ-camera quantification of Thorium-227 and Radium-223 can be achieved by using multiple energy window acquisitions.
Assuntos
Modelos Teóricos , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/farmacocinética , Rádio (Elemento)/farmacocinética , Tório/farmacocinética , Câmaras gama , Humanos , Modelos Anatômicos , Imagens de Fantasmas , Radiometria/métodos , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/métodos , Distribuição Tecidual , Tronco/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
As a by-product of another measurement, ratios of the single-escape (SE) and double-escape (DE) efficiencies relative to the full-energy-peak efficiency (FE) have been measured for two HPGe detectors for 60Co. For a 2.5-cm-thick 95 cm3 crystal the results were SE/FE = 0.000 48 ± 0.000 20 and 0.003 25 ± 0.000 24 for 1173 and 1332 keV gamma-rays, respectively, and DE/FE = 0.000 90 ± 0.000 17 and 0.003 41 ± 0.000 11 for 1173 and 1332 keV, respectively. For a 3.0-cm-thick 84 cm3 crystal the results were SE/FE = 0.000 67 ± 0.000 32 and 0.003 79 ± 0.000 27 for 1173 and 1332 keV respectively, and DE/FE = 0.001 05 ± 0.000 28 and 0.004 29 ± 0.000 16 for 1173 and 1332 keV, respectively. These measurements may be of relevance in connection with Monte Carlo calculations of HPGe detector efficiencies, and may also suggest a path towards improved atomic cross-section measurements.
Assuntos
Radioisótopos de Cobalto/análise , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Desenho de Equipamento , Germânio , Método de Monte CarloRESUMO
Currently, the territorial Radiation Monitoring Network (RMN) of the Czech Republic consists of seven laboratories equipped with gamma spectrometry High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors. From 2007 to 2018, five emergency exercises were carried out to test the sample throughput of these facilities and their staff. The main objective was to identify weaknesses and problem areas in the whole process from the moment of obtaining the samples to logging the results into the central RMN database. The long-term aim of these exercises is to optimize emergency response procedures. The most important factor limiting laboratory capacity is the lack of qualified personnel. The exercises showed that in the current state, these laboratories would be able to operate in 12-hour shifts for 14 days and analyze 1700 samples per day. Emergency exercises have highlighted the fact that this type of exercise should be repeated periodically in order to monitor the performance and analytical capabilities of RMN.
Assuntos
Defesa Civil/normas , Planejamento em Desastres/organização & administração , Emergências , Laboratórios/normas , Monitoramento de Radiação/normas , Espectrometria gama/métodos , República Tcheca , Germânio , Humanos , Espectrometria gama/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
A walk-in type 222Rn calibration chamber of volume 22.7 m3, which has traceability to international standards, is established at the Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity, Mangalore University, India. It has a human-machine interface communication system, a programmable logic controller and sensor feedback circuit for controlling and data acquisition of relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). An innovative method for the generation of desired 222Rn concentration (a few hundred Bq m-3 up to about 36 kBq m-3) using soil gas as a source was adopted. Leak rates of 222Rn from the chamber for the mixing fan ON and OFF conditions were determined to be 0.0011 and 0.00018 h-1 respectively. With the exhaust system fully turned on, the maximum clearance rate of the chamber was 0.58 ± 0.07 h-1. Excellent spatial uniformity in 222Rn concentration in the chamber was confirmed (with a mean value of relative standard deviation < 12%) through measurements at 23 locations using CR-39 film-based passive devices. Demonstration of calibration applications was performed using charcoal canister and PicoRad vials as the 222Rn adsorption devices. The study shows that gamma spectrometry is a convenient alternative approach to liquid scintillation analysis of PicoRad vials for 222Rn measurement.
Assuntos
Gases/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Radônio/análise , Contagem de Cintilação/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Calibragem , Carvão Vegetal , Humanos , UmidadeRESUMO
In this study, the full energy peak count rates to radioactivity conversion factors of 3â³Ø × 3â³ NaI(Tl) and 2â³Ø × 2â³ LaBr3(Ce) detectors for radioactivity analysis in the soil were determined on site using a semi-empirical method with point-like gamma-ray sources. To validate the conversion factors derived for the detectors, in-situ gamma-ray measurements were performed in wide open fields with almost flat surface and compared with the sampling analysis for the radioactivity of U-series, Th-series, and 40K in the soil. As a result, radioactivity concentrations of 40K, 208Tl and 214Bi by in-situ and laboratory measurements agreed well with each other within 5%, and the MDAs for artificial radionuclides were estimated under the condition of fresh deposition considering a radiation emergency situation.
Assuntos
Brometos/química , Iodetos/química , Lantânio/química , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Contagem de Cintilação/instrumentação , Sódio/química , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/análise , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Tálio/química , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Monitoramento de Radiação/estatística & dados numéricos , Contagem de Cintilação/métodos , Contagem de Cintilação/estatística & dados numéricos , Espectrometria gama/métodos , Espectrometria gama/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Military historical artifacts found in museum displays and storage locations were analyzed for their Ra and Rn progeny activities to determine the fraction of Rn lost to the environment. Gamma-ray spectroscopy using high-purity germanium detectors was used to determine Ra activity and infer Rn activity based on Pb and Bi. Analyses were conducted without affecting the structural integrity of the artifacts. Ra was measured directly after correction for solid angle and finite sample-detector distance. Although Rn can be similarly analyzed, the collection in charcoal of Rn off-gassed from the artifact after the establishment of secular equilibrium was preferable. Rn off-gassing rates vary greatly between the six devices studied, with a maximum off-gassing rate of 1,850 ± 50 Bq h. Large variations in off-gassing rate were also observed between an additional 30 nominally identical dials, with a mean and standard deviation of 7.7 ± 7.1 Bq h. The work is not predictive of airborne Rn activity within museums, where building size and ventilation are significant and unique to each location. However, the significant off-gassing rates and their large variation suggest that Rn activities may be elevated in enclosed locations, such as aircraft cockpits and storage facilities.
Assuntos
Poluentes Radioativos do Ar/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Materiais de Construção/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Rádio (Elemento)/análise , Radônio/análise , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Artefatos , Humanos , Instalações Militares , Espectrometria gama/métodos , VentilaçãoRESUMO
The presence of radium is common in the natural environment. However, some human activities lead to the production of large amounts of waste and by-product containing elevated concentrations of radium. Several methods for the determination of radium isotopes exist. The common use of gamma-ray spectrometry is justified by several of its advantages: it is a non-destructive method, easy, it is a time- and cost-effective procedure of preparing a sample and provides a reasonable time of measurement. The major disadvantages of direct measurements of radium are its weak yields γ-line 186.2â¯keV (3.59%) and, additionally, an interference with 235U direct line 185.7â¯keV. There is an indirect method of measuring radium. The method uses the daughter radionuclides of radon: 214Pb and 214Bi. The problem is radon escape from the measurement container. The article describes the tests of radontightness of various types of containers and different types of sealing. In frame of performed measurements, not sufficient tightness of typical containers used in laboratories was found.
Assuntos
Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Rádio (Elemento)/análise , Espectrometria gama/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
A new medium resolution gamma-ray spectrometer consisting of a cerium bromide (CeBr3) crystal (2Ë x 2Ë), is developed and optimized for radioactivity measurements in aquatic environments. This apparatus named GeoMAREA (Gamma-ray spectrometer for in-situ Marine Environmental Applications) is designed to control and prevent radio-contaminants in aquatic environments as well as to estimate the variation of natural radionuclides in marine systems for studying oceanographic processes. The system offers activity concentrations in Bq/m3 for detected gamma-ray emitters in the energy range from 150 to 2600â¯keV, and can provide sequential continuous monitoring data in a stand-alone mode or it can be integrated in stationary/mobile platforms for (near) real-time applications. The photopeak efficiency values were estimated via the MCNPΧ code. Two experimental points were used to validate the theoretical estimations by deploying the system in a water tank with diluted reference sources such us Caesium-137 (137Cs) and Potassium-40 (40K). The system was subsequently deployed in the field along with a conductivity-temperature (CT) sensor, to measure 40K and radon daughters in a region where submarine groundwater discharges (Anavalos, Kiveri, Greece) are present. The experimental calibration data was utilized to provide a first estimation for the background contribution around the photopeak of 40K, attributed to the Cerium Bromide (CeBr3) intrinsic activity.
Assuntos
Brometos/química , Cério/química , Radioisótopos de Césio/análise , Radioisótopos de Potássio/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , RadioatividadeRESUMO
This paper reports on the structure of the autonomous station for monitoring artificial gamma activity in surface water bodies for the purposes of emergency preparedness of the Czech Republic. A simple design based on the NaI(Tl) submersible detector powered by a combined solar and wind source has been employed. Data transfer is provided by a satellite connection. The detection capabilities of the device have been tested for various unfavourable conditions, and the detection limits have been lowered by using the noise adjustment singular value decomposition (NASVD) method. The detection capabilities of the device fulfil the legal requirements for emergency monitoring, and are almost equal to the detection capabilities of other available devices with a more complicated and less versatile structure.
Assuntos
Radioisótopos de Césio/análise , Radioisótopos do Iodo/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , República Tcheca , Raios gamaRESUMO
Recently, several types of instruments for measuring radioactivity in whole foodstuff were developed by manufacturers, in which any sample preparation technique such as machining was avoided, and such types of instruments are employed by agricultural producers or municipality radioactivity testing stations in Fukushima. In this study, radioactivity in various kinds of 91 samples collected by residents were measured by use of instruments for radioactivity measurement in whole samples, and the activity in each sample was also measured by use of the conventional gamma-ray spectrometry technique using calibrated Ge detectors after the sample machining procedure. The results obtained by instruments for measurement in whole samples were roughly proportional to the result obtained by a conventional technique, although large differences or unexpected variations were found in some specimens.
Assuntos
Contaminação Radioativa de Alimentos/análise , Acidente Nuclear de Fukushima , Germânio/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Calibragem , Humanos , JapãoRESUMO
A performance test was carried out using five different gamma-ray spectrometers applicable to thyroid monitoring. The energy resolution and efficiency for 7.6-cm × 7.6-cm NaI(Tl), 5.1-cm × 5.1-cm CeBr3, 3.8-cm × 3.8-cm SrI2(Eu), and 2.5-cm × 2.5-cm SrI2(Eu) gamma-ray scintillation spectrometers and a CdTe gamma-ray semiconductor spectrometer were evaluated using the Oak Ridge Institute for Nuclear Studies thyroid-neck phantom with a mock I source for prompt thyroid monitoring after a nuclear emergency. The respective energy resolutions of the full-energy peak for ~0.360 MeV of 3.8-cm × 3.8-cm SrI2(Eu) and 2.5-cm × 2.5-cm SrI2(Eu) scintillation spectrometers were 4.2% and 4.3%, and these values were very close to the value obtained by the CdTe semiconductor spectrometer. The efficiencies of four of the gamma-ray spectrometers were compared based on the efficiency of the 7.6-cm × 7.6-cm NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometer at 0 cm from the phantom surface, and these values were ~70% for 5.1-cm × 5.1-cm CeBr3, ~30% for 3.8-cm × 3.8-cm SrI2(Eu), 10% for 2.5-cm × 2.5-cm SrI2(Eu) and 2% for 1-cm × 0.1-cm CdTe. Furthermore, the detection limits at various dose rates for the four gamma-ray scintillation spectrometers were evaluated using the method based on International Organization for Standardization publication ISO 11929:2010.
Assuntos
Emergências , Radioisótopos do Iodo/análise , Imagens de Fantasmas , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Contagem de Cintilação/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Reatores Nucleares , Pontos Quânticos , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Cintilografia , Gestão da SegurançaRESUMO
The Laboratory for Neutron Activation Analysis and Gamma Spectrometry at the VSB-Technical University of Ostrava was equipped with the neutron generator MP320 operating on the principle of the deuterium-tritium fusion and producing 108 neutrons/s at maximum. To ensure radiation protection of radiation workers and public outside the laboratory, the concrete shielding was designed and its protection efficiency was validated by MCNP simulations. Three approaches to calculate the dose rates were compared. The dose rates were estimated for the ORNL MIRD phantom located at the relevant positions (Tally F6 and *F8) and using the MCNPX mesh tally feature with the new ICRP Publication 116 flux-to-dose conversion factors. It was proven that the Approach II in which the absorbed dose rates due to neutrons for all organs are computed using the cell tally F6 and the photon dose calculation is performed by the *F8 energy deposition tally is the most valuable one.
Assuntos
Laboratórios/normas , Modelos Estatísticos , Análise de Ativação de Nêutrons/normas , Imagens de Fantasmas , Proteção Radiológica/normas , Espectrometria gama/normas , Simulação por Computador , República Tcheca , Humanos , Método de Monte Carlo , Análise de Ativação de Nêutrons/instrumentação , Doses de Radiação , Radiometria/métodos , Espectrometria gama/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Activation of detectors and phantoms used for commissioning and quality assurance of clinical proton beams may lead to radiation protection issues. Good understanding of the activation nuclide vectors involved is necessary to assess radiation risk for the personnel working with these devices on a daily basis or to fulfill legal requirements regarding transport of radioactive material and its release to the public. 11 devices and material samples were irradiated with a 220 MeV proton pencil beam (PBS, Proton Therapy Center, Prague). This study focuses on devices manufactured by IBA Dosimetry GmbH: MatriXX PT, PPC05, Stingray, Zebra, Lynx, a Blue Phantom rail and samples of RW3, PMMA, titanium, copper and carbon fibre plastic. Monitor units (MU) were monitored during delivery. Gamma spectrometry was then performed for each item using a HPGe detector, with a focus on longer lived gamma emitting radionuclides. Activities were quantified for all found isotopes and compared to relevant legal limits for exemption and clearance of radioactive objects. Activation was found to be significant after long irradiation sessions, as done during commissioning of a proton therapy room. Some of the investigated devices may also cumulate activity in time, depending on the scenario of periodic irradiation in routine clinical practice. However, the levels of activity and resulting beta/gamma doses are more comparable to internationally recommended concentration limits for exemption than to dose limits for radiation workers. Results of this study will help to determine nuclide inventories required by some legal authorities for radiation protection purposes.
Assuntos
Terapia com Prótons/instrumentação , Prótons , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Humanos , Imagens de Fantasmas , Terapia com Prótons/métodos , Radiometria/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/métodosRESUMO
The combination of gamma-ray spectrometry, the development of related Monte Carlo method and the GEANT4 (GEometry ANd Tracking) toolkit have been developed for gamma spectrometry simulation. The main objective was to validate simulation models of broad energy germanium (BEGe) detector geometry built in our laboratory (BE6530 model). Monte Carlo simulation of the geometry of BE6530 detector for efficiency calibration was carried out with GEANT4 toolkit. The simulated efficiencies curves using MC were compared with experimental results. Measurement uncertainties for both simulation and experimental estimations of the efficiency were assessed in order to see whether the consequences of the realistic measurement fall inside adequate cut-off points. The validation of the simulation was carried out by experimentally estimating the activity concentration in a reference sample and the comparison showed good correlation between experimental and simulation. Therefore, from the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that Monte-Carlo simulation is a helpful, reasonable option that additionally gives more prominent adaptability, greater flexibility, precision and accuracy, and gained time when determining the detector response and efficiency in routine of environmental radioactivity monitoring.
Assuntos
Espectrometria gama/métodos , Algoritmos , Calibragem , Simulação por Computador , Germânio , Método de Monte Carlo , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Software , Espectrometria gama/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
One-dimensional scans of gamma-ray emitting contaminants were conducted on lysimeters from the RadFLEX facility at the Savannah River Nationals Laboratory (SRNL). The lysimeters each contained a contamination source that was buried in SRNL soil. A source consisted of Cs, Co, Ba, and Eu incorporated either into a solid waste form (Portland cement and reducing grout) or applied to a filter paper for direct soil exposure. The lysimeters were exposed to natural environmental conditions for 3 to 4 y. The initial contaminant activities range from 4.0 to 9.0 MBq for the solid wasteforms and 0.25 to 0.47 MBq for the soil-incorporated source. The measurements were performed using a collimated high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometer with a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm. These scans showed downward mobility of Co and Ba when the radionuclides were incorporated directly into the SRNL soil. When radionuclides were incorporated into the solid waste forms positioned in the SRNL soil, Cs exhibited both upward and downward dispersion while the other radionuclides showed no movement. This dispersion was more significant for the Portland cement than the reducing grout wasteform. Europium-152 was the only radionuclide of those studied that showed no movement within the spatial resolution of the scanner from the original placement within the lysimeter. Understanding radionuclide movement in the environment is important for developing strategies for waste management and disposal.
Assuntos
Materiais de Construção/análise , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/análise , Espectrometria gama/métodos , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Eliminação de Resíduos , Espectrometria gama/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
The design and implementation of a mobile gamma spectrometry system to in vivo measure the accumulated activity of 131I in whole body and thyroid of patients with thyroid diseases are presented in this work. This system may be used for both pre-therapeutic and post-therapeutic dosimetry calculations. It consists of a detector and a movable support that allows its movement from one place to another.
Assuntos
Radioisótopos do Iodo/análise , Radiometria/instrumentação , Espectrometria gama/instrumentação , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/radioterapia , Adulto , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertireoidismo/metabolismo , Hipertireoidismo/radioterapia , Radioisótopos do Iodo/farmacocinética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imagens de Fantasmas , Radiometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador , Espectrometria gama/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/radioterapiaRESUMO
Commercially available gamma-ray imaging spectrometers have been introduced recently and are currently undergoing investigations for various applications in nuclear power plants, environmental management, and medical environments. A Compton imaging gamma-ray spectrometer uses an array of detectors or a single position-sensitive crystal to create planar images of radionuclide distributions. The typical software included with these devices creates images of specific radionuclides using only the counts under their known gamma emission photopeaks. This approach prevents the direct imaging of scattered radiation, which is of interest for many radiation protection applications. In this paper, a technique for imaging radiation scatter or portions of the scatter spectrum is implemented. This involves the creation of a virtual radionuclide in software with peaks placed throughout the backscatter continuum of interest and then imaging that virtual radionuclide in the post-processing software. This technique is used to image the Compton scatter successfully from a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) phantom placed in a Cs irradiator beam. Measured scatter energies were found to be within 15% of the expected values, sufficient to predict scatter behavior and individually measure separate sources of scatter at different angles.