[From the history of domestic dentistry: Moscow Dental School of the Privat-docent of Moscow University, MD Gilyariy Ivanovich Vilga]. / Iz istorii otechestvennoi stomatologii: Moskovskaya zubovrachebnaya shkola privat-dotsenta Moskovskogo universiteta doktora meditsiny Gilyariya Ivanovicha Vil'ga.

Based on archival data, the authors describe the Moscow School of Dentistry with dental courses for doctors, dentists, and dentists of the Moscow University, Privat-docent Dr. Gilyari Ivanovich Vilga, examine the background to its formation, provide unique archival data on the location of the school, as well as its internal organization and equipment. The authors review in detail the program of courses, as well as their duration, cost, and form of student accountability. During its existence (1909-1918), more than two thousand dentists were educated at G.I. Vilg's school, among them Alexander Ivanovich Evdokimov, a future corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, director of the State Institute of Dentistry (GIZ) and the State Institute of Dentistry and Odontology (GIZO). The authors of the article also focus on analyzing the differences in the approaches to the organization of several dental schools, viz: The First Moscow I.M. Kovarsky School of Dentistry and the Second G.I. Vilga School of Dentistry. In his efforts, I.M. Kovarskij's aspirations to establish the best dental school in Russia were crowned with success: a specially constructed and equipped building meeting the state-of-the-art requirements (the building even boasted an X-ray machine), and the best professors and instructors of the University of Moscow of that time were hired. In contrast, G.I. Vilga rented premises for his school, the equipment was in short supply, and he himself was the only eminent professor. Nevertheless, his fierce desire to unite the entire dental community and organize the best dental care for the entire population of Russia allowed his brainchild to enter the top five schools of the time.

Abordaje histórico del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de Inglés con Fines Específicos en la carrera de Estomatología / Historical overview of the teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training

Introducción: A través del tiempo la enseñanza-aprendizaje de Inglés con Fines Específicos en la carrera de Estomatología ha variado, en respuesta los procesos histórico-sociales que han supuesto cambios en el modelo de formación del estomatólogo. Objetivo: Describir la evolución de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de Inglés con Fines Específicos en la carrera de Estomatología en Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio histórico-descriptivo, desde marzo de 2017 hasta septiembre de 2019. Se recogió información a través de la entrevista a informantes clave y se revisaron artículos científicos relacionados con el tema de investigación, literatura básica de la carrera y otros documentos de relevancia. Se organizó la información cronológicamente y se agrupó en etapas a partir de hechos que han significado un cambio cualitativo en el desarrollo de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de Inglés con Fines Específicos en la carrera de Estomatología en Cuba. Resultados: La enseñanza-aprendizaje de Inglés con Fines Específicos en la carrera de Estomatología en Cuba se organizó en cuatro etapas. Se reveló la necesidad de concretar un objetivo instructivo general relacionado con el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas profesionales en inglés y un programa adecuado a las funciones del profesional. La metodología de Inglés con Fines Específicos se ha perfeccionado, desde el aprendizaje memorístico hasta el uso del enfoque comunicativo. La evaluación se encamina hacia la evaluación formativa, aunque en su concepción aún se aprecian prácticas evaluativas tradicionales que no consideran su potencialidad como vehículo para el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa profesional. Conclusiones: A pesar de que se han apreciado avances en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de Inglés con Fines Específicos en la carrera de Estomatología en Cuba, todavía se aprecian insuficiencias relacionadas con la falta de adecuación de los programas al modelo de profesional y el insuficiente aprovechamiento de la evaluación para favorecer el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa profesional(AU)

Introduction: The teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training has changed throughout time, in response to historical and social processes which have imposed changes on the dental training model. Objective: Describe the evolution of the teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training in Cuba. Methods: A historical-descriptive study was conducted from March 2017 to September 2019. Information was collected from interviews with key informants, and a review was carried out of scientific papers related to the study topic, basic undergraduate bibliography and other relevant documents. The data were ordered chronologically and grouped into periods based on milestones implying a qualitative change in the development of the teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training in Cuba. Results: The teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training in Cuba was arranged into four periods. It was found that it is necessary to define a general instructional objective related to the development of professional communicative skills in English, as well as a syllabus adjusted to the functions of professionals. The teaching methodology of English for special purposes has evolved from rote learning to the use of a communicative approach. Evaluation is now aimed at formative assessment, though traditional evaluation practices are still found in its design which do not consider its potential as a vehicle for the development of professional communicative competence. Conclusions: Despite the progress achieved by the teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training in Cuba, deficiencies are still found which have to do with scarce adjustment of syllabuses to the professional model and insufficient use of evaluation to foster the development of professional communicative competence(AU)

Medicine and dentistry: Shall ever the twain meet?

BACKGROUND: Oral health and general medical health are intimately linked. However, medical and dental practitioners often work in isolation from each other and have separate training, funding, regulatory and administrative systems. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to explore the history behind the divide between medicine and dentistry, and the challenges this raises. DISCUSSION: The siloed nature of the two professional groups may be attributed to historical backgrounds, deficiencies in interdisciplinary education, government funding discrepancies and differing models of care. The two professions have evolved with different social drivers and scientific underpinnings, with only a recent appreciation of the many connections between the health of the mouth and the health of the body. Solutions to overcome this divide should be considered in order to ensure better outcomes for patients, the community and perhaps the professions themselves.

James M. Clyde, D.D.S., M.S.A.: The Canadian-American who rescued the Chicago Post-Graduate School of Anaesthesia.

The Chicago Post-Graduate School of Anaesthesia (PGSA) commenced with the opening of the Columbian Exposition, eight miles north of that Chicago World's Fair in May of 1893. When PGSA founder Samuel J. Hayes, D.D.S., M.S.A., forsook Chicago to tend to his moribund son back in Pittsburgh, Hayes' fellow professor, James M. Clyde, D.D.S., M.S.A., kept the PGSA from closing.

Robert J. Genco: Pioneer in Oral Science Advancement.

Professor Robert J. Genco made extraordinary research advances in immunology, periodontology, and microbiology research, pioneering major advances in oral science. In addition to his extraordinary research advancements in oral biology, his pioneering advances in oral science leadership at the local/university, national, and international levels are recognized worldwide, as are his educational advancements. In his era, he is truly the "father" of oral science.

California Women in Dentistry: A Look Back.

California's female dentists have experienced many professional and societal challenges. Their earliest achievements and successes are examined, including their history in the early California schools of dentistry and dental societies, their service and professional practice. A diverse selection of female dentists from California with different professional career paths is profiled.

[The development of higher stomatological education in the Voronejskaia oblast].

The article considers development of stomatological education in the Voronezhskaia oblast from 1920s. The issue of development of network of dental out-patient clinics in the Voronezhskaia gubernia and problem of inadequate number of dentists are considered. The organization of training courses of dentists from feldshers and paramedical personnel and training of dental personnel in dental school are presented. The role of professor A.I. Evdokimov is demonstrated related to organization of stomatological institute and training of stomatological personnel in the Voronezhskaia oblast and organization of the Voronezhskii stomatological institute. The plans of Oblzdrav of the Central'no-Chernozemnaia oblast are reflected concerning issues of training of stomatological personnel in the stomatological institute and assignment of the first stomatologists of the Voronezhskii stomatological institute. The issues are considered concerning organization of evacuation of the stomatological institute in Krasnoyarsk, joining up of parts of the four Leningradskii medical institutes and the Voronezhskii stomatological institute into the Krasnoyarskii medical institute during the Great Patriotic War and post-war restoration of teaching of stomatology at the chair of hospital surgery in the medical institute of Voronezh. The data is presented related to organization of the stomatological faculty in the Voronezhskii N.N. Burdenko medical institute, the chairs of therapeutic, orthopedic, surgical and children stomatology. The pedagogic and scientific research activity of stomatological chairs is considered, including their publication activity and international activity. The role of stomatological faculty of the Voronezhskii N.N. Burdenko state university is demonstrated.

Historical Perspectives on the Evolution and Development of Organizations Committed to Excellence in Dental Education.

Today's organization that is committed solely to excellence in dental education, the ADEA (American Dental Educators Association) evolved from a wide variety of sources in the past 140 years. Exploration of that evolution has identified a wide range of organizations and philosophies, all of which have contributed immensely to the present-day structure of the ADEA.

[Very late but too early... prof. Angelo Chiavaro and the Italian degree in dentistry] / Molto tardi ma troppo presto... il prof. Angelo Chiavaro e la laurea in odontoiatria italiana

The birth of the Degree in Dentistry in Italy has been very troubled, and only in 1980 saw its effective implementation. Very "instructive" in this regard is the history on the establishment in 1924 (the period of the seizure of power by Fascism) of a "National School of Dentistry" at the University of Rome, which was withdrawn after only ten months. The biggest supporter and proponent of the School, Prof. Angelo Chiavaro, after a few years, was "punished" with the transfer from the University of Rome to that of Genoa. We present some brief notes on the biography of this courageous pioneer and the matter of which he was the protagonist.

[The organization of Jewish dentists in pre-Israel Palestine].

The first modern dental institutes were established in Europe and in the USA during the 1840s. At that period there wasn't a single qualified doctor in Palestine, not to mention a professional dentist. A couple of decades later, as the number of Christian pilgrims grew, some modern hospitals were established and a few non-Jewish dentists opened their clinics in Jerusalem, which was then and in the following decades, the region's largest city. In Europe, dentistry became a popular profession among Jews in general and among Jewish women in particular. The first Jewish dentist settled in Jerusalem in the mid-1880s. Other dentists were slow to arrive and their number began to grow only after the turn of the 20th century. Their professional education varied from those who were trained as apprentices by other dentists to those which studied a couple of years in an academic dental school. The devastation caused by WWI prompted American-Zionist organizations to send a special medical unit to Palestine in 1918. Along medical supplies it also brought a small group of doctors and dentists. The two American dentists that decided to remain in Palestine took upon themselves to spread their medical and scientific knowledge. They also organized the dentists, whose number grew considerably during the 1920s, and called the authorities to regulate the dental profession. In 1926 the British authorities issued a decree regulating all medical professions. It demanded that dental practitioners will be licensed after proving their previous studies and professional knowledge. In 1931, local dentists' organizations decided to establish the Palestine Dental Association. Five years later it was accepted as a member by the International Dental Federation (FDI) and was recognized by the local authorities. Since the 1930s, prominent Jewish dentists from abroad were invited to come to Palestine to lecture, and local dentists participated in international conferences. This prompted the first scientific publications. At the same time dentists published articles in the daily press in which they educated the public on dental hygiene and on modern dental techniques. This momentum was halted in the early 1940s as result of WWII and the Holocaust, but was quick to resume immediately thereafter. 1944 saw the publication of a professional dental Journal, which this issue is a continuation of. By the time the state of Israel was established in 1948, it had more than 900 active dentists, most of them organized in the Israel Dental Association. The only element which was still required to bridge the gap between the dentists in Israel and those in the rest of the modern world was an academic dental school. After more than 20 years in making, the school was opened in 1953 in Jerusalem. From that time on, Israel's dentistry enjoys a worldwide reputation and its dental school graduates teach and lecture in universities and in many dental forums around the globe.