Stringent criteria needed for germline genome editing of human IVF embryos.

Germline genome editing of IVF embryos is controversial because it is not directly health or lifesaving but is intended to prevent genetic diseases in yet-unborn future offspring. The following criteria are thus proposed for future clinical trials: (i) Due to medical risks, there should be cautious and judicious application while avoiding any non-essential usage, with rigorous patient counseling. (ii) Genome editing should only be performed on the entire batch of IVF embryos without initial PGT screening if all of them are expected to be affected by genetic disease. (iii) When there is a fair chance that some IVF embryos will not be affected by genetic diseases, initial PGT screening must be performed to identify unaffected embryos for transfer. (iv) IVF embryos with carrier status should not undergo germline genome editing. (v) If patients fail to conceive after the transfer of unaffected embryos, they should undergo another fresh IVF cycle rather than opt for genome editing of their remaining affected embryos. (vi) Only if the patient is unable to produce any more unaffected embryos in a fresh IVF cycle due to advanced maternal age or diminished ovarian reserves, can the genome editing of remaining affected embryos be permitted as a last resort.

Embryology with precision: effective quality control in the in vitro fertilization laboratory.

The purpose of this review is to address the critical need for standardization and clarity in the use of key performance indicators (KPIs) within the realm of in vitro fertilization (IVF), particularly emphasizing the integration of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) processes. This review is timely and relevant given the persistently modest success rates of IVF treatments, which stand at approximately 30%, and the growing complexity of IVF procedures, including PGT practices. The review synthesizes recent findings across studies focusing on technical and clinical KPIs in embryology and genetic laboratories, identifying gaps in current research and practice, particularly the lack of standardized KPIs and terminology. Recent findings highlighted include the critical evaluation of technical KPIs such as Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) fertilization rates, embryo development rates, and laboratory performance metrics, alongside clinical KPIs like the proportion of mature oocytes and clinical pregnancy rates. Notably, the review uncovers a significant gap in integrating and standardizing KPIs for PGT applications, which is essential for improving IVF outcomes and genetic diagnostic accuracy. The implications of these findings are profound for both clinical practice and research. For clinical practice, establishing a standardized set of KPIs, especially for PGT, could significantly enhance the success rates of IVF treatments by providing clearer benchmarks for quality and performance. For research, this review underscores the necessity for further studies to close the identified gaps, promoting a more integrated and standardized approach to KPIs in IVF and PGT processes. This comprehensive approach will not only aid in improving clinical outcomes but also in advancing the field of reproductive medicine.

Impact of body mass index (BMI) on the success rate of fresh embryo transfer in women undergoing first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the success rate and prenatal outcomes of fresh embryo transfer in women undergoing their first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatment. METHODS: It is a post-hoc analysis of a prospective observational cohort study. 2569 Chinese women were grouped in quintiles of BMI and according to the official Chinese classification of body weight. IVF/ICSI and pregnancy outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS: BMI was not associated with IVF/ICSI pregnancy outcomes including hCG positive rate, clinical pregnancy rate, implantation rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, early miscarriage rate, and live birth rate. However, it was negatively related to some pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertension. Additionally, the proportion of Cesarean-section was increased with BMI. As for prenatal outcomes, the current results showed no statistical difference in the number of male and female newborn, the proportion of low live birth weight (<2500 g), macrosomia (≥4000 g) (both in all live birth and full-term live birth), and premature delivery (<37 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: The current study showed that BMI was not associated with embryo transfer outcomes after fresh embryo transfer in women undergoing their first IVF/ICSI treatment, whereas BMI was associated with GDM and gestational hypertension.

Interplay Between mTOR and Hippo Signaling in the Ovary: Clinical Choice Guidance Between Different Gonadotropin Preparations for Better IVF.

One of the most widely used types of assisted reproduction technology is the in vitro fertilization (IVF), in which women undergo controlled ovarian stimulation through the administration of the appropriate hormones to produce as many mature follicles, as possible. The most common hormone combination is the co-administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues with recombinant or urinary-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In the last few years, scientists have begun to explore the effect that different gonadotropin preparations have on granulosa cells' maturation and apoptosis, aiming to identify new predictive markers of oocyte quality and successful fertilization. Two major pathways that control the ovarian development, as well as the oocyte-granulosa cell communication and the follicular growth, are the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and the Hippo signaling. The purpose of this article is to briefly review the current knowledge about the effects that the different gonadotropins, used for ovulation induction, may exert in the biology of granulosa cells, focusing on the importance of these two pathways, which are crucial for follicular maturation. We believe that a better understanding of the influence that the various ovarian stimulation protocols have on these critical molecular cascades will be invaluable in choosing the best approach for a given patient, thereby avoiding cancelled cycles, reducing frustration and potential treatment-related complications, and increasing the pregnancy rate. Moreover, individualizing the treatment plan will help clinicians to better coordinate assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs, discuss the specific options with the couples undergoing IVF, and alleviate stress, thus making the IVF experience easier.

A fine tuning of embryo loading technique by eliminating the air bubble in the outer sheath of embryo catheter among women undergoing IVF treatment.

OBJECTIVES: The role of air bubbles in bracketing the embryo-containing medium in inner catheter during embryo transfer (ET) has already been established. However, the role of air bubbles in outer catheter (OC) during implantation is yet to be determined. This study aimed to compare the implantation rates between women who have undergone ET with or without ASP (Vitrolife®; Sweden), a medium use for oocyte retrieval and rinsing in OC embryo catheter. The purpose of introducing the ASP medium to the OC was to eliminate air bubbles in that space during implantation. METHODS: A total of 312 women were randomly divided into two groups with 156 participants each group. In Group A, ASP medium was used during ET, whereas in Group B, no ASP medium was utilized. Positive implantation was defined as serum beta-hCG level >5 mIU/mL taken on the 7th day following ET. RESULTS: The average age of the majority of the participants was 30-39 years and had at least 4-5 years of subfertility. The unexplained subfertility was the prominent cause of ET failure in both groups. In most of the participants in both groups, ET was done using fresh embryo cycles with good to excellent embryo grades. After the ASP medium was manipulated in the OC in both groups, the positive implantation rate was not different in both groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The elimination of air bubbles in OC by using the ASP medium during ET did not confer an additional benefit nor exert a negative impact on implantation rate.

Guidance on the limits to the number of embryos to transfer: a committee opinion.

On the basis of American Society for Reproductive Medicine and Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology data, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine's guidelines for the limits on the number of embryos to be transferred during in vitro fertilization cycles have been further refined in continuing efforts to promote singleton gestation and reduce the number of multiple pregnancies. This version replaces the document titled "Criteria for number of embryos to transfer: a committee opinion" that was published most recently in August of 2017 (Fertil Steril 2017;107:901-3).

Evidence-based outcomes after oocyte cryopreservation for donor oocyte in vitro fertilization and planned oocyte cryopreservation: a guideline.

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence-based recommendations to practicing physicians and others regarding the efficacy of oocyte cryopreservation (OC) for donor oocyte in vitro fertilization and planned OC. METHODS: The American Society for Reproductive Medicine conducted a literature search, which included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and prospective and retrospective comparative observational studies published from 1986 to 2018. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee and a task force of experts used available evidence and through consensus developed evidence-based guideline recommendations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Outcomes of interest included live birth rate, clinical pregnancy rate, obstetrical and neonatal outcomes, and factors predicting reproductive outcomes. RESULT(S): The literature search identified 30 relevant studies to inform the evidence base for this guideline. RECOMMENDATION(S): Evidence-based recommendations were developed for predicting the likelihood of live births after planned OC, autologous OC in infertile women, and donor OC, as well as factors that may impact live birth rates. Recommendations were developed regarding neonatal outcomes after using fresh vs. cryopreserved oocytes in cases of autologous or donor oocytes. CONCLUSION(S): There is insufficient evidence to predict live birth rates after planned OC. On the basis of limited data, ongoing and live birth rates appear to be improved for women who undergo planned OC at a younger vs. older age. Although there are no significant differences in per transfer pregnancy rates with cryopreserved vs. fresh donor oocytes, there is insufficient evidence that the live birth rate is the same with vitrified vs. fresh donor oocytes. Neonatal outcomes appear similar with cryopreserved oocytes compared with fresh oocytes. Future studies that compare cumulative live birth rates are needed.

What is the optimal timing of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) after EGG retrieval? A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To determine if oocyte denudation and ICSI at 36.5 versus 39 h post HCG and/or Lupron trigger (2.5 h versus 5 h post-oocyte retrieval) influences fertilization and blastulation rates in good prognosis couples METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized controlled trial of 12 patients undergoing IVF with ICSI at an academic fertility center, resulting in 206 MII oocytes analyzed. At time of retrieval, patients with more than 10 oocytes retrieved had their oocytes randomized into two groups-one group for oocyte denudation and ICSI at 36.5 h post HCG and/or Lupron trigger and the other group for these procedures at 39 h post HCG and/or Lupron trigger (2.5 and 5 h after oocyte retrieval). Primary outcomes were fertilization and blastulation rates. RESULTS: No difference was observed in fertilization rate, total blastulation rate, or day of blastulation based on timing of denudation and ICSI (all p > 0.05). Multiple regression analyses for fertilization and blastulation controlling for age and BMI revealed no difference in fertilization based on time of ICSI (p = 0.38, 0.71, respectively). A conditional logistic regression to account for multiple oocytes derived from each patient also found no difference in fertilization or blastulation based on timing of ICSI, even when controlling for age and BMI (p = 0.47, 0.59, respectively). CONCLUSION(S): In good prognosis couples, we observed no difference in fertilization or blastulation rates based on timing of ICSI within the currently accepted 2- to 6-h window post-retrieval based on a 34-h trigger. The oocyte appears to have a physiological tolerance for fertilization during this window of time, and variability in the timing of ICSI during this window is unlikely to have an impact on cycle outcome.

Live birth rates in different subgroups of poor ovarian responders according to Bologna and POSEIDON group classification criteria.

PURPOSE: The present study was designed to compare the live birth rates (LBRs) according to Bologna criteria or Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) group classifications to determine the important predictive factors for LBR in patients with POR. BASIC PROCEDURES: In this cross-sectional study, the database of Royan Institute (Tehran, Iran) from December 2015 to December 2017 was evaluated and the fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles outcomes for all the patients with at least one POR after standard controlled ovarian stimulation were collected. The patients divided into five subgroups according to Bologna criteria and four groups on the basis of POSEIDON group classification. MAIN FINDING: 812 patients with POR diagnosis were assessed which 517 (63.6%) of them were underwent embryo transfer (ET) during the last treatment cycle. According to Bologna criteria, 41 patients were not included in any subgroup and the patients in Bologna group II had highest LBR (19.8%). In terms of POSEIDON classification, all of the patients were classified into subgroups and the women in POSEIDON group III had the highest LBR (27%). According to multivariable regression analysis, the significant independent predictive factors for LBR were the number and morphology (good and excellent) of the embryos transferred, and POSEIDON group III classification. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the POSEIDON group classification could be more comprehensive and practical than Bologna criteria for categorizing POR patients and predicting their outcome. Moreover, the number and morphology of transferred embryos were the most important prognostic factors for live births in these patients.

Optimising Follicular Development, Pituitary Suppression, Triggering and Luteal Phase Support During Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Delphi Consensus.

Background: A Delphi consensus was conducted to evaluate global expert opinions on key aspects of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. Methods: Ten experts plus the Scientific Coordinator discussed and amended statements plus supporting references proposed by the Scientific Coordinator. The statements were distributed via an online survey to 35 experts, who voted on their level of agreement or disagreement with each statement. Consensus was reached if the proportion of participants agreeing or disagreeing with a statement was >66%. Results: Eighteen statements were developed. All statements reached consensus and the most relevant are summarised here. (1) Follicular development and stimulation with gonadotropins (n = 9 statements): Recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) alone is sufficient for follicular development in normogonadotropic patients aged <35 years. Oocyte number and live birth rate are strongly correlated; there is a positive linear correlation with cumulative live birth rate. Different r-hFSH preparations have identical polypeptide chains but different glycosylation patterns, affecting the biospecific activity of r-hFSH. r-hFSH plus recombinant human LH (r-hFSH:r-hLH) demonstrates improved pregnancy rates and cost efficacy versus human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) in patients with severe FSH and LH deficiency. (2) Pituitary suppression (n = 2 statements): Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists are associated with lower rates of any grade ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and cycle cancellation versus GnRH agonists. (3) Final oocyte maturation triggering (n=4 statements): Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) represents the gold standard in fresh cycles. The efficacy of hCG triggering for frozen transfers in modified natural cycles is controversial compared with LH peak monitoring. Current evidence supports significantly higher pregnancy rates with hCG + GnRH agonist versus hCG alone, but further evidence is needed. GnRH agonist trigger, in GnRH antagonist protocol, is recommended for final oocyte maturation in women at risk of OHSS. (4) Luteal-phase support (n = 3 statements): Vaginal progesterone therapy represents the gold standard for luteal-phase support. Conclusions: This Delphi consensus provides a real-world clinical perspective on the specific approaches during the key steps of ART treatment from a diverse group of international experts. Additional guidance from clinicians on ART strategies could complement guidelines and policies, and may help to further improve treatment outcomes.

PGT-A: who and when? Α systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs.

PURPOSE: Wide controversy is still ongoing regarding efficiency of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). This systematic review and meta-analysis, aims to identify the patient age group that benefits from PGT-A and the best day to biopsy. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was performed on MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Library up to May 2020. Eleven randomized controlled trials employing PGT-A with comprehensive chromosomal screening (CCS) on Day-3 or Day-5 were eligible. RESULTS: PGT-A did not improve live-birth rates (LBR) per patient in the general population (RR:1.11; 95%CI:0.87-1.42; n=1513; I2=75%). However, PGT-A lowered miscarriage rate in the general population (RR:0.45; 95%CI:0.25-0.80; n=912; I2=49%). Interestingly, the cumulative LBR per patient was improved by PGT-A (RR:1.36; 95%CI:1.13-1.64; n=580; I2=12%). When performing an age-subgroup analysis PGT-A improved LBR in women over the age of 35 (RR:1.29; 95%CI:1.05-1.60; n=692; I2=0%), whereas it appeared to be ineffective in younger women (RR:0.92; 95%CI:0.62-1.39; n=666; I2=75%). Regarding optimal timing, only day-5 biopsy practice presented with improved LBR per ET (RR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.03-1.82; I2=72%). CONCLUSION: PGT-A did not improve clinical outcomes for the general population, however PGT-A improved live-birth rates strictly when performed on blastocyst stage embryos of women over the 35-year-old mark.

Effects of Early Cumulus Cell Removal on Treatment Outcomes in Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Early cumulus cell removal combined with early rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been widely practiced in many in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers in China in order to avoid total fertilization failure. However, uncertainty remains whether the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes are associated with early cumulus cell removal. Objectives: To investigate if early cumulus cell removal alone after 4 hours co-incubation of gametes (4 h group), has detrimental effect on the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in patients undergoing IVF, through a comparison with conventional cumulus cell removal after 20 hours of insemination (20 h group). Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 1784 patients who underwent their first fresh cleavage stage embryo transfer at the Centre for Assisted Reproduction of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital from June 2016 to December 2018 (4 h group, n=570; 20 h group, n=1214). A logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the independent association between early cumulus cell removal and pregnancy outcomes after adjustment for potential confounders. The neonatal outcomes between the two groups were compared. Results: When compared with the 20 h group, the 4 h group had similar pregnancy outcomes, including rates for biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, live birth. There were 1073 infants delivered after embryo transfer (4 h group, n=337; 20 h group, n=736). Outcomes in both groups were similar for both singleton and twin gestations, including preterm birth rate and very preterm birth rate, mean birth weight, mean gestational age, sex ratio at birth and rate of congenital birth defects. In addition, findings pertaining to singleton gestations were also similar in the two groups for Z-scores (gestational age- and sex-adjusted birth weight), rates of small for gestational age, very small for gestational age, large for gestational age and very large for gestational age infants. Conclusions: In this study early cumulus cell removal alone was not associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. From this perspective, early cumulus cell removal to assess for a potential early rescue ICSI is therefore considered to be a safe option in patients undergoing IVF.

Using outcome data from one thousand mosaic embryo transfers to formulate an embryo ranking system for clinical use.

OBJECTIVE: To study how the attributes of mosaicism identified during preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy relate to clinical outcomes, in order to formulate a ranking system of mosaic embryos for intrauterine transfer. DESIGN: Compiled analysis. SETTING: Multi-center. PATIENT(S): A total of 5,561 euploid blastocysts and 1,000 mosaic blastocysts used in clinical transfers in patients undergoing fertility treatment. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Implantation (gestational sac), ongoing pregnancy, birth, and spontaneous abortion (miscarriage before 20 weeks of gestation). RESULT(S): The euploid group had significantly more favorable rates of implantation and ongoing pregnancy/birth (OP/B) compared with the combined mosaic group or the mosaic group affecting only whole chromosomes (implantation: 57.2% vs. 46.5% vs. 41.8%; OP/B: 52.3% vs. 37.0% vs. 31.3%), as well as lower likelihood of spontaneous abortion (8.6% vs. 20.4% vs. 25%). Whole-chromosome mosaic embryos with level (percent aneuploid cells) <50% had significantly more favorable outcomes than the ≥50% group (implantation: 44.5% vs. 30.4%; OP/B: 36.1% vs. 19.3%). Mosaic type (nature of the aneuploidy implicated in mosaicism) affected outcomes, with a significant correlation between number of affected chromosomes and unfavorable outcomes. This ranged from mosaicism involving segmental abnormalities to complex aneuploidies affecting three or more chromosomes (implantation: 51.6% vs. 30.4%; OP/B: 43.1% vs. 20.8%). Combining mosaic level, type, and embryo morphology revealed the order of subcategories regarding likelihood of positive outcome. CONCLUSION(S): This compiled analysis revealed traits of mosaicism identified with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy that affected outcomes in a statistically significant manner, enabling the formulation of an evidence-based prioritization scheme for mosaic embryos in the clinic.

Clinical outcomes analysis of infertile women with unicornuate uterus in IVF-ET.

PURPOSE: To explore the pregnancy outcomes, and neonatal status, arising from embryo transfer in unicornual uterine infertility patients. METHODS: We analyzed 2499 cycles of clinical data from in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) from 1st May 2016 to 1st May 2018 in the Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, including 109 women with unicornuate uterus (the observation group) and 2390 women with normally shaped uterus (the control group). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in embryo implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate or miscarriage rate (41.88 % VS 42.36 %, P = 0.904; 48.62 % VS 55.94 %, P = 0.133; 11.01 % VS 8.99 %, P = 0.474) between the two groups. The live birth rate in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (35.78 % VS 45.82 %, P = 0.040). The fetal birth weight of the observation group was lower than that of the control group among single-born live births (3009.12 ± 430.59 g VS 3413.40 ± 492.25 g, P = 0.017), but the differences were not observed in the sex ratio at birth, premature birth rate, low birth weight infant (LBW) rate and macrosomia rate (P > 0.05). The fetal birth weight of the observation group was lower than that of the control group among twins live births (2480.00 ± 190.32 g VS 2606.02 ± 471.59 g), but the difference between the groups did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05)．Logistic regression analysis showed that age, number of embryos transplanted and uterine morphology were independent influencing factors of live birth. CONCLUSION: Compared with women with normal uterus, the live birth rate of women with unicornuate uterus is low, and the birth weight of newborns with single birth is reduced.

COVID-19: A review and considerations for the resumption of activities in an IVF laboratory and clinic in Brazil.

COVID-19 has caused radical effects on the daily lives of millions of people. The causal agent of the current pandemic is SARS-CoV-2, a virus that causes symptoms related to the respiratory system, leading to severe complications. In the in vitro fertilization (IVF) universe, there are several protocols for infection control and laboratory safety. Some professional associations have issued guidelines recommending measures involving patient flow and IVF practices. This study presents a review and considerations for the resumption of activities in IVF laboratories and clinics in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to the guidelines and statements from professional organizations and societies in reproductive medicine.

Influence of sperm morphology on pregnancy outcome and offspring in in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a matched case-control study.

Sperm morphology was once believed as one of the most predictive indicators of pregnancy outcome in assisted reproductive technology (ART). However, the impact of teratozoospermia on in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes and its offspring remains inconclusive. In order to evaluate the influence of teratozoospermia on pregnancy outcome and newborn status after IVF and ICSI, a retrospective study was conducted. This was a matched case-control study that included 2202 IVF cycles and 2574 ICSI cycles and was conducted at the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya in Changsha, China, from June 2013 to June 2018. Patients were divided into two groups based on sperm morphology: teratozoospermia and normal sperm group. The pregnancy outcome and newborn outcome were analyzed. The results indicated that couples with teratozoospermia had a significantly lower optimal embryo rate compared to those with normal sperm morphology in IVF (P = 0.007), while there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of the fertilization rate, cleavage rate, implantation rate, and pregnancy rate (all P > 0.05). Additionally, teratozoospermia was associated with lower infant birth weight in multiple births after IVF. With regard to ICSI, there was no significant difference in both pregnancy outcome and newborn outcome between the teratozoospermia and normal groups (both P > 0.05). Furthermore, no increase in the risk of birth defects occurred in the teratozoospermia group after IVF/ICSI. Consequently, we believe that teratozoospermia has limited predictive value for pregnancy outcomes in IVF/ICSI, and has little impact on the resulting offspring if multiple pregnancy is avoided.

Live birth in a complete zona-free patient: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: To report a live birth from a patient with complete zona-free oocytes due to abnormal zona production and to reveal full time-lapse blastocyst development footage of its originating embryo. METHODS: A 34-year-old woman presented with a history of failed fertilization via standard in vitro fertilization insemination and a potential absence of zona pellucida. A total of 3 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles were undertaken with all oocytes collected being zona-free. Embryos created in the initial 2 cycles were cultured in the G1+/G2+ sequential media in a benchtop incubator. During the final successful cycle, the culture strategy was shifted to single step media (G-TL) in an Embryoscope+ incubator. RESULTS: The first 2 attempts led to a biochemical pregnancy or no blastocyst available for transfer. In the third cycle, 13 out of 24 collected oocytes were subjected to injection, with 4 being normally fertilized. Two blastocysts were subsequently formed, in which one was cryopreserved and the other transferred. A live baby girl (1570g) was subsequently delivered at 34 weeks of gestation by cesarean section. CONCLUSION: Live birth can be achieved for patients with zona production deficiency. Adjustment in ovarian stimulation and subsequent embryo culture strategies may have potentially contributed to the success of the 3rd cycle.

High-security closed devices are efficient and safe to protect human oocytes from potential risk of viral contamination during vitrification and storage especially in the COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: The main purpose and research question of the study are to compare the efficacy of high-security closed versus open devices for human oocytes' vitrification. METHODS: A prospective randomized study was conducted. A total of 737 patients attending the Infertility and IVF Unit at S.Orsola University Hospital (Italy) between October 2015 and April 2020 were randomly assigned to two groups. A total of 368 patients were assigned to group 1 (High-Security Vitrification™ - HSV) and 369 to group 2 (Cryotop® open system). Oocyte survival, fertilization, cleavage, pregnancy, implantation, and miscarriage rate were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed on survival rate (70.3% vs. 73.3%), fertilization rate (70.8% vs. 74.9%), cleavage rate (90.6% vs. 90.3%), pregnancy/transfer ratio (32.0% vs. 31.8%), implantation rate (19.7% vs. 19.9%), nor miscarriage rates (22.1% vs. 21.5%) between the two groups. Women's mean age in group 1 (36.18 ± 3.92) and group 2 (35.88 ± 3.88) was not significantly different (P = .297). A total of 4029 oocytes were vitrified (1980 and 2049 in groups 1 and 2 respectively). A total of 2564 were warmed (1469 and 1095 in groups 1 and 2 respectively). A total of 1386 morphologically eligible oocytes were inseminated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (792 and 594 respectively, P = .304). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that the replacement of the open vitrification system by a closed one has no impact on in vitro and in vivo survival, development, pregnancy and implantation rate. Furthermore, to ensure safety, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic, the use of the closed device eliminates the potential samples' contamination during vitrification and storage.

Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology advertising guidelines: How are member clinics doing?

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) member in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers adhere to the Society's new advertising policy, updated in January 2018, and evaluate other services advertised by region, insurance mandate and university affiliation status. Historically, a large percentage of IVF clinics have not adhered to SART guidelines for IVF clinic website advertising and have had variability in how financial incentives and other noncore fertility services are advertised. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): None. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Adherence of SART participating websites to objective criteria from the 2018 SART advertising guidelines. RESULT(S): All 361 SART participating clinic websites were evaluated. Approximately one third of clinics reported success rate statistics directly on their websites, but only 52.6% of those clinics reported current statistics. Similarly, only 67.5% of SART member clinics included the required disclaimer statement regarding their outcome statistics. Only 10.5% of websites were wholly compliant with SART guidelines regarding presentation of supplemental data. There were no significant differences between academic and nonacademic centers, programs in mandated versus nonmandated states, or East versus West Coast clinics in any of these areas. CONCLUSION(S): Many of the SART member websites failed to adhere to core guidelines surrounding reporting IVF clinic success rates. Consideration for additional education and streamlining as well as simplifying success rate advertising guidelines is recommended.