Decreased neutrophil function in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients is restored with lenalidomide therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Bacterial infections are common and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in multiple myeloma (MM). We have investigated the function of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), the immune system's first line of defense against bacteria, in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples from patients with newly diagnosed MM (NDMM), smoldering MM (SMM), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and healthy controls. METHODS: Phagocytosis and oxidative burst in PMN cells from patients and healthy donors were investigated using PhagoTest and PhagoBurst assay. RESULTS: PMN from NDMM, SMM, and MGUS patients had reduced phagocytosis and oxidative burst ability compared with healthy controls. The dysfunction was most prominent in BM samples from MM, SMM, and MGUS patients. Importantly the reduced phagocytosis in MM patients was restored in patients on lenalidomide therapy. Consistently the ability of Escherichia coli stimulated oxidative burst in BM was reduced for the MM, SMM, and MGUS cohort in contrast to the healthy controls and the patients on lenalidomide treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results show that MM patients have neutrophil dysfunction that could contribute to susceptibility for bacterial infections and that lenalidomide therapy was associated with restored PMN function.

Regression of Intermediate-High Risk Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) With Long-term Use of Curcumin: A Case Report.

Patients with intermediate-high risk MGUS are not offered therapeutic options to date and standard of care remains observation with re-evaluations of the patient every 3 to 6 months. Given the persistent risk of progression as well as potential complications experienced by some, and anxiety experienced by most patients, early intervention with non-toxic curcumin, aimed at potentially slowing down or stopping disease progression might be therapeutic. We present here an intermediate-high risk MGUS patient who has been taking curcumin for 16 years and has shown a decrease in disease markers and an increase in uninvolved immunoglobulins, adding to the body of evidence of benefit of curcumin to MGUS patients.

Improvement of Light Chain Proximal Tubulopathy without Crystals in IgGλ-type Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Using Bortezomib and Dexamethasone.

A 70-year-old woman with acute kidney injury, a high serum Creatinine (Cr) level (3.91 mg/dL), and proteinuria (protein/Cr ratio 1.59 g/gCr) was admitted. Serum IgG λ-type and urinary λ-type M proteins were observed. A bone marrow examination indicated monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). A renal biopsy showed distended proximal tubular cells, and immunofluorescence identified tissue positive for proximal tubular cell λ light chains. Electron microscopy identified fibril-like structures in the lysosomes. The patient was diagnosed with light chain proximal tubulopathy without crystals in IgG λ-type MGUS and treated with bortezomib and dexamethasone therapy, which improved her renal function.

Evolution of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in patients treated with JAK inhibitors for rheumatic diseases: data from the MAJIK-SFR registry.

OBJECTIVE: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is common, but there are scarce data regarding the effect of DMARDs on this premalignant condition. We aimed to evaluate the impact of JAK inhibitors (JAKis) on MGUS when initiated for an active rheumatic disease. METHODS: Patients with monoclonal abnormality prior to JAKi initiation for an active rheumatic disease were identified through the MAJIK-SFR Registry, a French multicentre prospective study. Clinical and biological data were collected using a standardized case report form. RESULTS: Twenty patients were identified with a mean age of 65 years and a diagnosis of RA (n = 15), PsA (n = 3), and axial SpA (n = 2). The JAKi prescribed was baricitinib (n = 9), tofacitinib (n = 6) or upadacitinib (n = 5), with a mean duration of 15.5 months. Seventeen patients had individualized serum monoclonal protein (IgG kappa n = 9; IgG lambda n = 4; IgM kappa n = 3; IgA lambda n = 1) ranging from 0.16 to 2.3 g/dl, and three patients did not have an initial measurable spike but they had a positive serum immunofixation. With a follow-up of 4-28 months, the serum monoclonal protein level decreased in 8 of 17 patients (47%), remained stable in 8 patients (47%) and increased in 1 patient (6%). The maximal decrease observed was an initial IgG kappa of 2.3 g/dl, decreasing to 0.2 g/dl at month 14. CONCLUSION: This study provides reassuring and promising data on MGUS evolution in patients treated with JAKis for rheumatic diseases, which may guide the choice of treatment in patients with both conditions.

Impact of viral hepatitis therapy in multiple myeloma and other monoclonal gammopathies linked to hepatitis B or C viruses.

Subsets of multiple myeloma (MM) and monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS) present with a monoclonal immunoglobulin specific for hepatitis C virus (HCV), thus are presumably HCV-driven, and antiviral treatment can lead to the disappearance of antigen stimulation and improved control of clonal plasma cells. Here we studied the role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the pathogenesis of MGUS and MM in 45 HBV-infected patients with monoclonal gammopathy. We analyzed the specificity of recognition of the monoclonal immunoglobulin of these patients and validated the efficacy of antiviral treatment (AVT). For 18 of 45 (40%) HBV-infected patients, the target of the monoclonal immunoglobulin was identified: the most frequent target was HBV (n=11), followed by other infectious pathogens (n=6) and glucosylsphingosine (n=1). Two patients whose monoclonal immunoglobulin targeted HBV (HBx and HBcAg), implying that their gammopathy was HBV-driven, received AVT and the gammopathy did not progress. AVT efficacy was then investigated in a large cohort of HBV-infected MM patients (n=1367) who received or did not receive anti-HBV treatments and compared to a cohort of HCV-infected MM patients (n=1220). AVT significantly improved patient probability of overall survival (P=0.016 for the HBV-positive cohort, P=0.005 for the HCV-positive cohort). Altogether, MGUS and MM disease can be HBV- or HCV-driven in infected patients, and the study demonstrates the importance of AVT in such patients.

Type 1 Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Due to Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Successfully Treated by Bortezomib Plus Dexamethasone.

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate in cold conditions. Type I cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is associated with hematological malignancies. We herein report a case of steroid-resistant type 1 cryoglobulinemic vasculitis associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in a 47-year-old woman. By immunofixation of cryoglobulin, we found that the main component of cryoglobulin was the M protein due to MGUS, so treatment of MGUS was needed. Bortezomib+dexamethasone therapy resulted in a rapid decrease in cryoglobulin and improvement in the symptoms of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. In refractory type I cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, treatment of the underlying gammaglobulinopathy should be considered.

Sporadic Late-Onset Nemaline Myopathy: Current Landscape.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sporadic late-onset nemaline myopathy (SLONM) is a rare adult-onset, acquired, muscle disease that can be associated with monoclonal gammopathy or HIV infection. The pathological hallmark of SLONM is the accumulation of nemaline rods in muscle fibers. We review here current knowledge about its presentation, pathophysiology, and management. RECENT FINDINGS: SLONM usually manifests with subacutely progressive proximal and axial weakness, but it can also present with chronic progressive weakness mimicking muscular dystrophy. The pathophysiology of the disease remains poorly understood, with evidence pointing to both autoimmune mechanisms and hematological neoplasia. Recent studies have identified histological, proteomic, and transcriptomic alterations that shed light on disease mechanisms and distinguish SLONM from inherited nemaline myopathies. A majority of SLONM patients respond to intravenous immunoglobulins, chemotherapy, or hematopoietic stem cell transplant. SLONM is a treatable myopathy, although its underlying etiology and pathomechanisms remain unclear. A high degree of suspicion should be maintained for this disease to reduce diagnostic delay and treatment in SLONM and facilitate its distinction from inherited nemaline myopathies.

Acquired von willebrand syndrome secondary to monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: long-term remission after treatment with bortezomib.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a plasma cell disorder that can precede the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. MGUS is characterized by the presence of a monoclonal paraprotein without evidence of multiple myeloma or other lymphoplasmacytic malignancies. Even though MGUS is an asymptomatic condition that does not require management strategies other than periodic follow-up to prevent complications, secondary nonmalignant diseases may arise, requiring control of the plasma cell clone. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) is a rare bleeding disorder that occurs in patients with no prior personal or family history of bleeding. It is associated with several other disorders, such as neoplasia, mainly hematological (including MGUS and other lymphoproliferative disorders), autoimmune, infectious and cardiac diseases. At diagnosis, patients usually present with cutaneous and mucosal bleeding, including gastrointestinal bleeding. Here, we report a case of a patient with MGUS who developed AVWS after one year of follow-up. The patient was refractory to glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide and achieved remission only after monoclonal paraprotein was eradicated following treatment with bortezomib and dexamethasone. Our report sdemonstrates that, for refractory cases, eradication of the monoclonal paraprotein may be necessary to treat bleeding complications due to MGUS-associated AVWS.

Artificial intelligence-enabled screening strategy for drug repurposing in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a benign hematological condition with the potential to progress to malignant conditions including multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Medications that modify progression risk have yet to be identified. To investigate, we leveraged machine-learning and electronic health record (EHR) data to screen for drug repurposing candidates. We extracted clinical and laboratory data from a manually curated MGUS database, containing 16,752 MGUS patients diagnosed from January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2021, prospectively maintained at Mayo Clinic. We merged this with comorbidity and medication data from the EHR. Medications were mapped to 21 drug classes of interest. The XGBoost module was then used to train a primary Cox survival model; sensitivity analyses were also performed limiting the study group to those with non-IgM MGUS and those with M-spikes >0.3 g/dl. The impact of explanatory features was quantified as hazard ratios after generating distributions using bootstrapping. Medication data were available for 12,253 patients; those without medications data were excluded. Our model achieved a good fit of the data with inverse probability of censoring weights concordance index of 0.883. The presence of multivitamins, immunosuppression, non-coronary NSAIDS, proton pump inhibitors, vitamin D supplementation, opioids, statins and beta-blockers were associated with significantly lower hazard ratio for MGUS progression in our primary model; multivitamins and non-coronary NSAIDs remained significant across both sensitivity analyses. This work could inform subsequent prospective studies, or similar studies in other disease states.

Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Associated with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Developed after Sustained Virologic Response of Hepatitis C.

A 72-year-old woman had a history of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection previously treated with interferon to achieve a sustained virologic response. Thereafter, she developed polyarthritis and purpura of the lower extremities as well as progressive renal dysfunction with hypertension and proteinuria that had occurred in the last three months. Laboratory investigations revealed seropositivity for cryoglobulin but negative findings for HCV RNA. She was ultimately diagnosed with cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis complicated by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) based on the pathological findings of the kidney and bone marrow, indicating that MGUS-induced cryoglobulinemic vasculitis may occur even after HCV elimination.

Fibronectin glomerulopathy with monoclonal gammopathy responding to bortezomib plus dexamethasone: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Fibronectin glomerulopathy is a rare, familial glomerular disease characterized by mesangial fibronectin deposition in the glomeruli. It is caused by the genetic defect in fibronectin and does not involve the activation of the immune system. Therefore, glomerular immunoglobulin and complement staining is generally absent or weak. Monoclonal gammopathy (MG) is an increasing cause of renal lesion, featured by light chain (κ or λ) and/or heavy chain restriction in glomeruli. Herein, we report a case of fibronectin glomerulopathy presenting as strong IgA and C3 immunostaining in renal biopsy, concomitant with monoclonal gammopathy (monoclonal IgA κ). CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for one-month pedal edema. The serum albumin of 19.6 g/l, and the 24-h urine protein was 15.092 g. Immunofixation electrophoresis displayed monoclonal IgA. The renal biopsy showed the mesangial deposits positive for IgA (3+) and C3 (3+) and also for IgG (2+), IgM (2+), and C1q (2+) IF microscopy. In addition, the staining intensity of light chain κ was slight greater than that of light chain λ. The glomerular deposits were strongly positive by FN by immuohistochemistry. The patient was treated with bortezomib, dexamethasone in combination with cyclophosphamide and gained partial remission. CONCLUSION: We present the first FNG patient with strong IgA and C3 immunostaining in the context of monoclonal IgA κ in the circulation. Perhaps FNG, monoclonal IgA κ and immune activation are potentially interplayed and eventually induce renal injuries.

Successful use of lenalidomide to treat refractory acquired von Willebrand disease associated with monoclonal gammopathy.

Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by quantitative or qualitative defects of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein crucial for normal hemostasis. AVWS has been described in association with several pathologic entities with varied mechanisms. Among these, lymphoproliferative disorders are the most common, with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) being the most frequently reported. AVWS in this setting is commonly associated with the development of bleeding that is clinically challenging to manage due to accelerated clearance of vWF, limiting the utility of many conventional treatment modalities such as DDAVP or vWF/FVIII. We report a case of a 43-year-old male who was sent to our institution for new-onset easy bruising and laboratories concerning for von Willebrand disease (vWD). Further diagnostic workup revealed evidence of an IgG monoclonal gammopathy and findings suggestive of vWF inhibition. Ultimately, he was found to have monoclonal gammopathy of clinical significance (MGCS)-associated AVWS refractory to conventional treatment but responsive to lenalidomide and dexamethasone. This case suggests that lenalidomide may be suitable for patients with AVWS secondary to MGCS.

Combined Therapy with Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal Gammopathy, and Skin Changes Syndrome.

Objective Immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors are therapeutic options for polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (IRd) for POEMS syndrome. Methods Six consecutive patients with POEMS syndrome who were treated with the IRd regimen at Chiba University Hospital between April 2018 and August 2021 were included. Serum M-protein and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (sVEGF) levels, overall neuropathy limitation scales (ONLS), clinical symptoms, and adverse events were assessed. Results Of the six patients, five had received prior treatments. Patients received a median of 5 cycles (range, 3-28 cycles) of IRd. Following treatment, serum M-protein disappeared in two patients, sVEGF levels returned to normal in two patients, two patients showed a reduction in the ONLS of 1, and clinical symptoms improved in four patients. The median level of sVEGF decreased from 2,395 pg/mL (range, 802-6,120 pg/mL) to 1,428 pg/mL (range, 183-3,680 pg/mL) in three months. Adverse events, including rash, neutropenia, sensory peripheral neuropathy, and nausea, were observed in three patients, which necessitated dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment. Conclusion IRd can be a therapeutic option for POEMS syndrome, albeit with careful monitoring of adverse events.

IgA vasculitis with underlying monoclonal IgA gammopathy: innovative therapeutic approach targeting plasma cells. A case series.

OBJECTIVE: There is currently no evidence of the possible benefit of plasma cell-targeting therapies (PCTT) in immunoglobulin A (IgA) monoclonal gammopathy (MG) associated with IgA vasculitis (IgAV). We report the outcome of different PCTT regimens in a cohort of MG-IgAV. METHODS: We used a French network to retrospectively describe the outcome of MG-IgAV patients treated with PCTT. RESULTS: Five patients were included (mean age 65 years). All patients had severe baseline presentation including extensive necrotic purpura (n = 5), gastrointestinal involvement (n = 2), peripheral neuropathies (n = 2), and glomerulonephritis (n = 1). Two patients had IgA indolent multiple myeloma and three had IgA "MG of undetermined significance." Monotypic IgA deposition in the skin vessels wall was highlighted using an immunofluorescence assay. Cases of vasculitis in three patients (n = 3) were refractory to multiple line therapies, including cyclophosphamide (n = 3) or rituximab. Finally, PCTT including bortezomib plus cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone, bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone, or bortezomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone were proposed, allowing complete remission in 4/5 patients without major adverse drug events. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the MG-IgAV phenotype might be distinctive of usual IgAV (severe and refractory to conventional immunosuppressive regimens) and supports the benefit of PCTT. This study sheds new light on the overall biology of IgAV, strengthening the pathogenic role of the monoclonal IgA component in IgAV.

Severe Anemia Due to Cold Agglutinin Syndrome in a COVID-19 Patient with IgM Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Successfully Treated with Corticosteroids.

Secondary cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) is autoimmune hemolytic anemia secondary to infections and lymphoid disorder. We here report the first Asian case of CAS secondary to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A 72-year-old Japanese woman presented with a 2-week history of dyspnea and cough, and laboratory data revealed severe hemolytic anemia with a hemoglobin level of 4.7 g/dL. She was diagnosed with COVID-19, CAS, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). The anemia responded to corticosteroids administered for COVID-19 and required maintenance therapy. Although corticosteroids are not a standard therapy for CAS, they might be effective for CAS secondary to COVID-19 complicated with MGUS.

Reduced Progression of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance to Multiple Myeloma in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Will Metformin Never Stop Its Pleasant Surprises?

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is an asymptomatic plasma cell disorder characterised by a serum M protein level below 3 g/dL, percentage of bone marrow clonal plasma cells below 10%, absence of end-organ damage (hypercalcaemia, renal insufficiency, anaemia, bone lesions) and absence of any other disease known to produce M protein. MGUS may progress to myeloproliferative disorders or multiple myeloma, but very little is known about any modifiable risk factors or any preventative treatment that might delay this progression. Metformin has begun to be discussed as a potentially useful agent on the basis of the results of epidemiological and preclinical research showing that it may be beneficial in patients with leukaemia, lymphomas and multiple myeloma. Metformin studies dedicated to MGUS are currently very limited, yet it would appear that there may be hope for reducing progression of MGUS to multiple myeloma with metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, more data is needed until we reach a clearer view of what is to be gained with metformin in this setting.

Refractory adult-onset Still's disease complicated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: A case report.

RATIONALE: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by a classic triad of daily spike fever, arthritis, and a typical salmon-pink rash. The involvement of inflammatory cytokines by various factors such as infection, drug, or neoplasm causes refractory AOSD. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a 63-year-old man with a high fever, rash, hyperferritinemia, and M proteinemia. His serum levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-18 were remarkably high at 192 and 114,250 pg/mL, respectively. DIAGNOSIS: AOSD complicated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance was diagnosed. INTERVENTIONS: After steroid pulse therapy followed by oral prednisolone, cyclosporin, methotrexate, and colchicine, serum ferritin levels temporarily declined, but secondary cytomegalovirus infections exacerbated AOSD's activity. OUTCOMES: Finally, after tocilizumab induction, AOSD activity was gradually suppressed over a long period. LESSONS: The disease activity of AOSD is exacerbated by multiple factors, including comorbidities or infections. Clinicians need to consider that monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance complications might become AOSD refractory by an elevation of the inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, further prospective studies are required to confirm this result.

CB-LPD, MGUS, T-LGLL, and PRCA: A rare case report of 4 concomitant hematological disorders.

RATIONALE: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a clinically asymptomatic clonal plasma cell or lymphoplasmacytic proliferative disorder. Recently, some case reports have described the association of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) with MGUS, even with a relatively low monoclonal immunoglobulin burden. T large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by clonal expansion of T large granular lymphocytes, which is rare in China. There are some reports about T-LGL leukemia in patients with B-cell lymphoma; however, it is very rare that T-LGLL coexists with MGUS and clonal B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (CB-LPD). PATIENT CONCERNS: A 77-year-old man was hospitalized because of anemia. He was diagnosed with MGUS, CB-LPD, and PRCA. During the development of the disease, a group of abnormal T lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry of peripheral blood. DIAGNOSIS: Combining clinical manifestations with the result of T cell receptor gene rearrangement and immunophenotype, it was consistent with the diagnosis of T large granular lymphocyte leukemia. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was treat with bortezomib and dexamethasone regimen, Rituximab and sirolimus. OUTCOMES: The patient was transfusion independent after therapies. LESSONS: We report a patient with 4 concomitant hematological disorders: T-LGLL, MGUS, CB-LPD, and PRCA, aiming to represent the clinical and flow cytometry characteristics of these concomitant diseases, analyze the mechanism between diseases, and provide a clinical reference.

The benefits of early intervention using lenalidomide for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma: emerging data and its promising clinical impact.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple myeloma is preceded by the early stages: monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (M.G.U.S.) and smoldering myeloma (S.M.M.), which are less genomically complex and where patients are overall healthier with preserved quality of life. AREAS COVERED: This review focuses on the current evidence in risk stratification and initial therapy for these patients with the goal to delay progression to and/or cure multiple myeloma. EXPERT OPINION: Advances in the understanding of the factors that contribute to myeloma evolution coupled with new therapeutics that have high efficacy and limited toxicity have revolutionized our approach to early myeloma. Although our current recommendation continues to be to observe S.M.M. outside of clinical trials, the clinical benefit of lenalidomide sets the stage for combinations with immunotherapy, which, in our opinion, will likely lead to regulatory approvals and more widespread treatment of early myeloma.