Real-road NOx and CO2 emissions of city and highway China-6 heavy-duty diesel vehicles.

The emission of heavy-duty vehicles has raised great concerns worldwide. The complex working and loading conditions, which may differ a lot from PEMS tests, raised new challenges to the supervision and control of emissions, especially during real-world applications. On-board diagnostics (OBD) technology with data exchange enabled and strengthened the monitoring of emissions from a large number of heavy-duty diesel vehicles. This paper presents an analysis of the OBD data collected from more than 800 city and highway heavy-duty vehicles in China using remote OBD data terminals. Real-world NOx and CO2 emissions of China-6 heavy-duty vehicles have been examined. The results showed that city heavy-duty vehicles had higher NOx emission levels, which was mostly due to longer time of low SCR temperatures below 180°C. The application of novel methods based on 3B-MAW also found that heavy-duty diesel vehicles tended to have high NOx emissions at idle. Also, little difference had been found in work-based CO2 emissions, and this may be due to no major difference were found in occupancies of hot running.

The Combined Effects of Temperature and pH to the Toxicity of the Water-Soluble Fraction of Gasoline (WSFG) to the Neotropical Yellow-Tail Tetra, Astyanax altiparanae.

Continental aquatic environments have undergone chemical pollution due to increased anthropogenic activities. Among those substances, petroleum hydrocarbons are a potential hazard for the aquatic animals. Additionally, alterations in the abiotic characteristics of the water, such as temperature and pH, can impose additional stress when those substances are present. We evaluate how alterations in water temperature and pH modified the acute (96 h) toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of gasoline (WSFG) to Astyanax altiparanae through physiological analysis. We also investigated the physiological responses after the fish recovery from exposure (96 h) in clean water. Both isolated and combined exposures to WSFG resulted in significant physiological changes. Alone, WSFG altered energetic metabolism and haematopoietic functions, potentially due to metabolic hypoxia. When combined with changes in water temperature (30 °C) and pH (4.0), A. altiparanae activated additional physiological mechanisms to counterbalance osmoregulatory and acid-base imbalances, likely exacerbated by severe metabolic hypoxia. In both isolated and combined exposure scenarios, A. altiparanae maintained cellular hydration, suggesting a robust capacity to uphold homeostasis under environmental stress conditions. Following a recovery in clean water, energetic metabolism returned to control levels. Nevertheless, plasmatic Na+ and Cl- levels and haematological parameters remained affected by WSFG exposure. Our findings underscore the impact of interactions between WSFG contaminants, temperature and pH, leading to additional biological damage in A. altiparanae.

Expression of Rhodococcus erythropolis stress genes in planctonic culture supplemented with various hydrocabons.

Studying Rhodococcus erythropolis stress response is of significant scientific interest, since this microorganism is widely used for bioremediation of oil-contaminated sites and is essential for environmental biotechnology. In addition, much less data was published on molecular mechanisms of stress resistance and adaptation to effects of pollutants for Gram-positive oil degraders compared to Gram-negative ones. This study provided an assessment of changes in the transcription level of the soxR, sodA, sodC, oxyR, katE, katG, recA, dinB, sigF, sigH genes in the presence of decane, hexadecane, cyclohexane, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and diesel fuel. Judging by the changes in the expression of target genes, hydrocarbons as the main carbon source caused oxidative stress in R. erythropolis cells, which resulted in DNA damage. It was documented by enhanced transcription of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), SOS response, DNA polymerase IV, and sigma factors of RNA polymerase SigH and SigF. At this, it was likely that in the presence of hydrocarbons, transcription of catalase genes (katE and katG) was coordinated primarily by the sigF regulator.

Thermal and emission analysis of waste plastic and microalgae biodiesel as a potential power source for diesel engines: A sustainable approach.

The future of diesel engines is greatly influenced by ongoing research on alternative fuels. Renewable fuels have been researched and adopted by several nations to encourage the production and use of biodiesel. This study examines the energy conversion of waste plastic biodiesel and Spirulina microalgae biodiesel at a 20% blending ratio to analyze the behavior of a one-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine running at 1500 rpm with a compression ratio of 17.5. The authors evaluated, analyzed, and compared the engine's combustion, performance, and emission at an incremental engine load of 25% from 25 to 100%. The findings demonstrated that the biodiesel fuel samples generated somewhat poorer efficiency but reduced emissions from the engine. At 100% load, the percentage differences between the diesel and blended fuel samples ranged from 2.4 to 7.3% for BTE, 2.9 to 16.5% for BSFC, and 1.0 to 4.62% for BSEC; however, the PM, SO2, and CO2 emissions were reduced by 1.6-28.8% except for NOx emissions, which are increased by up to 9.4%. Pure diesel exhibits the best performance characteristics; however, pure biodiesel exhibits the best emission characteristics. The 20% blended fuels showed promising results, as they exhibited comparable or slightly improved BTE values compared to their respective pure biodiesel fuels. The findings indicate that Spirulina microalgae biodiesel and waste plastic biodiesel have the potential to be utilized as substitute fuels for diesel engines; however, for the greatest performance and lowest emissions, their blending ratios and engine operating conditions must be optimized.

Investigation on nanostructure, surface functional groups, and oxidation activity of particulate along the exhaust after-treatment of a diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel blends.

In this study, the nanostructure, surface functional groups, and oxidation activity of soot particulate along the exhaust after-treatment system of a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends are investigated by TEM, XPS, and TGA respectively. The main findings are as follows: Along the exhaust after-treatment system, fringe length of primary particles of soot particulate emitted from tested heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with B0, B10, B20, and B100, i.e., 0%, 10%, 20%, and 100% ratio of WCO biodiesel blended into petroleum diesel in volume respectively increases, while fringe tortuosity and separation distance of primary particles reduces. The fringe length of B10, B20, and B100 is smaller, but the fringe tortuosity and separation distance are larger than that of B0. The O/C ratio of soot particulate tends to increase firstly and then decrease as the exhaust passes through DOC+cDPF and SCR+ASC in sequence. The O/C ratio of B10, B20, and B100 are also higher than that of B0. Soot particulate at cDPF outlet contains carborundum and biuret is found at SCR+ASC outlet. The sp3/sp2 ratio decreases along the exhaust after-treatment system, and B10, B20, and B100 tend to get higher sp3/sp2 ratio than B0. The C-OH and C=O content of soot particulate from different WCO biodiesel blends show generally similar trends along the exhaust after-treatment system, while the activation energy of soot particulate keeps increasing along the exhaust after-treatment system, but decreases with the increasing of blend ratio. These findings can provide useful references for optimizing the after-treatment system for WCO biodiesel blends.

Photochemical activity of water-soluble organic compounds in motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter.

Particulate matter from motor vehicle exhaust is a type of important atmospheric particulates, which can absorb sunlight affecting its photochemical behavior. However, the photochemical activity of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter has not been explored. Here, we applied WSOC in particulate matter from motor vehicle exhaust to investigate the photogenerating ability of its reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its effect based on model phenol photodegradation with the comparison between WSOC in diesel particulate matter and in gasoline particulate matter. The WSOC in diesel particulate matter indicates higher abililty to generate ROS. The main active substance produced by WSOC in the presence of light is 3WSOC*, the secondary substance is 1O2, and small amounts of ·OH and O2·- are also produced. Less active material was produced as WSOC photoaging time increases. Furthermore, the WSOC in diesel particulate matter is more sensitive to light exposure compared to WSOC in gasoline particulate matter. The effects of common atmospheric ionic components on model phenol photodegradation were also explored. Whether WSOC of diesel particulate matter or WSOC of gasoline particulate matter, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ferric chloride promote degradation of model phenol, and copper sulfate inhibited model phenol degradation. However, a different trend emerged with the addition of sodium chloride, which promoted the degradation of model phenol in WSOC of diesel particulate matter and inhibited the degradation in WSOC of gasoline particulate matter.

Multiple endpoints analysis of the effects of diesel oil on a commercial species, Carcinus maenas.

Fuel spills in marine environments pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems, evidencing the intricate relationship between fuel utilization and its impact on benthic species of commercial value for human consumption. This interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental welfare falls within the One Health framework. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of diesel oil on the green crab Carcinus maenas, and make a parallelism between tested concentrations and petrogenic hydrocarbon levels in natural environments. Mortality, locomotion and feeding behavior, molting, somatic growth, morphological malformations, stress biomarkers, and nutritional variables were analyzed in three different bioassays. In Bioassay 1, prepuberal females were exposed to diesel oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) at different periods. In Bioassay 2, prepuberal females were exposed to 168 h LC50 and LC25 of diesel oil WAF for 7 days, and were subsequently exposed to clean water. In Bioassay 3, prepuberal females were exposed to 168 h LC12 and LC6 of diesel oil WAF for 30 days. Petrogenic hydrocarbon levels in the field were quantified at a port and a nature reserve, with concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons being 1.92 µg/g in the former and below 0.01 µg/g in the latter. In Bioassay 1, the 168 h LC50 was estimated to be 1.04 % of diesel oil. The results obtained in Bioassays 2 (LC50 and LC25) and Bioassays 3 (LC12 and LC6) suggest that environmental exposure to petrogenic hydrocarbons produces high mortality or interferes with the molting process of crabs, leading to reduced growth and developmental abnormalities. Such malformations were observed in chelipeds, pereiopods, gills chambers and eye peduncles, and affected feeding and locomotion behaviors. Overall, this could impact on population size and health, and consequently alter the ecological role and commercial exploitation of economically important species like C. maenas.

Urban road BC emissions of LDGVs: Machine learning models using OBD/PEMS data.

Urban Black Carbon (BC) emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) are challenging to quantify in real-world settings. This study employed a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) to assess BC emissions from five LDGVs on urban roads. We also developed five machine learning (ML) models based on On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) data to predict BC emissions. Among these, the Random Forest (RF) model consistently demonstrates the best ability to predict BC emissions across all tested LDGVs, with R2 values exceeding 0.6. Integrating OBD-based ML models within vehicles could enable real-time BC monitoring and aid emission reduction strategies. We observed a strong correlation between BC emissions and engine parameters, such as engine speed and load (R2 values between 0.5 and 0.9). Furthermore, China VI standard-compliant LDGVs showed minor differences in BC emissions across urban road types. Vehicles equipped with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines registered BC emission factors (EFs) of 0.141 ± 0.038 mg/km, an increase of 23.7% compared to their port fuel injection (PFI) counterparts, which averaged 0.114 ± 0.049 mg/km.

Complexities in diesel oil inhalation: case study of respiratory injury and coagulation anomalies.

Diesel inhalation poisoning represents a rare yet critical medical condition necessitating prompt medical attention due to its potential to induce severe respiratory distress and coagulation dysfunction. The present case study describes the distinctive clinical presentation of a male patient in his early 40s who experienced acute respiratory distress and manifested coagulation factor VII deficiency subsequent to unintentional inhalation of diesel oil during engine repair. The patient demonstrated symptoms including chest tightness and dyspnea, indicative of chemical aspiration pneumonia, alongside an unforeseen coagulation abnormality. Treatment involved rigorous intervention, comprising endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and administration of pharmacotherapy, including ambroxol, dihydroxypropylline, and methylprednisolone. Moreover, procedural measures, such as repeated bronchoscopic alveolar lavage, pathogen culture, and targeted antibiotic therapy, were employed to mitigate respiratory complications. The patient's clotting disorder was treated with blood transfusions, and he was discharged with improvement. The present case highlights the imperative nature of immediate medical intervention in instances of diesel inhalation to avert further clinical deterioration and unfavorable outcomes. Additionally, it underscores the necessity for expanded research endeavors aimed at elucidating the indirect repercussions of diesel inhalation on the coagulation cascade, an area that remains relatively underexplored within the medical literature.

Hydrotreated vegetable oil migrates through soil and degrades faster than fossil diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil-fossil diesel blend.

HVO has been noted as a more sustainable fuel, not only leading to lower total CO2 emissions, but also resulting in lower emissions of toxic substances upon fuel burning. The environmental impact of HVO and HVO diesel blends when accidentally spilled into the soil and ground water has, however, received little attention. While HVO and diesel exhibit nearly identical viscosity and density, their behavior in soils differs due to varying water solubility and fuel additives. In laboratory- and pilot-scale soil columns and lysimeters, we compared the migration and biostimulation-enhanced degradation of HVO, HVO-diesel blend (HVO15), and fossil diesel over 120 days. Additionally, we investigated the impact of fuel additives on migration by comparing HVO without additives to HVO15 and diesel in wet and dry soil columns over 21 days. Notably, HVO migrated through soil more rapidly and in greater quantities than diesel. In wet soil, 69% of added HVO, 8.4% of HVO15, and 21% of diesel leached through as light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). Dry soil showed smaller differences in fuel migration, but HVO did not mobilize when water was added, unlike HVO15 and diesel. Biostimulation reduced HVO leaching by 15% more than HVO15 and 48% more than diesel. Overall, HVO's behavior in soil differs significantly from fossil diesel, with factors like lower water solubility, reduced mobilization from dry soil, and higher in situ degradability contributing to its reduced environmental risk compared to fossil fuel alternatives in accident scenarios.

Apigenin ameliorates petrol vapors-induced oxidative stress as occupational and environmental pollutants in rats: An in vivo study.

Petrol vapors as important occupational and environmental pollutants can cause oxidative stress and may play a role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases along with the risk factors involved. This research is designed as a preliminary study to evaluate the protective effects of apigenin (APG) on oxidative stress caused by petrol vapors inhalation in rats. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups inside the inhalation chamber. Body weight changes and oxidative stress markers were investigated. The average body weight of the group exposed to petrol vapors was significantly lower compared to the other groups. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), content of oxidized-glutathione (GSSG), and Malondialdehyde were found to be higher in the petrol-inhaled group, while the content of reduced-glutathione (GSH) was lower compared to the other groups. APG administration did result in any significant improvement in these toxicities induced by petrol vapor. APG administration may ameliorate the petrol-induced oxidative stress. In chronic exposures, in addition to personal protection and engineering control, the use of compounds of natural origin may help in reducing the side effects (such as CNS) caused by exposure to petrol vapors.

Unlocking pilot-scale green diesel production from microalgae.

Microalgae have emerged as a promising source of biomass to produce renewable biofuels due to their ability to synthesize high-energy density compounds of commercial interest. This study proposes an approach for pilot-scale oil extraction, purification by fractional distillation, hydrocarbon characterization by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), evaluation of physicochemical parameters of the produced hydrocarbons, preliminary cost analysis, and challenges and future opportunities for green diesel on a commercial scale. Here, the microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus was cultivated in 12 m³ photobioreactors using biodigested swine waste as a culture medium. The resulting biomass was subjected to drying and harvesting, followed by oil extraction using a hot solvent extraction method, followed by distillation to purify the compounds. Three different extraction and distillation experiments were conducted, each using different solvent combinations. The results obtained revealed that extraction with a solvent blend, composed of hexane and ethanol, provided more significant yields compared to extraction with pure hexane. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of alkanes and alkenes in the oil samples, and the proportion of solvent used in the extraction directly influenced the production of alkanes. Additionally, specific hydrocarbons such as 4-methyl-1-decene, 8-heptadecene, 1-pentadecene, 9-heneicosene, and 2-dodecene were identified. The evaluation of the physicochemical parameters demonstrated that the calorific value of the distilled oil samples is within the range of typical values for petroleum diesel. However, it was observed that the distilled oil samples had higher sulfur content compared to conventional diesel. Regarding the cost analysis, it was found that it varies depending on the experimental conditions. In particular, the process using a solvent mixture of 70% hexane and 30% ethanol proved to be more economical than the others, since it extracted a greater quantity of oil with a lower initial biomass requirement. In summary, this microalgae-derived hydrocarbon production process is promising and offers insights for compound purification and future biofuel applications.

Failure of the three-way catalyst (TWC) introduces "super emitters".

Vehicle exhaust is one of the major organic sources in urban areas. Old taxis equipped with failed three-way catalysts (TWCs) have been regarded as "super emitters". Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a regular substitution fuel for gasoline in taxis. The relative effect of fuel substitution and TWC failure has not been thoroughly investigated. In this work, vehicle exhausts from gasoline and CNG taxis with optimally functioning and malfunctioning TWCs are sampled by Tenax TA tubes and then analyzed by a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC×GC-MS). A total of 216 organics are quantified, including 80 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and 132 intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs). Failure of TWC introduces super emitters with 30 - 70 times emission factors (EFs), 60 - 112 times ozone formation potentials (OFPs), and 34 - 92 times secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) more than normal vehicles. Specifically, for the taxi with failed TWC, the total organic EF of CNG is 16 times that of gasoline, indicating that the failure of TWC exceeds the emission reduction achieved by CNG-gasoline substitution. A significant but unbalanced reduction of ozone and SOA is observed after TWC, whereas a notable "enrichment" in IVOCs was observed. Naphthalene is a typical IVOC component strongly associated with CNG-gasoline substitution and TWC failure, which is lacking in current VOC measurement. We especially emphasize that there is an urgent need to scrap vehicles with failed TWCs in order to significantly reduce air pollution.

Derivation of site-specific environmental quality guideline values for fuel-contaminated soils on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island.

Accidental fuel spills associated with the storage, transfer, and use of diesel fuel for power generation have occurred on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island since the establishment of the island's research station in 1948. An extensive in situ remediation program was implemented by the Australian government from 2009 to 2016 that used nutrient addition and air sparging to enhance the microbial degradation of petroleum products. During this period, a range of ecotoxicological assessments were conducted to better understand the impacts of fuel in soils on native biota and their sensitivity. This study compiles this ecotoxicological data into a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) to establish environmental quality guideline values (EQGVs) for fuels in soils on Macquarie Island. The SSD model includes 13 critical effect concentrations (CECs) selected using an expert judgment approach. These include data from functional and community-based tests as well as traditional single-species toxicity tests using microbes, plants, and invertebrates and representing the range of carbon content (~3%-48%) and fuel composition at various stages of degradation (from fresh to 18 months aged) in soils as occurs at contaminated sites on the island. A protective concentration (PC80) of 97 mg/kg TPH C9-C40 (95% CI 24-283) was derived for special Antarctic blend diesel from the SSD and is recommended as an appropriate site-specific EQGV and potential remediation target for the immediate station area in the vicinity of infrastructure. More conservative PC values are also provided for areas with higher conservation values outside the station footprint. These EQGVs are the first to be produced for fuels in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions. They will be used to inform ongoing environmental management on Macquarie Island and are likely suitable and recommended for use more broadly across the sub-Antarctic. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2334-2346. © 2024 Commonwealth of Australia. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

Biochemical study of the effect of lead exposure in nonobese gasoline station workers and risk of hyperglycemia: A retrospective case-control study.

Evaluate the relationship between blood lead (Pb) levels and other biomedical markers and the risk of diabetes in gasoline station workers. The participants were separated into 2 groups: group A consisted of 26 workers from gasoline filling stations, while group B comprised 26 healthy individuals. Serum levels of malondialdehyde, IL-1ß, visfatin, insulin, fasting blood sugar, and vitamin D were assessed. Mean Pb level was significantly higher in group A compared to group B (almost 2.9 times higher levels) (14.43 ±â€…1.01 vs 5.01 ±â€…1.41, µg/dL). The levels of visfatin (23.19 ±â€…0.96 vs 3.88 ±â€…0.58, ng/mL), insulin (22.14 ±â€…1.31 vs 11.26 ±â€…0.75, mU/L), fasting blood sugar (118.4 ±â€…26.1 vs 82.7 ±â€…9.2, gm/dL), malondialdehyde (6.40 ±â€…0.27 vs 1.62 ±â€…0.21, nmol/mL), and IL-1ß (330.25 ±â€…10.34 vs 12.35 ± 1.43, pg/mL) were significantly higher in group A, meanwhile; vitamin D (11.99 ±â€…1.55 vs 35.41 ±â€…3.16, ng/mL) were significantly lower in group A. A positive association exists between blood Pb levels and increased inflammatory markers. Lead exposure increases serum insulin and fasting blood sugar, which suggests that it is diabetogenic and that increased inflammation is a possible cause.

Performance evaluation of nano-graphene lubricating oil with high dispersion and low viscosity used in diesel engines.

The basic tribological experiments have reported that nano-graphene lubricating oil has excellent anti-friction and anti-wear properties, which has been widely concerned. However, the real anti-friction effect of nano-graphene lubricating oil and its impact on engine power performance, economic performance and emission performance remain to be proved. This has seriously hindered the popularization and application of nano-graphene lubricating oil in the engine field. In this paper, nano-graphene powder was chemically grafted to prepare nano-graphene lubricating oil with high dispersion stability. The influence of nano-graphene on physicochemical properties of lubricating oil was studied, and the influence of nano-graphene on engine power performance, economic performance and emission performance was explored. The results show that after modification, the dispersion of nano-graphene in lubricating oil is improved. Compared with pure lubricating oil, the addition of nano-graphene makes the kinematic viscosity of lubricating oil slightly lower, and has little effect on the density, flash point, pour point and total acid value of lubricating oil. The reversed towing torque of nano-graphene lubricating oil is reduced by 1.82-5.53%, indicating that the friction loss decreases. The specific fuel consumption of the engine is reduced, which indicates that the fuel economic performance is improved. Engine HC+NOX, CH4, CO2 emissions do not change much, but particulate matter (PM) emissions increase by 8.85%. The quantity concentration of nuclear particles, accumulated particles and total particles of nano-graphene lubricating oil are significantly higher than that of pure lubricating oil. And the increase of the quantity concentration of accumulated particles is more obvious than that of nuclear particles, and the larger the load, the more obvious this phenomenon. In order to apply nano-graphene lubricating oil to the engine, it is also necessary to further study its impact on the post-processing system, adjust the control strategy of the post-processing system and then test and calibrate.

Effect of Fe2+-activated persulfate combined with biodegradation in removing gasoline BTX from karst groundwater: A box-column experimental study.

In-situ chemical oxidation with persulfate (PS-ISCO) is a preferred approach for the remediation of fuel-contaminated groundwater. Persulfate (PS) can be activated by various methods to produce stronger sulfate radicals for more efficient ISCO. Despite karst aquifers being widespread, there are few reports on PS-ISCO combined with Fe2+-activated PS. To better understand the effects of Fe2+-activated PS for the remediation of gasoline-contaminated aquifers in karst areas, a box-column experiment was conducted under flow conditions, using karst groundwater and limestone particles to simulate an aquifer. Gasoline was used as the source of hydrocarbon contaminants. Dissolved oxygen and nitrate were added to enhance bioremediation (EBR) and ferrous sulfate was used to activate PS. The effect of Fe2+-activated PS combined with biodegradation was compared during the periods of EBR + ISCO and ISCO alone, using the mass flow method for data analysis. The results showed that the initial dissolution of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) from gasoline injection was rapid and variable, with a decaying trend at an average pseudo-first-order degradation rate constant of 0.032 d-1. Enhanced aerobic biodegradation and denitrification played a significant role in limestone-filled environments, with dissolved oxygen and nitrate utilization ratios of 59 ~ 72% and 12-70%, respectively. The efficiency of EBR + ISCO was the best method for BTX removal, compared with EBR or ISCO alone. The pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants of BTX reached 0.022-0.039, 0.034-0.070, and 0.027-0.036 d-1, during the periods of EBR alone, EBR + ISCO, and ISCO alone, respectively. The EBR + ISCO had a higher BTX removal ratio range of 71.0 ~ 84.3% than the ISCO alone with 30.1 ~ 45.1%. The presence of Fe2+-activated PS could increase the degradation rate of BTX with a range of 0.060 ~ 0.070 d-1, otherwise, with a range of 0.034-0.052 d-1. However, Fe2+-activated PS also consumed about 3 times the mass of PS, caused a further decrease in pH with a range of 6.8-7.6, increased 3-4 times the Ca2+ and 1.6-1.8 times the HCO3- levels, and decreased the BTX removal ratio of ISCO + EBR, compared to the case without Fe2+ activation. In addition, the accumulation of ferric hydroxides within a short distance indicated that the range of PS activated by Fe2+ may be limited. Based on this study, it is suggested that the effect of Fe2+-activated PS should be evaluated in the remediation of non-carbonate rock aquifers.

Investigation and prediction on emissions and performance of CI engine employing binary and ternary blends with Karanja oil, used cooking oil, and Dunaliella salina oil.

Massive consumption of fossil fuels and alarming environmental degradation are motivating researchers to learn about alternative fuels. Straight vegetable oils are an alternative to fossil fuels to meet the standards. Microalgae is also a viable carbon-neutral alternative to depleting conventional fuel sources, a solution to the industrial requirement of organic consumables and an option for a green and sustainable economy for biofuels. In the present study, lipid was extracted from Karanja seeds and Dunaliella salina biomass. These were used to prepare different binary and ternary fuel blends with conventional reference diesel fuel with different proportions along with used cooking oil with their concentrations ranging from 10 to 20% (v/v). The influence of these blends on performance and emissions characteristics in CI engines has delved at varying engine loads from 0 to 100%. The binary blend with Dunaliella salina oil has increased the performance characteristics while decreasing all the major emission parameters compared to reference diesel fuel and shows a significant improvement among binary blends. Ternary blends with Dunaliella salina oil, on the other hand, have improved performance while lowering emission parameters when compared to reference diesel fuel and demonstrate a substantial improvement across ternary blends. For predicting the performance and emission characteristics of binary and ternary blends, an artificial neural network-based model was developed. The optimum blends, OB6 (90% RDF, 10% DO) and OB8 (80% RDF, 10% DO, 10% UCO), improved BSFC by 10.71%, BTE by 14.23%, and reduced BSEC by 12.45% at full load. Emissions were generally reduced, with CO2 decreasing by up to 39.39%. The simulation results demonstrated that the created 4-7-7 model was capable of accurately predicting the performance and emission characteristics of various alternative fuel blends and indicating a stronger correlation between the predicted and observed values, having a high correlation coefficient of 0.9974. Binary and ternary blends with straight vegetable oils improved CI engine performance and pollutants compared to reference diesel fuel, indicating they have the potential to replace conventional fuels for sustainable development.

Characteristic three-layered intestinal contents in a case of gasoline ingestion.

INTRODUCTION: Ingestion of gasoline can cause severe pulmonary and gastrointestinal complications. Computed tomography may reveal characteristic findings. CASE SUMMARY: A 61-year-old man had gastrointestinal symptoms, and subsequently developed respiratory distress and altered mental status after ingesting approximately 150 mL of gasoline. IMAGES: Abdominal computed tomography revealed a characteristic three-layered appearance of intestinal contents, likely representing intestinal fluid, ingested gasoline, and gas. Chest computed tomography showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates consistent with pneumonitis. CONCLUSION: Recognition of the characteristic three-layered appearance of the intestinal contents on abdominal computed tomography might aid in the diagnosis of gasoline ingestion.

Ammonia energy fraction effect on the combustion and reduced NOX emission of ammonia/diesel dual fuel.

With stringent regulations of internal combustion engine on reducing CO2 emission, ammonia has been used as an alternative fuel. Investigating how engine-related performance is affected by partial ammonia replacement of diesel fuel is essential for understanding the combustion. Therefore, in this study, a three-dimensional numerical simulation model is developed for the burning of two fuels of diesel and ammonia based on relevant parameters (i.e., compression ratio, load, ammonia energy fraction, etc.) in a lab-made diesel engine. The consequences of load and compression proportion on combustion and pollutant emissions are investigated for ammonia energy fractions between 50% and 90%. When the ammonia portion rises, the increased ammonia equivalent ratio causes ammonia to move away from the dilute combustion boundary and accelerates the combustion rate of ammonia. An increase in compression ratio significantly increases the specified thermal performance and combustion efficacy. When the compression ratio is 16, as the ammonia energy fractions increases, due to the increase in the proportion of ammonia, that is, the proportion of nitrogen atoms increases, more NOx is generated during the combustion process. When the ammonia substitution rate is 90%, as the compression ratio increases, the cylinder pressure and temperature increase. The combustion efficiency of ammonia increases, generating more NOx and NOx emissions can reach 0.66 mg/m3. At a compression ratio of 18, the NOx emissions can reach 1.59 mg/m3. However, under medium and low load conditions, as the ammonia fraction increases, the total energy of fuel decreases, and the combustion efficiency of ammonia decreases, resulting in a decrease in the heat released during combustion and a decrease in NOx emissions. When the ammonia substitution rate is 90% and the load is 25%, NOx emissions reach 0.1 mg/m3. This research provides theoretical suggestions for the profitable and use ammonia fuel in internal combustion engines in a clean manner.