Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases.

Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes to control plaque biofilms and to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the antiplaque, anti-gingivitis, and anti-periodontitis properties of some common compounds in toothpastes and mouthwashes by evaluating basic and clinical studies, especially the ones published in the past five years. The common active ingredients in toothpastes and mouthwashes included in this review are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and two herbs-licorice and curcumin. We believe this comprehensive review will provide useful up-to-date information for dental care professionals and the general public regarding the major oral care products on the market that are in daily use.

Protective effects of SnF2 - Part II. Deposition and retention on pellicle-coated enamel.

UNLABELLED: Deposition of an acid-resistant barrier onto enamel represents a potentially superior means for delivering protection against dietary, erosive acid challenges. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability of a stabilised stannous fluoride (SnF2 ) dentifrice to: (1) deposit a SnF2 barrier layer onto pellicle-coated enamel surfaces; (2) increase the intensity of the barrier layer over time; and (3) be retained on the enamel surface for hours after product use. METHODS: Squares of human enamel were exposed to pooled saliva for 1 hour (pellicle formation) and separated into six sets. Set 1 was treated with the supernatant of a 1:3 slurry of the test dentifrice (Crest(®) Pro-Health(®) : water for 2 minutes), then rinsed. Set 2 was treated in the same manner and then placed into saliva (6 hours). Set 3 was cycled through seven repeated treatments. Set 4 was treated for seven cycles and then placed into saliva (6 hours). Set 5 was a water control, and set 6 was a water control that remained in saliva for 6 hours. Surface analysis of specimens was done using laser ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). RESULTS: Deposition of a barrier layer was demonstrated, beginning with the initial treatment, with Sn (using isotopes (117) Sn + (120) Sn) measured on the enamel surface as the reference marker. Deposition of the barrier layer was greater after seven cycles, and the retention of this layer was highly significant (P = 0.05, anova: 6 hours). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that: (1) the stabilised SnF2 dentifrice deposits a barrier layer onto the enamel surface, beginning with the first use of the product; (2) this barrier is enhanced following multiple treatments; and (3) the barrier layer is retained on the enamel surface for hours after product use.

Potencial de remineralización ultraestructural del vidrio bioactivo versus fluoruro estañoso / Ultrastructural remineralization potential of stannous fluoride versus bioactive glass

Esta investigación fue determinar el potencial de remineralización a nivel ultraestructural del vidrio bioactivo (VBio) en comparación al producido por el fluoruro estañoso (FSn). Se recolectaron 10 molares humanos del servicio CAMIULA. Se dividieron en 4 partes con sierra de precisión: Grupo A (Superficie no tratada control), Grupo B (Superficie desmineralizada control), Grupo C (Superficie con VBio), Grupo D (Superficie con FSn). Los grupos B, C, D fueron sometidos a desmineralizaron en una solución acuosa de metilcelulosa al 8% (1500cP, 63 kDa) cubierta con un volumen igual de 0.1 mol/1 de acido láctico, pH ajustado con KOH; por un periodo de 5 días a un pH de 4.6 a 37 ºC. Posteriormente el Grupo C fue sometido a régimen de remineralización con Biogran® (Biomet 3iTM) a una concentración de 5wT% 2 veces al día por 15 días; igualmente el Grupo D se sometió de fluoruro estañoso Gel Kam (Colgate Palmolive®) al 0,4% 2 veces al día por 15 días. Las muestras de cada grupo fueron preparadas para SEM y para el análisis de elementos mediante EDS (O, P, Ca, Sn y Si). Los datos del EDS se analizaron con ANOVA Univariante para la diferencia en el porcentaje de elementos en 2 niveles (Elementos, Tratamiento). Los datos del SEM para las variables disminución de poros (DP) y espacios (DE) en función del tratamiento con prueba del chi-cuadrado (X2) , del paquete estadístico SPSS 19. El valor de alfa fue establecido en 0.05. La diferencia en el porcentaje de elementos promedio de cada elemento y la desviación estándar (±SD) se muestran a continuación: Grupo VBio: O= -0,89 (6,19); P= -0,39 (1,26); Ca 0,99 (5,19); Si 0,07 (0,09) y Grupo FSn: O= -5,97 (8,4); P= -1,16 (1,4); Ca -5,14 (3,95); Sn 12,19 (5,66). El ANOVA, nivel Tratamiento p= 0,977, sin diferencias significativas. El nivel Elementos el valor de p= 0,000, con diferencias significativas. La variable DP con IC: 95%= 34,65 - 93,5% en ambos tratamientos, el X2 p=1 sin diferencias significativas...

To determine the potential for remineralization at an ultraestructural level of Bioactive glass (VBio) when compared to stannous fluoride (FSn). 10 human molars were collected from CAMIULA (a dentistry service of the University of Los Andes, Venezuela). The teeth were divided in four parts with a precision saw: Group (untreated surface - control), Group B (demineralized surface - control), Group C (Surface with VBio), Group D (Surface with FSn). Groups B, C and D were submitted to demineralization in a 8% metilcelulose aqueous solution (1500cP, 63 kDa) covered with an equal volume of 0.1 mol/1 of lactic acid, with an adjusted pH with KOH at 4.6 a 37 ºC for a 5-days period. Later, Group C was exposed to a remineralization regime with Biogran® (Biomet 3iTM) at a 5wT% concentration twice a day 2 for 15 days. Likely, Group D was exposed to a regime with stannous fluoride Gel Kam (Colgate Palmolive®) at 0,4% 2 twice a day for 15 days. The samples from each group were prepared for SEM and the elements analysis through EDS (O, P, Ca, Sn y Si). Data from EDS were analyses with Univariant ANOVA for the difference in the percentage of elements at two levels (Elements, Treatment). Data from SEM for the variables porosity diminish and spaces (DP and DE, respectively) in relation to treatment with Chi Squared X2 , by using the statistics package SPSS 19. Significance level was established at 0.05. Differences in the percentage of average elements of each element and standard deviation (±SD) were as follow: VBio Group: O= -0,89 (6,19); P= -0,39 (1,26); Ca 0,99 (5,19); if 0,07 (0,09) and FSn Group: O= -5,97 (8,4); P= -1,16 (1,4); Ca -5,14 (3,95); Sn 12,19 (5,66). ANOVA results showed treatment level p= 0,977, with no statistically significant differences. The Elements there were statistically significant differences (p= 0,000). The variable DP with IC: 95%= 34, 65 - 93,5% for both treatment; X2 p=1 showed no statistically significant differences....

In situ fluoride retention in enamel and dentine after the use of an amine fluoride dentifrice and amine fluoride/sodium fluoride mouthrinse.

The aim of this in situ investigation was to study the effect of an amine fluoride/sodium fluoride mouthrinse (total F = 250 ppm) in addition to an amine fluoride dentifrice (F = 1,250 ppm) on the amount of acquired fluoride in enamel and dentine. In the partial prosthesis of 12 participants a combined specimen of slightly demineralized enamel and dentine was placed. During two consecutive experiments, each lasting 3 weeks, the participants used an amine fluoride dentifrice alone or in combination with a fluoride mouthrinse. After the in situ period the specimens were retrieved and both the enamel and the dentine specimens were analysed for the amount of KOH-soluble fluoride and structurally bound fluoride. The results showed a significant increase in both KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride in enamel and dentine when a fluoride mouthrinse was used. Whether the rinsing procedure was performed immediately after toothbrushing or with a delay of 2 h did not influence the results. Furthermore it was shown that dentine acquired substantially more fluoride than enamel during the experimental period. The results indicate that a fluoride mouthrinse used in addition to a fluoride dentifrice may have a beneficial effect on the protection of enamel and dentine against caries.

Influência do pré-tratamento com fluoreto estanoso e fluoreto de sódio, sobre o metabolismo da placa dentária humana (estudo "in vitro") / Influence of the pre-treatment with stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride, on the human dental plaque metabolism (\"in vitro\" study)

Foi avaliada "in vitro", a influência do pré-tratamento com soluçöes de fluoreto estanoso e fluoreto de sódio sobre a fermentaçäo e a síntese de polissacarídeos extracelulares insolúveis (PEI) da placa dentária de crianças entre 7 e 12 anos de idadde. Todas as substâncias testadas inibiram tanto a fermentaçäo como a síntese de PEI. As diferenças das porcentagens de inibiçäo, tanto da fermentaçäo, quanto da síntese de PEI, foram estatisticamente significantes e maiores para o fluoreto estanoso (SnF2) em relaçäo aos fluoretos de sódio (NaF I e NaF II), e para o NaF I em relaçäo ao NAF II

In vivo fluoride uptake in enamel and dentin from fluoride-containing materials.

The ability of fluoride-containing materials to deposit fluoride into the cavity walls could be a measure of their anticariogenic properties. Great penetration depths of fluoride were found in all groups in this study, with deeper penetration in dentin compared to enamel.

Safety and antibacterial properties of controlled release SnF2.

Two clinical studies were performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an intracoronal device for the controlled release of SnF2. SnF2-polycarboxylate cement, containing approximately 72 mg F-, was placed in subjects' molars requiring two-surface restorations. In the trial for safety, eight subjects had the restoration in place for 34 days. The salivary fluoride levels were elevated to a mean of 0.3/10(6) over the experimental period. Urinary fluoride levels were only above baseline levels during the first few days. The restoration's physical properties were adequate; however, subjects experienced gingival irritation in areas where the restoration was contacted with gingiva. In the trial for efficacy, fourteen subjects had either a SnF2-polycarboxylate or a placebo restoration placed in a molar tooth during a 2 week period of no oral hygiene. During the experimental period, the control subjects had higher levels of salivary total CFU, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans: while the subjects with the SnF2 restoration had increased S. sanguis and decreased S. mutans levels. No differences in G.I. or PL 1 scores were noted between groups. Further development of this controlled release system should include using the SnF2-polycarboxylate restoration in more than one tooth per subject to increase the fluoride reservoir, and not allowing the restoration to contact gingival tissues.

Tensile strength of the bond between resin to enamel etched with phosphoric acid containing fluoride.

The tensile bond strength of Epoxylite 9075 and Enamelite to enamel treated with NaF and SnF2, at two concentrations, in the etching acid (H3PO4) was determined. The average fracture stress of those samples in which fracture occurred in the resin only, may be considered as the tensile strength of the resin, 69.8 +/- 5.6 kg/cm2. The mean fracture stresses of the Epoxy 9075 systems etched with pure phosphoric acid or with acid solutions containing 0.5% F salts were significantly higher than those treated with acid solutions containing 2% F salts. Incorporation of NaF or SnF2 in the etching solutions highly increased the fluoride concentration of enamel. The fluoride increase dependend on the fluoride concentration of the etching solution and was greater for NaF than SnF2.

SnF2 treatment of enamel, hydroxyapatite or brushite at 37 degrees C and 50 degrees C: an infra-red investigation.

The effect of 4% SnF2 on brushite, hydroxyapatite and powdered bovine enamel applied for short, 15 or 30 minute, periods was investigated using infra-red spectroscopy. It was found that brushite was converted into a fluoridated hydroxyapatite, a reaction which was both time and temperature dependent. The reactions of hydroxyapatite and powdered enamel with SnF2 were similar. There was a drop in the OH- peak intesities. X-ray diffraction analysis of these samples showed that F- ions occupied mainly OH positions in the hydroxyapatite lattice structure. In all reactions an increase in temperature from 37 degrees C to 50 degrees C increased the reaction speed by at least a factor 2. The most probable result of in vivi SnF2 application on sound enamel is the formation of a fluoridated hydroxyapatite together wity stannous complexes and amorphous CaF2. In demineralized areas some of the brushite is converted into a fluoridated hydroxyapatite as is some of the remaining hydroxyapatite. In the more protected area of an enamel lesion these reactions may well continue for some time after the topical fluoride application; Sn2F3PO4 may also therefore be formed.