Evaluation of a hybrid telehealth care pathway for patients with axial spondyloarthritis including self-sampling at home: results of a longitudinal proof-of-concept mixed-methods study (TeleSpactive).

Patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) require close monitoring to achieve the goal of sustained disease remission. Telehealth can facilitate continuous care while relieving scarce healthcare resources. In a mixed-methods proof-of-concept study, we investigated a hybrid telehealth care axSpA pathway in patients with stable disease over 6 months. Patients used a medical app to document disease activity (BASDAI and PtGA bi-weekly, flare questionnaire weekly). To enable a remote ASDAS-CRP (TELE-ASDAS-CRP), patients used a capillary self-sampling device at home. Monitoring results were discussed and a decision was reached via shared decision-making whether a pre-planned 3-month on-site appointment (T3) was necessary. Ten patients completed the study, and eight patients also completed additional telephone interviews. Questionnaire adherence was high; BASDAI (82.3%), flares (74.8%) and all patients successfully completed the TELE-ASDAS-CRP for the T3 evaluation. At T3, 9/10 patients were in remission or low disease activity and all patients declined the offer of an optional T3 on-site appointment. Patient acceptance of all study components was high with a net promoter score (NPS) of +50% (mean NPS 8.8 ± 1.5) for self-sampling, +70% (mean NPS 9.0 ± 1.6) for the electronic questionnaires and +90% for the T3 teleconsultation (mean NPS 9.7 ± 0.6). In interviews, patients reported benefits such as a better overview of their condition, ease of use of telehealth tools, greater autonomy, and, most importantly, travel time savings. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate a hybrid approach to follow-up axSpA patients including self-sampling. The positive results observed in this scalable proof-of-concept study warrant a larger confirmatory study.

Axial spondyloarthritis guidelines - aiming for maximum impact.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review discusses international clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) focusing on methodology, guideline quality, and implementation. RECENT FINDINGS: The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (ASAS/EULAR) and Pan-American League of Associations for Rheumatology (PANLAR) recently published axSpA CPGs and updates of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network (ACR/SAA/SPARTAN) and Asia-Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology (APLAR) CPGs are expected. GRADE has emerged as the dominant framework for CPG development and has been used by three of the four international axSpA guidelines. Notable differences exist among these guidelines in the way that the recommendations are presented. Two of the four acknowledge the need for implementation strategies, but little detail about this is provided. The few studies that have evaluated the implementation of axSpA CPGs have identified poor adherence to recommendations on physical therapy/exercise and disease activity monitoring. Implementation science has identified many barriers and facilitators affecting guideline uptake, including those related to healthcare professionals and to the guidelines themselves. Creation of a tailored implementation plan simultaneously with the CPG is recommended. SUMMARY: While methodological rigor in the creation of evidence-based recommendations is the focus of CPG development, recommendations must be presented in a user-friendly format that makes them easy to apply. 'Living guidelines' could facilitate keeping content up to date. Implementation is critical for the success of a CPG and should be emphasized in future axSpA guideline updates. Further research is needed to better understand the factors impacting the successful implementation of axSpA CPGs.

Axial Spondyloarthritis Treatment Recommendations and Disease Activity Monitoring in Clinical Practice: Results of an Online Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical practice guidelines are not always followed consistently. To better understand potential barriers to the implementation of treatment recommendations in axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (axSpA/AS), an online survey was conducted. METHODS: Email invitations were sent to US rheumatology care providers in January 2023. The questionnaire included 20 questions, with an estimated completion time of 5-7 minutes. RESULTS: One hundred four of 441 (24%) invitees participated, including 80/104 (77%) board-certified rheumatologists and 20/104 (19%) fellows. Survey participants identified UpToDate (85%), treatment guidelines (74%), and colleagues (54%) as relevant sources of knowledge for managing axSpA/AS. Of the participants, 64% and 53% considered themselves to be at least moderately familiar with the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network (ACR/SAA/SPARTAN) and Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (ASAS/EULAR) treatment recommendations for axSpA/AS, respectively. Whereas 69% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that disease activity scores are useful for making treatment decisions in axSpA/AS, only 37% measure patient-reported outcomes (PROs) frequently (≥ 50% of clinic visits) while 82% do so for C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). PROs are typically recorded during clinic encounters (65%) and CRP/ESR are obtained after the visit (86%). Of the participants, 57% and 47% considered the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score to be at least moderately useful for measuring disease activity in axSpA/AS, respectively; 41% and 37% thought the same about the ASAS 20% improvement criteria and Clinical Disease Activity Index, respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment guidelines are an important resource for rheumatologists who manage patients with axSpA/AS. Although there is general agreement that disease activity monitoring is important, the implementation of the respective recommendations is lacking. Reasons may include lack of familiarity and an underdeveloped infrastructure to efficiently collect PROs.

Ten-year clinical outcome of recent-onset axial spondyloarthritis: Results from the DESIR inception Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the 10-year clinical outcome of patients with recent-onset axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS STUDY DESIGN: The DESIR cohort is an inception cohort of axSpA patients. METHODS DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT: The diagnosis and management of patients were based on the decision of the treating rheumatologist. METHODS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Both complete cases and imputed data analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Of the 708 enrolled patients, 45 were excluded due to a change in the baseline diagnosis, 3 patients died, and 300 were lost to follow-up over the 10years. In the completer population, one patient required bilateral total hip replacement, and 56 patients received a pension due to invalidity. The prevalence of main extra-musculoskeletal features increased from baseline to year 10: psoriasis from 18% to 30%, acute anterior uveitis from 10% to 18%, and inflammatory bowel disease from 5% to 10%. The most frequent comorbidity was hypertension, with an increase from 5% to 15% from baseline to year 10. In the imputed data analysis the estimated proportions of patients with an acceptable status at year 10 were 70% [95% CI: 63; 77] for acceptable PASS, 43% [95% CI: 37; 49] for BASDAI<3, and 48% [95% CI: 41; 56] for ASDAS<2.1. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that despite a quite favorable 10-year outcome exists for severe outcomes, a large proportion of patients present with an important disease burden reflected by patient-reported outcomes. This information can be valuable for providing patients with information at the time of diagnosis.

Physical therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis: the patients' perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the duration, frequency, and content of individual physical therapy (PT) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, an electronic questionnaire aimed at people with RA and axSpA was distributed through various communication channels of the Dutch Arthritis Foundation. It comprised questions on sociodemographic and health characteristics, received PT (currently and/or in the past year) and, if applicable, its duration, frequency, and content (active exercises, manual treatment, physical modalities, and/or counselling/education). RESULTS: The study included 257 and 94 patients with self-reported diagnoses of RA and axSpA, of whom 163 (63%) and 77 (82%) currently or had recently received individual PT. The duration of individual PT was long-term (> 3 months) in 79% of RA and 83% of axSpA patients, with an average frequency of once per week in most. Although active exercises and counselling/education were each reported by ≥ 73% of the patients with RA and axSpA who received long-term individual PT, passive treatment modalities were also often offered (≥ 89%), in particular massage, kinesiotaping, and/or passive mobilization. The same pattern was seen in patients receiving short-term PT. CONCLUSION: The majority of patients with RA and axSpA received PT currently or in the past year, usually individually, long-term, and at a frequency of once a week. Although active exercises and education are recommended in guidelines, passive treatment options that are not advised were relatively often reported. An implementation study to identify barriers and facilitators regarding adherence to clinical practice guidelines seems warranted.

Effects of synbiotic supplementation on regulatory T cells' response in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial.

This study was conducted on samples from patients enrolled in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial on the effect of synbiotic supplementation on the IL-17/IL-23 pathway and disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) to investigate the effects of synbiotic supplementation on regulatory T (Treg) cells' response in these patients. Forty-eight axSpA patients were randomized to take one synbiotic capsule or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Treg cell proportion, gene expression of forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3), microRNA (miRNA)-25, miRNA-106b, miRNA-146a, interleukin (IL)-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß as well as serum IL-10 and TGF-ß levels were assessed before and after the trial. Thirty-eight patients (19 in each group) completed the trial. The proportion of Treg cells (P < 0.001), the gene expression of FoxP3 (P < 0.001), IL-10 (P = 0.001), TGF-ß (P < 0.001), and miRNA-146a (P < 0.001) and serum IL-10 (P = 0.003) and TGF-ß (P = 0.002) levels significantly increased compared to the baseline in the synbiotic group. Additionally, a significant reduction in the gene expression of miRNA-25 (P < 0.001) and miRNA-106b (P < 0.001) was observed in the synbiotic group. Significant between-group differences were observed in the proportion of Treg cells (P = 0.024) and the gene expression of FoxP3 (P = 0.010), IL-10 (P = 0.002), TGF-ß (P = 0.016), miRNA-25 (P = 0.008), miRNA-106b (P = 0.001), and miRNA-146a (P = 0.010). Differences in the serum levels of IL-10 and TGF-ß between the groups were not significant. As a conclusion, synbiotic supplementation could modulate Treg cells' response in axSpA patients and thus can be promising as an adjunctive therapy. Additional investigations would help in further clarifying the subject.

Efficacy and safety of ixekizumab treatment in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: 2-year results from COAST.

OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy and safety of ixekizumab (IXE) in patients with radiographic (r-) and non-radiographic (nr-)axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) for up to 116 weeks. METHODS: COAST-Y (NCT03129100) is the 2-year extension study following COAST-V, COAST-W and COAST-X. Patients were treated with either 80 mg IXE every 4 weeks or 2 weeks, as assigned in the originating studies. Efficacy was assessed in all participants continuously treated with IXE through week 116 and in subgroups based on disease subtype and dosing. Missing data were handled by non-responder imputation for categorical variables and modified baseline observation carried forward for continuous variables. Safety data were analysed in all patients having received ≥1 IXE dose. RESULTS: Of 932 patients who received ≥1 IXE dose, 773 enrolled in COAST-Y (82.9%); 665 of which (86.0%) completed week 116. Of 352 continuously treated patients, the proportion achieving Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS40) at week 52 was 51.4%, which increased to 56.0% at week 116. The proportion of patients achieving ASAS40 at week 116 was 64.9% and 57.7% for biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD)-naïve patients with r-axSpA and nr-axSpA, respectively, and 47.0% for TNFi-experienced patients. The proportion of patients achieving Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score <2.1 through week 116 was 57.0% and 52.9% for bDMARD-naïve patients with r-axSpA and nr-axSpA, respectively, and 33.6% for TNFi-experienced patients. Incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events and serious adverse events were consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSION: IXE treatment led to sustained long-term improvements in patients with axSpA, with similar efficacy for r-axSpA and nr-axSpA, and for patients receiving the approved every 4 weeks dose. The safety profile of IXE was consistent with previous reports. No new safety signals were identified.

Axial spondyloarthritis.

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) encompasses both radiographic and non-radiographic axSpA. It is a chronic inflammatory disease with a predilection for involving the axial skeleton. The most common presenting symptoms are chronic back pain and spinal stiffness but peripheral and extra-musculoskeletal manifestations occur also frequently. The diagnosis of axSpA relies on the recognition of a clinical pattern of the disease, based on clinical, laboratory and imaging features. The Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axSpA are valid and well implemented for research purposes. Sustained disease activity, measured by validated tools such as the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score, leads to irreversible structural damage and poor functioning and therefore should be abrogated. As part of the management algorithm, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs remain as the first line of pharmacological treatment besides physiotherapy. As a second line, tumour necrosis factor inhibitor and interleukin-17 inhibitor are available but recently Janus kinase inhibitors have also shown efficacy in improving symptoms of the disease.

Põletikulise liigeshaigusega patsiendi käsitlus esmatasandil / Management of the patient with inflammatory joint disease in primary care

Inflammatory joint diseases are a group of diseases characterized by autoimmune inflammation in the joints and sometimes in other tissues and organs. The most common inflammatory joint diseases are rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). Spondyloarthritis is a group of inflammatory diseases that includes ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), reactive arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease-related arthritis. Diseases of this group are characterized by peripheral arthritis and/or sacroiliitis with or without spondylitis. The most common inflammatory joint disease in Estonia is RA, which typically manifests as symmetrical polyarthritis. The prevalence of RA in Estonia is 0.46% (1). People between the ages of 55 and 74 get sick the most, women up to three times more often than men (2). JIA is an inflammatory joint disease that begins in childhood. JIA usually progresses as oligoarthritis, somewhat less often as mono- or polyarthritis. According to the data of the survey of first cases of JIA in Estonia in 1998­2000, the first incidence was 21.7 cases per 100,000 children aged 0­15 years (3). The disease most often occurs in early childhood or adolescence. Of the spondyloarthritis, PsA, reactive arthritis, and arthritis related to inflammatory bowel disease are the most common types of peripheral arthritis. AS typically involves the sacroiliac joints and spine, sometimes peripheral joints. Spondyloarthritis usually manifests as oligoarthritis, while PsA can often present as polyarthritis and can initially be difficult to distinguish from RA. All of the aforementioned inflammatory joint diseases are characterized by the fact that joint inflammation can lead to joint damage and, as a result, joint dysfunction and a decrease in the quality of life of those affected. The pain associated with joint inflammation and the established joint deformations significantly reduce the working capacity of those affected, making them more and more dependent on outside help and the social system as the disease progresses. However, the prognosis of the disease has improved significantly over the past decades due to earlier diagnosis, new drugs and the understanding that early intensive treatment significantly improves the prognosis. With timely treatment, the patient continues his normal life and maintains the ability to work and self-sufficiency for many years. In Estonia, the primary diagnosis and treatment monitoring of inflammatory joint diseases in primary care is sometimes different, and the movement of the patient between representatives of different specialties is not always optimal. The purpose of this guide is to standardize the knowledge of healthcare workers about the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory joint diseases in order to promote faster recognition of the disease. It is also hoped that this guide will improve the cooperation between family doctors and other specialties in the treatment of patients with inflammatory joint diseases and in keeping the chronic disease under control.

Põletikulised liigesehaigused on rühm haiguseid, mida iseloomustab autoimmuunse põletiku esinemine liigestes ning mõnikord ka teistes kudedes ja organites. Põletikuliste liigesehaiguste hulka kuuluvatest haigustest esinevad kõige sagedamini reumatoidartriit (RA), juveniilne idiopaatiline artriit (JIA) ja spondüloartriit (SpA). Spondüloartriidid on rühm põletikulisi haiguseid, kuhu kuuluvad anküloseeriv spondüliit (AS), psoriaatiline artriit (PsA), reaktiivne artriit ja põletikulise soolehaigusega seostuv artriit. Selle rühma haigustele on iseloomulik perifeerne artriit ja/või sakroiliit koos spondüliidiga või ilma. Kõige sagedasem põletikuline liigesehaigus Eestis on RA, mis avaldub tüüpiliselt sümmeetrilise polüartriidina. RA levimus Eestis on 0,46% (1). Kõige enam haigestuvad 55­74-aastased inimesed, naised kuni kolm korda sagedamini kui mehed (2). JIA on lapseeas algav põletikuline liigesehaigus. Tavaliselt kulgeb JIA oligoartriidina, mõnevõrra harvem mono- või polüartriidina. Aastatel 1998­2000 Eestis tehtud JIA esmasjuhtude uuringu andmetel oli esmashaigestumus 21,7 juhtu 100 000 0­15-aastase lapse kohta (3). Kõige sagedamini haigestutakse väikelapse- või murdeeas. Spondüloartriitidest kulgevad perifeerse artriidiga põhiliselt PsA, reaktiivne artriit ja põletikulise soolehaigusega seostuv artriit. AS haarab tüüpiliselt sakroiliakaalliigesed ja lülisamba, mõnikord ka perifeersed liigesed. Spondüloartriidid avalduvad tavaliselt oligoartriidina, PsA võib aga sageli kulgeda ka polüartriidina ja olla esialgu RA-st raskesti eristatav. Kõikidele eelnimetatud põletikulistele liigesehaigustele on iseloomulik, et liigesepõletik võib viia liigesekahjustuste tekkeni ning sellest tulenevalt liigeste funktsioonihäireni ja haigestunute elukvaliteedi languseni. Liigesepõletikuga seonduv valu ja väljakujunenud liigesedeformatsioonid vähendavad oluliselt haigestunute töövõimet, muutes nad haiguse arenedes üha enam sõltuvaks kõrvalisest abist ja sotsiaalsüsteemist. Haiguse prognoos on viimaste aastakümnete jooksul siiski oluliselt paranenud tänu varasemale diagnoosimisele, uutele ravimitele ning arusaamale, et varane intensiivne ravi parandab prognoosi märgatavalt. Õigeaegse ravi korral jätkab patsient oma tavapärast elu ning säilitab töövõime ja iseseisva toimetuleku paljudeks aastateks. Eestis on põletikuliste liigesehaiguste esmane diagnostika ja ravi jälgimine esmatasandi arstiabis kohati erinev, samuti ei ole patsiendi liikumine erinevate erialade esindajate vahel alati optimaalne. Käesoleva juhendi eesmärk on ühtlustada tervishoiutöötajate teadmisi põletikuliste liigesehaiguste diagnostika ja ravi kohta, et soodustada haiguse kiiremat äratundmist. Samuti loodetakse käesoleva juhendiga tõhustada perearstide ja teiste erialade koostööd põletikuliste liigesehaigustega patsientide käsitlemisel ning kroonilise haiguse kontrolli all hoidmisel.