Epidemiologic Factors in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Risk and Survival by Genotoxic Colibactin Mutational Signature.

BACKGROUND: The genotoxin colibactin causes a tumor single-base substitution (SBS) mutational signature, SBS88. It is unknown whether epidemiologic factors' association with colorectal cancer risk and survival differs by SBS88. METHODS: Within the Genetic Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium and Colon Cancer Family Registry, we measured SBS88 in 4,308 microsatellite stable/microsatellite instability low tumors. Associations of epidemiologic factors with colorectal cancer risk by SBS88 were assessed using multinomial regression (N = 4,308 cases, 14,192 controls; cohort-only cases N = 1,911), and with colorectal cancer-specific survival using Cox proportional hazards regression (N = 3,465 cases). RESULTS: 392 (9%) tumors were SBS88 positive. Among all cases, the highest quartile of fruit intake was associated with lower risk of SBS88-positive colorectal cancer than SBS88-negative colorectal cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.76; OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.66-0.85, respectively, Pheterogeneity = 0.047]. Among cohort studies, associations of body mass index (BMI), alcohol, and fruit intake with colorectal cancer risk differed by SBS88. BMI ≥30 kg/m2 was associated with worse colorectal cancer-specific survival among those SBS88-positive [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.40, 95% CI 1.47-7.84], but not among those SBS88-negative (HR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.78-1.21, Pheterogeneity = 0.066). CONCLUSIONS: Most epidemiologic factors did not differ by SBS88 for colorectal cancer risk or survival. Higher BMI may be associated with worse colorectal cancer-specific survival among those SBS88-positive; however, validation is needed in samples with whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing available. IMPACT: This study highlights the importance of identification of tumor phenotypes related to colorectal cancer and understanding potential heterogeneity for risk and survival.

Human spotted fever group Rickettsia seroprevalence and associated epidemiologic factors among diverse, marginalized populations in South Carolina.

Illness caused by spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) is increasing nationally, with affluent, white residents most likely to be diagnosed. The common under-representativeness of marginalized populations in research studies and these vulnerable populations' health inequities make veritable epidemiologic risk factor profiling challenging, which inhibits equitable public health intervention. The current study leveraged 749 banked sera and associated surveys from a cross-sectional minority-represented COVID-19 study to perform an SFGR seroprevalence investigation. SFGR titers (1:64, 1:128, 1:256, 1:512, and 1:1024) were measured using commercially available indirect fluorescent antibody slides-SFGR positive cases were defined as titers ≥1:128. Multivariable logistic regression and Getis-Ord-Gi* hotspot analyses were used to identify seropositivity-associated factors and determine seropositive clusters. Among a mostly minority and lower socioeconomic population, a 3.4 % SFGR seropositivity was noted at the ≥1:128 titer level. Male gender (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.20; adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR)s: 3.73), age (aOR: 1.05), any frequency of tick bite (OR: 2.29), and spending time working outdoors (OR: 5.05) were associated with SFGR IgG seropositivity. Moreover, the geospatial analysis showed clusters of seropositivity in areas where previous case reports occurred, suggesting potential endemic foci.

Factores asociados al tratamiento no exitoso para tuberculosis en pacientes previamente tratados en Cali, Colombia, en el periodo 2015-2019 / Factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome for tuberculosis in previously treated patients in Cali, Colombia, during the period 2015-2019

Introducción. Las tasas de éxito del tratamiento de la tuberculosis continúan siendo subóptimas. Objetivo. Identificar los factores asociados al tratamiento no exitoso para tuberculosis en pacientes con antecedentes de tratamiento para la tuberculosis. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo, analítico, de cohorte de pacientes que reingresaron a un programa de micobacterias en Cali, Colombia. Se incluyeron mayores de 15 años con tuberculosis pulmonar entre el 2015 y el 2019 con antecedentes de tratamiento para la tuberculosis. Se excluyeron los pacientes con tuberculosis resistente. Resultados. Ingresaron 605 pacientes con antecedentes de tratamiento, 60 % por tratamiento inconcluso y 40 % por recaída. En comparación con los pacientes que reingresaron por recaída (ORa= 2,34; IC=1,62-3,38), las variables que explicaron de manera independiente el no tener éxito con el tratamiento para la tuberculosis al egreso fueron: estar en situación de calle (ORa = 2,45; IC = 1,54-3,89), ser farmacodependiente (ORa = 1,95; IC=1,24-3,05), tener coinfección tuberculosis/VIH (ORa = 1,69; IC =1,00- 2,86) o diabetes (ORa =1,89; IC=1,29-2,77), y el incumplimiento de un tratamiento previo por pérdida de seguimiento, abandono u otras causas. Las variables programáticas que favorecieron el éxito del tratamiento fueron la asesoría de la prueba voluntaria de VIH (p < 0,001) y la realización de la prueba de VIH (p < 0,001). Conclusión. Estar en situación de calle, ser farmacodependiente, tener coinfección de tuberculosis y VIH, o diabetes, así como el incumplimiento del tratamiento previo por pérdida del seguimiento, abandono o fracaso del mismo, dificultaron el éxito del tratamiento antituberculoso. En la primera atención al reingreso de los pacientes con tuberculosis se deben identificar y abordar estas características.

Introduction. The success rates in the treatment of tuberculosis are suboptimal. Objective. To identify associated factors with the lack of success of antituberculosis treatment in patients with a tuberculosis treatment history. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective, analytical, observational, and cohort study of patients reentering the Mycobacterium program in Cali, Colombia. We included patients over 15 years old with pulmonary tuberculosis between 2015 and 2019 and a history of tuberculosis treatment. Patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis were excluded. Results. A total of 605 patients with a treatment history were included, 60% due to unfinished treatment and 40% due to relapse. Compared to patients reentering due to relapse (ORa=2.34, CI=1.62-3.38), the independent variables associated with treatment failure at discharge were homelessness (ORa=2.45, CI=1.54-3.89), substance dependence (ORa=1.95, CI=1.24-3.05), tuberculosis/HIV coinfection (ORa=1.69, CI=1.00-2.86), diabetes (ORa=1.89, CI=1.29-2.77), and unfinished previous tuberculosis treatment due to follow-up loss, abandonment, or other causes. Programmatic variables favoring treatment success were voluntary HIV testing counseling (p<0.001) and HIV testing (p<0.001). Conclusion. Homelessness, substance dependence, tuberculosis/HIV coinfection, diabetes, and incomplete previous treatment due to loss to follow-up, abandonment, or treatment failure hindered the success of antituberculosis. These characteristics should be identified and addressed during the initial care of patients reentering treatment for tuberculosis.

Comparison of epidemiologic factors and eye manifestations of twin children with controls.

PURPOSE: The present study was aimed to compare the epidemiological and ocular findings of twin children in comparison with non- twin age matched individuals as their control. METHODS: In this cross sectional study, a total of 90 twins (180 cases) were compared with 182 non- twin matched children. All the study participants were examined by a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including measurement of the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction, ocular deviation, strabismus as well as the anterior and posterior ophthalmic examinations. Demographic information of children were collected by using an organized questionnaire. Monozygotic twins were considered if there were similarity of their phenotypic characteristics and gender, otherwise the twins were considered as dizygotic. RESULTS: The mirror- image twins (MIT) was defined according to the laterality of symmetrical ocular characteristics of twins. In this study, the mean age of the study participants was 7.08±4.42 and 7.58±3.99 years in twins and non-twins groups, respectively (P=0.253). Among the twins, 27 (30%) were monozygotic. Refractive form of MIT was seen in 5 twins (2.8%). The spherical refractive error was more hyperopic in twins compared to non- twins (P=0.041). BCVA in the twin group (0.07±0.16LogMAR) was significantly worse than non-twins (0.03±0.08LogMAR, P < 0.001) and higher percentage of them were amblyopic (37.2% versus 10.4%, P=0.005). Twin and controls had strabismus in 17.2% and 1.6%, respectively (P < 0.001). Regarding the comparison between mono- and dizygotic twins, more significant percentage of monozygotic twins had amblyopia (P=0.004) and strabismus (P=0.047). Multivariate analysis showed significant correlation among low gestational age and female gender, low birth weight and seizure. CONCLUSION: Female sex, less gestational age, low birth weight, amblyopia and strabismus were significantly higher in twins. Therefore, it is important to check their refractive error, amblyopia and strabismus to prevent their further complications.

Worldwide epidemiologic factors in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid.

Autoimmune blistering diseases such as bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) are complex, multifactorial, and polygenic diseases, whose exact pathogenesis is difficult to pinpoint. Research aimed at elucidating the associated epidemiologic risk factors of these two diseases has been hampered by their rare disease status. Further, a lack of centralization and standardization of available data makes the practical application of this information challenging. In order to collate and clarify the available literature we comprehensively reviewed 61 PV articles from 37 different countries and 35 BP articles from 16 different countries addressing a range of disease relevant clinical parameters including age of onset, sex, incidence, prevalence, and HLA allele association. The reported incidence of PV ranged from 0.098 to 5 patients per 100,000 people, while BP ranged from 0.21 to 7.63 patients per 100,000. Prevalence of PV ranged from 0.38 to 30 per 100,000 people and BP ranged from 1.46 to 47.99 per 100,000. The mean age of onset in patients ranged from 36.5 to 71 years for PV and 64 to 82.6 years for BP. Female-to-male ratios ranged from 0.46 to 4.4 in PV and 1.01 to 5.1 in BP. Our analysis provides support for the reported linkage disequilibrium of HLA DRB1*0402 (an allele previously shown to be associated with PV) and DQB1*0302 alleles in Europe, North America, and South America. Our data also highlight that HLA DQB1*0503 (also known to be associated with PV) appears in linkage disequilibrium with DRB1*1404 and DRB1*1401, mainly in Europe, the Middle East, and Asian countries. The HLA DRB1*0804 allele was only associated with PV in patients of Brazilian and Egyptian descent. Only two HLA alleles were reported as associated with BP more than twice in our review, DQB1*0301 and DQA1*0505. Collectively, our findings provide detailed insights into the variation of disease parameters relevant to PV and BP that can be expected to inform future work aimed at unraveling the complex pathogenesis of these conditions across the globe.

Malformações congênitas em uma cidade da região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR / Congenital malformations in a city of the metropolitan region of Curitiba-PR / Malformaciones congénitas en una ciudad de la región metropolitana de Curitiba-PR

Malformações congênitas (MC) são alterações estruturais/funcionais que ocorrem no feto trazendo impacto socioeconômico e emocional. Estudo retrospectivo, documental, de abordagem quantitativa, com o objetivo de identificar a relação dos fatores de risco e perfil epidemiológico materno com a ocorrência de MC. Baseou-se na análise de 37 prontuários de gestantes em município da região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR, entre 2019 e 2021. Os achados revelaram um perfil: gestantes entre 18 e 36 anos, multíparas, obesas, com comorbidades, sem avaliação pré-concepcional. Os sistemas orgânicos mais acometidos foram o cardiovascular, o nervoso ou múltiplos sistemas. Identificou-se risco aumentado de malformações fetais em mulheres maiores de 25 anos, obesas, que utilizaram álcool ou tabaco. Embora uma causa única das MC nesse período e local não tenha sido identificada, estabeleceu-se associação entre fatores epidemiológicos maternos e características das malformações fetais, evidenciando necessidade de educação em saúde pré-concepcional

Congenital malformations (CM) are structural/functional alterations that occur in the fetus, leading to a socio-economic and emotional impact. This is a retrospective, documentary study with a quantitative approach aiming at identifying the relationship of risk factors and maternal epidemiological profile with the occurrence of CM. It was based on the analysis of 37 medical charts of pregnant women in a municipality in the metropolitan region of Curitiba-PR, between 2019 and 2021. The data revealed a profile: pregnant, multiparous, obese women between 18 and 36 years old, with comorbidities, with no preconception evaluation. The most affected organic systems were the cardiovascular and the nervous systems or multiple systems. An increased risk of fetal malformations was observed in obese women over 25 years old, who used alcohol or tobacco. Although a single cause of CM in that period and place has not been identified, an association was established between maternal epidemiological factors and characteristics of fetal malformations, highlighting the need for preconception health education.

Las malformaciones congénitas (MC) son alteraciones funcionales que ocurren en el feto, llevando consigo un impacto socioeconómico y emocional. Estudio retrospectivo, documental, con abordaje cuantitativo, con el objetivo de identificar la relación entre los factores de riesgo y el perfil epidemiológico materno con la ocurrencia de MC. Se basó en el análisis de 37 prontuarios de embarazadas del municipio de la región metropolitana de Curitiba-PR, entre 2019 y 2021. Los hallazgos revelaron un perfil: embarazadas entre 18 y 36 años, multíparas, obesas, con comorbilidades, sin evaluación preconcepcional. Los sistemas orgánicos más afectados fueron los sistemas cardiovascular, nervioso o múltiple. Se identificó un mayor riesgo de malformaciones fetales en mujeres mayores de 25 años, obesas, consumidoras de alcohol o tabaco. Aunque no se ha identificado una causa única de MC en ese período y lugar, se estableció una asociación entre los factores epidemiológicos maternos y las características de las malformaciones fetales, destacando la necesidad de la educación sanitaria previa a la concepción

Saúde mental e atuação de psicólogos hospitalares brasileiros na pandemia da covid-19 / Health and works of brazilian hospital psychologists in the covid-19 pandemic / Salud mental y actuación de psicólogos en hospitales brasileños en la pandemia del covid-19

Em março de 2020 a situação causada pela covid-19 foi elevada à categoria de pandemia, impactando de inúmeras formas a vida em sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os impactos da pandemia na atuação e saúde mental do psicólogo hospitalar, profissional que atua nos espaços de saúde e tem experienciado mais de perto o sofrimento dos doentes e dos profissionais de saúde frente à covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo com 131 psicólogos que atuam em hospitais. Os profissionais foram convidados a participar através de redes sociais e redes de contatos das pesquisadoras, utilizando-se a técnica Bola de Neve. Foram utilizados dois questionários, disponibilizados na plataforma Google Forms, um abordando os impactos da pandemia sentidos pelos profissionais e outro referente ao sofrimento psíquico. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Foram observados impactos na atuação de quase a totalidade dos participantes, constatada a necessidade de preparação dos profissionais para o novo cenário, a percepção de pouco apoio institucional e quase metade da população estudada referiu-se a sintomas de sofrimento psíquico considerável desde o início da pandemia. É fundamental dar atenção a sinais e sintomas de sofrimento psíquico, procurando evitar o adoecimento de uma categoria profissional que se encontra na linha de frente do combate aos danos psicológicos da pandemia e cuja própria saúde mental é pouco abordada na literatura.(AU)

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic breakout hugely impacted life in society. This study analyzes how the pandemic impacted hospital psychologists' mental health and performance, professional who more closely experienced the suffering of patients and health professionals in this period. An exploratory and descriptive study was conducted with 131 hospital psychologists. Professionals were invited to participate through the researchers' social and contact networks using the Snowball technique. Data were collected by two questionnaires available on the Google Forms platform, one addressing the impacts felt by professionals and the other regarding psychic suffering, and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that almost all participants had their performance affected by the need to prepare for the new scenario, the perceived little institutional support. Almost half of the study sample reported considerable psychological distress symptoms since the beginning of the pandemic. Paying attention to signs and symptoms of psychic suffering is fundamental to avoid compromising a professional category that is on the front line of combating the psychological damage caused by the pandemic and whose own mental health is little addressed by the literature.(AU)

En marzo de 2020, la situación provocada por el COVID-19 se caracterizó como pandemia e impactó el mundo de diversas maneras. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los impactos de la pandemia en la salud mental y la actuación del psicólogo en los hospitales, uno de los profesionales que trabaja en espacios sanitarios y que ha experimentado más de cerca el sufrimiento de pacientes y profesionales sanitarios frente al COVID-19. Este es un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, realizado con 131 psicólogos que trabajan en hospitales. Los profesionales recibieron la invitación a participar a través de las redes sociales y redes de contactos de las investigadoras, mediante la técnica snowball. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios disponibles en la plataforma Google Forms: uno sobre los impactos de la pandemia en los profesionales y el otro sobre el sufrimiento psíquico. Los datos se analizaron a partir de estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Se observaron impactos en el trabajo de casi todos los participantes, la necesidad de preparación de los profesionales para este nuevo escenario, la percepción de poco apoyo institucional, y casi la mitad de la población estudiada reportaron sentir síntomas de considerable angustia psicológica desde el inicio de la pandemia. Es esencial prestar atención a los signos y síntomas del sufrimiento psíquico, buscando evitar la enfermedad de una categoría profesional que está a la vanguardia de la lucha contra el daño psicológico de la pandemia y cuya propia salud mental se aborda poco en la literatura.(AU)

Factores asociados al cribado de Diabetes Mellitus en población Peruana ¿problema para la salud pública? / Factors Associated with Diabetes Mellitus Screening in Peruvian Population: A public health problem? / Fatores associados à triagem da Diabetes Mellitus na população Peruana: um problema de saúde pública?

Introducción: La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 es una enfermedad que representa un reto para la salud pública por su tendencia al crecimiento e impacto sobre todo en países en desarrollo. Objetivo: determinar los factores asociados a la no realización del cribado de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según la encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar del año 2020 (ENDES-2020). Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico transversal secundario de la ENDES-2020. Resultados: Las variables que mostraron asociación estadísticamente significativa para cribado de DM2 fueron: sexo masculino (PR=1,06, IC95% 1,02­1,10; p<0,001), edad entre 30 a 59 años (0,92; IC95% 0,89­0,95; p<0,001) y 60 años a más (PR=0,72; IC95% 0,65­0,79; p<0,001), educación primaria (PR=0,94, IC 95% 0,92 - 0,99; p<0,020), secundaria (PR=0,93; IC 95% 0,88­0,97; p=0,008) y superior (PR=0,86, IC 95% 0,85­0,94; p<0,001), ser pobre (PR=0,96, IC95% 0,92­0,99; p=0,016), medio (PR=0,93; IC95% 0,88 ­ 0,96; p=0,001), rico (PR=0,89; IC95% 0,84 ­ 0,94; p<0,001), muy rico (PR=0,81; IC95% 0,75­0,86; p<0,001), e hipertensión (PR=0,91; IC 95% 0,867­0,969; p=0,002). Discusión: El sexo masculino fue el único factor asociado a la no realización del cribado de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, mientras que, pertenecer a un grupo de edad mayor, tener hipertensión arterial, mayor nivel educativo y socioeconómico aumentó la posibilidad de realizarlo. Conclusión: Es imprescindible reforzar las estrategias de cribado en el primer nivel de atención, mediante la implementación de medidas de prevención.

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a disease that poses a challenge to public health due to its growth trend and impact, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with not being screened for T2DM according to the 2020 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES-2020). Materials and Methods: Secondary, cross-sectional, analytical study using the ENDES-2020 data. Results: The variables that showed a statistically significant association for T2DM screening were the following: male sex (PR=1.06, 95% CI: 1.02­1.10; p<0.001), ages between 30 and 59 years (0.92, 95% CI: 0.89­0.95; p<0.001) and 60 years and older (PR=0.72, 95% CI: 0.65­0.79; p<0.001), primary education (PR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.92­0.99; p<0.020), secondary education (PR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.88­0.97; p=0.008) higher education (PR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.85­0.94; p<0.001), poor (PR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.92­0.99; p=0.016), middle income (PR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.88­0.96; p=0.001), rich (PR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.84­0.94; p<0.001), very rich (PR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.75­0.86; p<0.001), and hypertension (PR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.867­0.969; p=0.002). Discussion: Being male was the only factor associated with not being screened for T2DM, whereas belonging to an older age group, having arterial hypertension, and having higher education and socioeconomic levels increased the possibility of being screened. Conclusion: It is essential to strengthening screening strategies at the primary level of care by implementing preventive measures.

Introdução: A diabetes melito tipo 2 é uma doença que representa um desafio à saúde pública devido a sua crescente tendência e impacto, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os fatores associados à não realização de triagem para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de acordo com a Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde da Família 2020 (DHS-2020). Materiais e métodos: Estudo analítico transversal secundário do ENDES-2020. Resultados: As variáveis que mostraram associação estatisticamente significativa para a triagem DM2 foram: sexo masculino (PR=1,06, 95%CI 1,02-1,10, p<0,001), idade 30-59 anos (0,92, 95%CI 0,89-0,95, p<0,001) e 60 anos ou mais (PR=0,72, 95%CI 0,65-0,79, p<0,001), educação primária (PR=0,94, 95%CI 0,92-0,99, p<0,020), educação secundária (PR=0,93, 95%CI 0,88-0,97, p=0,008), e educação secundária superior (PR=0,93, 95%CI 0,88-0,97, p=0,008); p=0,008) e superior (PR=0,86, 95% CI 0,85-0,94; p<0,001), pobre (PR=0,96, 95% CI 0,92-0,99; p=0,016), médio (PR=0,93, 95% CI 0,88 - 0,96; p=0,001), rica (PR=0,89; 95%CI 0,84 - 0,94; p<0,001), muito rica (PR=0,81; 95%CI 0,75-0,86; p<0,001), e hipertensão (PR=0,91; 95%CI 0,867-0,969; p=0,002). Discussão: O sexo masculino foi o único fator associado com a não realização de triagem para diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enquanto pertencia a uma faixa etária mais velha, ter hipertensão, educação superior e status socioeconômico aumentou a probabilidade de triagem. Conclusão: É essencial reforçar as estratégias de triagem no nível da atenção primária através da implementação de medidas preventivas.

Factors associated with early weaning and spatial pattern of breastfeeding in territory in the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco, Brazil / Fatores associados ao desmame precoce e padrão espacial do aleitamento materno em território na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco, Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to assess factors associated with early weaning and the pattern of spatial distribution of breastfeeding in the ascription territory of a Basic Health Unit (BHU). Methods: analytic cross-sectional study performed with 47 mothers of children under 2 years of age in a BHU from Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco. The association of independent variables and early weaning was verified using bivariate and multivariate analysis. For spatial analysis of cases of breastfeeding, we applied Kernel density estimation, proximity analysis buffers of the addresses of participants to the Health Unit and flow map. Results: the prevalence of early weaning was 61.7% (CI95% = 47.8-75.6). Factors associated with early weaning were: distance of residence to the BHU higher than 500 meters, not being primiparous, non-participation in educational groups for pregnant women during prenatal period and use of nursing bottles. Being beneficiary of welfare program Bolsa Família and residing in a home with piped water constituted a protective factor for this outcome. Two clusters of early weaning cases were found in locations further away from the BHUs. Conclusions: there was high prevalence of early weaning and association of this outcome with the home-health unit displacement, being primiparous, non-participation of pregnant women in educational activities during prenatal period and use of nursing bottles.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar os fatores associados ao desmame precoce e o padrão de distribuição espacial do aleitamento materno no território de adscrição de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS). Métodos: estudo analítico transversal realizado com 47 mães de crianças menores de dois anos em uma UBS, de Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco. A associação entre as variáveis independentes e o desmame precoce foi verificada por meio de análise bivariada e multivariada. Para análise espacial dos casos de aleitamento materno, empregou-se a técnica de densidade de Kernel, buffers de proximidade dos endereços das participantes à Unidade de Saúde e mapa de fluxo. Resultados: a prevalência de desmame precoce foi de 61,7% (IC95%= 47,8-75,6). Os fatores associados ao desmame precoce foram: distância da residência para a UBS maior de 500 metros, não ser primípara, não participação no grupo educativo de gestante durante o pré-natal e o uso de mamadeira. Receber bolsa família e residir em domicílio com água encanada constituíram fator de proteção a esse desfecho. Encontrou-se dois aglomerados de casos de desmame precoce em locais mais afastados da UBS. Conclusões: houve alta prevalência de desmame precoce e associação deste desfecho com o deslocamento domicílio-unidade de saúde, primiparidade, não participação da gestante em atividades educativas durante o pré-natal e utilização de mamadeira.

Malaria en la región eco-epidemiológica del Caribe Colombiano, 1960-2019 / Malaria in the eco-epidemiological region of the Colombian Caribbean, 1960-2019

La malaria en Colombia tiene un comportamiento heterogéneo y variable, entre las regiones. Para establecer su comportamiento epidemiológico en la región del Caribe colombiano entre 1960 y 2019 se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo a partir de registros del Ministerio de Salud y otras fuentes secundarias. Se definieron variables epidemiológicas y se elaboraron medidas de frecuencia y tendencia central. Se registraron 155 096 casos. Las décadas con mayor número de casos fueron 1990-1999 (20,5%) y 1980-1989 (18,9%). El promedio de casos por década fue de 25 849,3. Los índices parasitarios más elevados se registraron en 1970 (3,3 por 1000 habitantes) y 1981 (3,9 por 1000 habitantes). La especie Plasmodium vivax fue la más frecuente y la mayoría de la carga por grupos de edad se registró en menores de 29 años, entre 2010-2019. La malaria presentó un patrón endemo-epidémico de baja y muy baja intensidad de transmisión, con una tendencia al descenso.

Malaria has a heterogeneous and variable behavior among Colombian regions. In order to establish its epidemiological behavior in the Colombian Caribbean region between 1960 and 2019, we carried out an observational, descriptive and retrospective study based on records from the Ministry of Health and other secondary sources. We defined epidemiological variables and used measures of frequency and central tendency. A total of 155,096 cases were registered. The decades with the highest number of cases were 1990-1999 (20.5%) and 1980-1989 (18.9%). The average number of cases per decade was 25,849.3. The highest parasite rates were recorded in 1970 (3.3 per 1000 population) and 1981 (3.9 per 1000 population). Plasmodium vivax was the most frequent species and most of the burden by age group was found in people under 29 years of age, between 2010-2019. Malaria showed an endemic-epidemic pattern of low and very low transmission intensity, with a decreasing trend.

Marcadores humorales y su relación con variables epidemiológicas en pacientes trasplantados renales / Humoral markers and their relationship with epidemiological variables in kidney transplant patients

RESUMEN Introducción: El trasplante renal es la mejor opción disponible para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal crónica terminal. La determinación de marcadores humorales permite detectar y seguir la evolución del paciente trasplantado renal y la disfunción del injerto, así como sus diversas complicaciones. Objetivos: Relacionar el funcionamiento del trasplante renal realizado a pacientes con un grupo de marcadores humorales. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y de corte transversal en 85 pacientes trasplantados renales, previo consentimiento informado, los cuales constituían la totalidad de los pacientes del Servicio de trasplante renal, en el Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro¼, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2017. Resultados: Predominaron pacientes del sexo masculino, de 40-59 años de edad. La principal enfermedad asociada fue la hipertensión arterial. Del total de trasplantados estaban con funcionabilidad 62 pacientes (72,94 %) y en ellos, fue significativo el aumento de los valores de hematocrito y albúmina, así como el valor medio de la creatinina sérica, ligeramente superior a los valores de referencia. Conclusiones: El rango de edad más frecuente fue de 40-59 años. Prevaleció el sexo masculino asociado con la hipertensión arterial. Predominó la funcionabilidad de los trasplantes realizados precozmente, con menor tiempo en diálisis. En los marcadores humorales la creatinina presentó una asociación significativa. Por otra parte, el hematocrito nunca se normalizó en los no funcionales. El conteo de Addis fue el examen que más modificación precoz sufrió ante cualquier alteración en la función renal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: renal transplantation is the best available option for the treatment of terminal chronic renal failure. The determination of humoral markers makes it possible to detect and follow the evolution of kidney transplant patients and graft dysfunction, as well as its various complications. Objectives: to relate the performance of kidney transplants performed in patients with a group of humoral markers. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out in 85 kidney transplant patients, with prior informed consent, which constituted all the patients of the Kidney Transplant service from "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, between January 2015 and December 2017. Results: male patients aged 40-59 years old predominated. The main associated disease was arterial hypertension. A number of 62 patients from the total number of transplant recipients (72.94%) were functional and the increase in hematocrit and albumin values ​​was significant in them, as well as the mean value of serum creatinine was slightly higher than the reference values. Conclusions: the most frequent age range was 40-59 years. The male gender associated with arterial hypertension prevailed. The functionality of transplants performed early, with less time on dialysis, prevailed. Creatinine had a significant association in the humoral markers. On the other hand, the hematocrit never normalized in non-functional patients. The Addis count was the test that underwent the earliest changes in the event of any alteration in renal function.

[Associated epidemiologic factors with recurring infection of the lower urinary tract in pregnant women]. / Factores epidemiológicos asociados a recurrencia de infecciones de vías urinarias bajas en mujeres gestantes.

Background: The urinary tract infections in pregnant women are the second most frequent medical pathology in pregnancy, presenting an incidence of 5-10%. In Mexico, according to the Mexican Clinical Practice Guide, the incidence is 2%, and establishes a recurrence of 23% of them. Objective: To determine the associated epidemiologic factors with recurring infections in lower urinary tract in pregnant women during the period of May 2019 through May 2020. Material and methods: Analytical observational cross-sectional and retrospective research study, where prenatal control sheets of clinical records were reviewed from the institutional program to identify frequency of recurrence and epidemiologic factors associated with lower urinary tract infections in 90 pregnant women; the variables were analyzed through descriptive statistics and analytical statistics. Results: Of a total of 90 electronic records of pregnant women, a recurrence of lower urinary tract infections was found in 41 patients (45.6%). Conclusions: The prevalence of recurring lower urinary tract infections during pregnancy in our population is alarming in whom no association was found with the presence of the epidemiologic factors studied in the present investigation; however, a tendency of recurrence urinary tract infections was identified in women that are not working, superior level of education, 2 pregnancies or less, patients under 20 years of age and in those who were treated with nitrofurantoin for a period of time less than 7 days.

Introducción: la infección de vías urinarias en las mujeres embarazadas es la segunda patología médica más frecuente en el embarazo, presentando una incidencia del 5-10%. En México, según la Guía de Práctica Clínica Mexicana la incidencia es del 2%, y establece una recurrencia del 23% en ellas. Objetivo: determinar los factores epidemiológicos asociados a la recurrencia de infecciones de vías urinarias bajas en mujeres gestantes adscritas a la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 1 en el periodo de mayo del 2019 a mayo del 2020. Material y métodos: estudio de investigación observacional analítico, transversal y retrospectivo donde se revisaron hojas de control prenatal de expedientes clínicos a partir del programa institucional para identificar la frecuencia de recurrencia y los factores epidemiológicos asociados a las infecciones de vías urinarias bajas en una muestra de 90 mujeres embarazadas; las variables estudiadas se analizaron a través de estadística descriptiva y estadística analítica. Resultados: de un total de 90 expedientes electrónicos de mujeres gestantes, se encontró una recurrencia de infecciones de vías urinarias bajas a lo largo de su embarazo en 41 pacientes. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de recurrencia de infecciones de vías urinarias bajas en el embarazo en nuestra población es alarmante y no se encontró ningún factor epidemiológico asociado a esta situación; sin embargo, si se identificó una tendencia a recurrir infecciones de vías urinarias cuando no son trabajadoras, tienen escolaridad de nivel superior, dos gestas o menos, pacientes jóvenes menores de 20 años de edad y en aquellas que fueron tratadas con nitrofuranos por un periodo de tiempo inferior a 7 días.

Epidemiological study of the bee stings in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, from 2010 to 2019 / Estudo epidemiológico dos acidentes por picada de abelha no estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil, de 2010 a 2019

Introduction: envenomation and deaths by bee stings have increased in all regions of Brazil. However, there are few epidemiological studies on them, especially in the states of northeastern Brazil. Objective: to determine the epidemiological characteristics of bee stings in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, from 2010 to 2019. Methodology: this is a descriptive and analytical epidemiological study conducted through a retrospective survey of secondary data provided by the database of the Notifiable Diseases Information System of the Ministry of Health. Results: between 2010 and 2019, a total of 7,979 cases were analyzed. Incidents were distributed in 356 municipalities, with the highest frequency in the regions of Agreste and Sertão da Bahia. Cases occurred in all months of the investigated years, with a greater occurrence in urban areas, affecting mainly adult men. The anatomical region of the body most affected by the sting was the head and most cases received medical care within 3 hours after the incident. Local manifestations were more frequent than systemic ones. The injuries were predominantly classified as mild and progressed to cure. Conclusions: the high number of cases and their extensive spatial distribution reveal that bee stings may be considered an emerging and neglected public health problem in the state of Bahia.

Introdução: os acidentes e os óbitos causados por picada de abelha têm aumentado em todas as regiões do Brasil. Contudo, existem poucos estudos epidemiológicos sobre acidentes com abelha, principalmente nos estados do Nordeste do Brasil. Objetivo:determinar as características epidemiológicas do acidente por picada de abelha no estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil, de 2010 a 2019. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo e analítico realizado por meio de uma pesquisa retrospectiva de dados secundários disponibilizados pelo banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: entre 2010 e 2019, um total de 7.979 casos foi analisado. Os acidentes foram distribuídos em 356 municípios, com a maior frequência nas regiões do Agreste e do Sertão da Bahia. Os casos ocorreram em todos os meses dos anos investigados, com maior ocorrência em áreas urbanas, afetando principalmente homens adultos. A região anatômica do corpo mais atingida pela picada foi a cabeça e a maioria dos casos recebeu assistência médica até 3 horas após o incidente. As manifestações locais foram mais frequentes do que as sistêmicas. Os agravos foram predominantemente classificados como leve e progrediram para a cura. Conclusões: o elevado número de casos e a sua extensa distribuição espacial revelam que o acidente causado por picada de abelha pode ser considerado um emergente negligenciado problema de saúde pública no estado da Bahia.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and assessment of epidemiologic determinants in Portuguese municipal workers.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in municipal employees of Northern Portugal during the first pandemic wave (May-June 2020) and its association with potentially related risk factors for infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors assessed municipal employees of 2 cities in Northern Portugal, in whom serological tests to SARS-CoV-2 and an epidemiological survey were applied. The authors assessed the proportion of individuals presenting IgM and/or IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, and evaluated the association between having positive serological test results, epidemiologic variables and clinical presentations. Reported symptoms were evaluated on their sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. RESULTS: The authors assessed 1696 employees, of whom 22.0% were firefighters, 10.4% were police officers, 10.3% were maintenance workers, and 8.1% were administrative assistants. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 2.9% (95% CI: 2.1-3.7%). Administrative assistants comprised the professional group with highest seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 1.9 in the comparison with other occupational groups, 95% CI: 0.8-4.3, p = 0.126). The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among those who were in direct contact with COVID-19 patients in their professional activity was 3.9%, compared to 2.7% among those who were not in direct contact with such patients (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8-2.8, p = 0.222). The highest risk of infection was associated with the presence of a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the household (OR = 17.4, 95% CI: 8.3-36.8, p < 0.001). Living with a healthcare professional was not associated with a higher risk of infection (OR = 1.0, 95% CI: 0.4-2.5, p = 0.934). Anosmia/ dysgeusia was the symptom with the highest positive predictive value (52.2%, 95% CI: 31.8-72.6, p < 0.001) and specificity (99.3%, 95% CI: 98.9-99.7, p < 0.001), while cough was the most prevalent symptom among SARS-CoV-2 seropositive participants (36%). CONCLUSIONS: The authors observed a SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 2.9% among assessed municipal employees. Anosmia/dysgeusia was the COVID-19 symptom which displayed the highest positive predictive value and specificity. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(3):297-307.

Tuberculosis resistente a medicamentos de primera línea en pacientes del cantón Durán, Ecuador / First-line drug-resistant tuberculosis in patients from the city of Duran, Ecuador

La tuberculosis continúa siendo un problema de salud pública. Al respecto, se realizó un estudio no experimental de corte transversal, con el objetivo de caracterizar clínica y epidemiológica-mente el estado de la TB resistente a medicamentos de primera línea en la ciudad de Durán, desde enero 2015 hasta diciembre 2019. Los datos incluidos en los documentos de la matriz del programa de tuberculosis resistente. De 1111 casos nuevos de tuberculosis reportados en el cantón Durán durante el período estudiado, 45 de estos presentaron resistencia a medicamentos de primera línea. El 88,89% tuvo resistencia a rifampicina, el 33,33% de los pacientes se dispen-sarizaron en 2019. Los valores de chi cuadrado de Pearson no mostraron asociación estadística-mente significativa entre las variables investigadas (p>0,05). Entre los involucrados predominó el grupo de edades de 20 a 39 años, el sexo masculino, la tuberculosis pulmonar, infectados con VIH/sida, resistencia clasificada como primaria, los que abandonaron el seguimiento al trata-miento y la no manifestación de reacciones adversas a los medicamentos. No se observó mortali-dad entre los casos nuevos, predominando entre aquellos con recaída, el género masculino y los que tuvieron tuberculosis extrapulmonar.

Tuberculosis is a disease that continues to be a public health problem. In this regard, a non-expe-rimental cross-sectional study was carried out to characterize clinically and epidemiologically the status of TB resistant to first-line drugs in the city of Durán, from January 2015 to December 2019. The data included in the resistant tuberculosis program matrix documents. 1111 new cases of tuberculosis were reported in the Duran canton during the study period, 45 of these ones presented resistance to first-line drugs. 88.89% had rifampicin resistance, 33.33% of the patients were dispensed in 2019. Pearson's chi-square values did not show a statistically significant asso-ciation between the investigated variables (p> 0.05). Among the study population, it was predo-minated the age group between 20 and 39, male sex, pulmonary tuberculosis, infected with HIV / AIDS, resistance classified as primary, those who abandoned the follow-up to treatment and the non-manifestation of adverse drug reactions. No mortality was observed among new cases, predominantly among those ones with relapse, the male gender and those ones who had extra-pulmonary tuberculosis

Características epidemiológicas de trabajadores con COVID-19 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social / Epidemiological characteristics of workers with COVID-19 from the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social

Introducción: en diciembre de 2019, el coronavirus 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) provocó un brote en Wuhan, China, de la enfermedad respiratoria denominada COVID-19. A finales de febrero de 2020 se detectó en México el primer caso de COVID-19. Con esta enfermedad, las enfermedades crónicas degenerativas son determinantes para que la comorbilidad continúe en aumento. Objetivo: conocer las características epidemiológicas y la comorbilidad en trabajadores enfermos de COVID-19 del Órgano de Operación Administrativa Desconcentrada Estatal Veracruz Norte, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal que incluyó a 228 pacientes de COVID-19, trabajadores del IMSS. Se analizaron variables como edad, género, así como unidad médica, categoría contractual, comorbilidades, etcétera, las cuales se tomaron de abril a junio de 2020 de la base del Sistema de Notificación en Línea para la Vigilancia Epidemiológica (SINOLAVE). Se empleó estadística descriptiva y chi cuadrada de Pearson, con una p < 0.05. Resultados: se analizaron 228 pacientes. El personal de enfermería fue el de mayor prevalencia, con 101 pacientes (44.3%). Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron la obesidad en primer plano, con 27 pacientes (11.8%), y la diabetes mellitus por sí sola con 15 (6.6%), y en conjunto, con hipertensión arterial, obesidad y ser fumador crónico se presentaron en 22 pacientes (9.6 %). Conclusiones: predominó el personal de enfermería; las comorbilidades prevalentes fueron la obesidad, la diabetes mellitus y la hipertensión arterial

Background: In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused an outbreak of the respiratory disease called COVID-19, in Wuhan, China. At the end of February 2020, it was detected in Mexico the first case of COVID-19. With this disease, chronic degenerative diseases are decisive for comorbidity to continue increasing. Objective: To know the epidemiological characteristics and comorbidity in workers sick with COVID-19 from the Veracruz Norte Regional Deconcentrated Administrative Operation Body, from the Mexican Institute for Social Security (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS). Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 228 COVID-19 patients, who were IMSS workers. Variables such as age, gender, as well as medical unit, contractual category, comorbidities, etc., were analyzed and were taken from April to June 2020 from the Online Notification System for Epidemiological Surveillance (SINOLAVE) database. It was used descriptive statistics, and Pearson's chi-squared, with a p < 0.05. Results: 228 patients were analyzed. The nursing staff was the one with the highest prevalence with 101 patients (44.3%). Comorbidities such as obesity in the foreground, with 27 patients (11.8%), and diabetes mellitus alone with 15 patients (6.6%), and as a group, along with arterial hypertension, obesity and being a chronic smoker in 22 patients (9.6%) were the most frequent. Conclusions: The nursing staff predominated; the prevalent comorbidities were obesity, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension

Avaliação clínica de pacientes vivendo com HIV/AIDS infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 em um hospital terciário: um estudo transversal / Clinical evaluation of patients living with HIV/AIDS infected by SARS-CoV-2 in a tertiary hospital: a cross-sectional study

Introdução: A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) é causada pelo vírus HIV, que ataca o sistema imunológico, responsável por defender o organismo de doenças. A doença é essencialmente caracterizada por uma queda progressiva de linfócitos TCD4 e a perda dessas células resulta no aparecimento de infecções e neoplasias oportunistas, culminando no estado de profunda imunodeficiência. Sem terapia antirretroviral (TARV) eficaz, o HIV leva à depleção de linfócitos T CD4, resultando em uma resposta imune adaptativa enfraquecida. Na presença de TART eficaz, a resposta imune celular se recupera em graus variáveis; no entanto, os indivíduos com HIV parecem permanecer em maior risco de muitas infecções. Quando a COVID-19 começou a surgir no final de 2019 e início de 2020, autoridades e profissionais de saúde assumiram que indivíduos com infecção pelo HIV e outras condições imunocomprometidas estariam em risco particularmente alto de aquisição e doença grave. Pode-se esperar que a COVID-19 seja mais grave em pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV), porque os fatores de risco para gravidade - idade avançada, sexo masculino, hipertensão, diabetes mellitus, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e doença renal - são comuns nesta população. Pessoas HIV positivas têm maior prevalência de síndromes geriátricas, como a da fragilidade, em idades mais jovens. Métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de questionários aplicados para pacientes portadores de HIV/AIDS que foram infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 em acompanhamento no ambulatório de Infectologia do Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo (HSPM). Resultados: Foram analisados 23 pacientes portadores do vírus HIV que apresentaram infecção por SARS-CoV-2 comprovada, sendo 65,2% do sexo masculino e a idade média foi de 55 anos. Entre a população estudada neste trabalho, 87% tiveram sintomas típicos de COVID-19, 21,7% precisaram de internação hospitalar, 8,7% em ambiente de UTI e somente um indivíduo, 4,3%, necessitou de ventilação invasiva. A comorbidade detectada em associação significativa (p<0,05) com a internação hospitalar por COVID-19 foi a dislipidemia. Houve também um percentual de 66,7% de internação hospitalar em indivíduos com obesidade. Nesse estudo foi possível verificar que pacientes com obesidade apresentaram 18 vezes mais chances de internação hospitalar por COVID-19 em comparação a indivíduos não obesos. Conclusão: A evolução clínica da COVID-19 em pacientes vivendo com HIV/AIDS foi fortemente influenciada pelas comorbidades sistêmicas pré-existentes dessa população. A forma grave da doença e, portanto, a necessidade de internação hospitalar, esteve intimamente relacionada com a obesidade e a dislipidemia. A maioria dos pacientes analisados estavam em uso de TARV regularmente e tinham a infecção pelo HIV controlada (níveis adequados de linfócitos TCD4 e carga viral indetectável), evoluíram com sintomas típicos da COVID-19 e não necessitaram de internação hospitalar. Palavras-chave: HIV. AIDS. COVID-19. Terapia antirretroviral de alta Atividade. Infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2.

Territorio Covid: un análisis desde la determinación social / Covid territory: an analysis from the social determination

El presente trabajo persigue los siguientes objetivos: a) Problematizar el concepto de territorio en la pandemia de COVID-19 a partir de la perspectiva de la determinación social. b) Describir socio-históricamente el territorio de atención de la salud en México. c) Establecer líneas de análisis de las expresiones del territorio de atención de la salud en México de acuerdo a los niveles estructurales macro, d) meso y e) micro. Los efectos de la infección biológica de un virus tienen una determinación social que a su vez reconfiguran un territorio covid que resalta los efectos tardíos de las políticas estructurales neoliberales encrudeciendo las desigualdades e inequidades socio históricas. El macro territorio Covid es complejo en sus determinaciones, estructurado a partir de la trama de actores de la implementación de las políticas donde sería preciso indagar la relación entre política sanitaria y territorio refiriéndonos a la singularidad de lo "sectorial" y a sus diferencias con otras lógicas como la "territorial", a fin de conformar un territorio-salud considerando los nudos críticos de desigualdades estructurales.

This paper has the following objectives: a) Problematize the concept of territory in the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of social determination. b) Describe socio-historically the territory of health care in Mexico. c) Establish lines of analysis of the expressions of the territory of health care in Mexico according to the macro, d) meso and e) micro structural levels. The effects of the biological infection of a virus have a social determination that in turn reconfigures a COVID territory that highlights the late effects of neoliberal structural policies, starving socio-historical inequalities and inequities.

Tendencias en el uso de fármacos para la COVID-19 durante la primera ola de la pandemia en un hospital de Lima, Perú / Trends in drugs usage for COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic in a hospital in Lima, Peru

Resumen Con el objetivo de evaluar las tendencias en el uso de fármacos en pacientes con la COVID-19 de un hospital del Perú durante la primera ola de la pandemia se realizó un estudio retrospectivo entre abril y septiembre del 2020. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía por COVID-19 en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (Lima, Perú). De un total de 3103 pacientes, se incluyeron 381 historias clínica (77,4% varones y mediana de edad de 44 años). Se observó un incremento del uso de cuatro fármacos prehospitalarios (azitromicina, ivermectina, corticoides y ceftriaxona), y una disminución del uso de seis fármacos intrahospitalarios (ceftriaxona, azitromicina, hidroxicloroquina, ivermectina, pulso de corticoides y anticoagulación profiláctica); además, el uso de anticoagulación intrahospitalaria aumentó. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el manejo de la COVID-19 varió durante la primera ola de la pandemia, aumentando el uso de fármacos prehospitalarios y disminuyendo el uso de fármacos intrahospitalarios.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological trends in patients with COVID-19 from a hospital in Peru during the first wave of the pandemic. Retrospective study conducted between April and September 2020. The medical records of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia at the Dos de Mayo National Hospital (Lima, Peru) were reviewed. Of a total of 3103 patients, 381 medical records were included (77.4% male, median age: 44 years). The use of four prehospital drugs increased (azithromycin, ivermectin, corticosteroids, and ceftriaxone), while the in-hospital use of six drugs (ceftriaxone, azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, corticosteroid pulse, and prophylactic anticoagulation) decreased and in-hospital anticoagulation use decreased. These findings suggest that the management of COVID-19 has varied during the first wave of the pandemic, typically increasing prehospital drug use and decreasing inpatient use.