Hematoporphyrin photodynamic therapy for treatment of pathological scar with ulceration: A case report.

Pathological scars result from abnormal wound healing and represent a fibrotic process in the repair of skin injuries. Post-burn scars are prone to malignant transformation, especially when ulceration occurs, raising concerns for precancerous lesions. We report a case of a 56-year-old female with a 50-year history of a large burn scar on her left forearm. The scar developed non-healing ulceration with local pain and itching over the past three years. Treatment with hematoporphyrin photodynamic therapy (HpD-PDT) led to resolution of the ulceration, thinning of the scar tissue, and significant alleviation of pain and itching. After a five-year follow-up, there has been no recurrence of ulceration, suggesting that photodynamic therapy effectively promotes wound healing in scarred tissue with ulcerations.

Improved glucose detection limit based on phosphorescence from protected metalloporphyrin triplet state.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive indirect blood glucose monitoring can be realized by detecting low concentrations of glucose (0.05-5 mM) in tears, but sensitive optical indicators are required. The intensity of the phosphorescence of a candidate optical indicator, palladium hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (Pd-HMME), is increased by oxygen consumption under sealed conditions in the presence of glucose and glucose oxidase. However, the glucose detection limit based on this mechanism is high (800 µM) because the phosphorescence is completely quenched under ambient oxygen conditions and hence a large amount of glucose is required to reduce the oxygen levels such that the phosphorescence signal is detectable. RESULTS: To improve the glucose detection limit of Pd-HMME phosphorescence-based methods, the triplet protector imidazole was introduced, and strong phosphorescence was observed under ambient oxygen conditions. Detectable phosphorescence enhancement occurred at low glucose concentrations (<200 µM). Linear correlation between the phosphorescence intensity and glucose concentration was observed in the range of 30-727 µM (R2 = 99.9 %), and the detection limit was ∼10 µM. The glucose sensor has a fast response time (∼90 s) and excellent selectivity for glucose. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: These results indicate the potential of the developed optical indicator for fast, selective, and reliable low-concentration glucose sensing.

Preparation of Hematoporphyrin-Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanoparticles Encapsulated Perfluoropentane/Salicylic Acid for Enhanced US/CEST MR Bimodal Imaging.

Background: Medical imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and fluorescence imaging, have gained widespread acceptance in clinical practice for tumor diagnosis. Each imaging modality has its own unique principles, advantages, and limitations, thus necessitating a multimodal approach for a comprehensive disease understanding of the disease process. To enhance diagnostic precision, physicians frequently integrate data from multiple imaging modalities, driving research advancements in multimodal imaging technology research. Methods: In this study, hematoporphyrin-poly (lactic acid) (HP-PLLA) polymer was prepared via ring-opening polymerization and thoroughly characterized using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, XRD, and TGA. HP-PLLA based nanoparticles encapsulating perfluoropentane (PFP) and salicylic acid were prepared via emulsion-solvent evaporation. Zeta potential and mean diameter were assessed using DLS and TEM. Biocompatibility was evaluated via cell migration, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity assays. Ultrasonic imaging was performed with a dedicated apparatus, while CEST MRI was conducted using a 7.0 T animal scanner. Results: We designed and prepared a novel dual-mode nanoimaging probe SA/PFP@HP-PLLA NPs. PFP enhanced US imaging, while salicylic acid bolstered CEST imaging. With an average size of 74.43 ± 1.12 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.175 ± 0.015, and a surface zeta potential of -64.1 ± 2.11 mV. These NPs exhibit excellent biocompatibility and stability. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the SA/PFP@HP-PLLA NP's ability to improve tumor characterization and diagnostic precision. Conclusion: The SA/PFP@HP-PLLA NPs demonstrate promising dual-modality imaging capabilities, indicating their potential for preclinical and clinical use as a contrast agent.

Hematoporphyrin derivative-mediated photodynamic techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of chordoma.

BACKGROUND: Chordoma is a rare congenital low-grade malignant tumor characterized by infiltrative growth. It often tends to compress important intracranial nerves and blood vessels, making its surgical treatment extremely difficult. Besides, the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is limited. The photosensitizer hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) can emit red fluorescence under 405 nm excitation and produce reactive oxygen species for tumor therapy under 630 nm excitation. Herein, we investigated the effects of the photosensitizer hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) on different cell lines of chordoma and xenograft tumors under 405 nm and 630 nm excitation. METHODS: The photosensitizer hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) and Two different chordoma cell lines (U-CH1, JHC7) were used for the test. The in vitro experiments were as follows: (1) the fluorescence intensity emitted by chordoma cells excited by different 405 nm light intensities was observed under a confocal microscope; (2) the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to detect the effects of different photosensitizer concentrations and 630 nm light energy densities on the activity of chordoma cells. In the in vivo experiments, (3) Fluorescence visualization of chordoma xenograft tumors injected with photosensitizer via tail vein under 405 nm excitation; (4) Impact of 630 nm excitation of photosensitizer on the growth of chordoma xenograft tumors. RESULTS: (1) The photosensitizers in chordoma cells and chordoma xenografts of nude mice were excited by 405 nm to emit red fluorescence; (2) 630 nm excitation photosensitizer reduces chordoma cell activity and inhibits chordoma xenograft tumor growth in chordoma nude mice. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic techniques mediated by the photosensitizer hematoporphyrin derivatives can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of chordoma.

Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of port-wine stains in phakomatosis pigmentovascularis.

BACKGROUND: Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) is a rare congenital syndrome. Only a few studies have reported the treatment of PPV, including a case using photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat PPV-associated port-wine stains (PWS). OBJECTIVE: To investigating the efficacy and adverse effects of hemoporfin-PDT in PPV-associated PWS. METHODS: The efficacy and adverse effects in patients with PPV who underwent two sessions of hemoporfin-PDT from January 2019 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included (13 females, 7 males, age range: 2-31 years; mean: 8.20 ± 8.92 years). Two, nine, seven, and two patients had PPV types Ia, IIa, IIb, and IIIa, respectively. After two treatments, the visual evaluation indicated the color of the PWS in 4, 5, 6, and 5 patients showed poor, fair, good, and excellent improvements, respectively. The combined good and excellent improvement rates in patients with PWS and pigmentary nevus overlapping in the same treatment area and in patients with PWS in the treatment areas only were 33.3% versus 87.5%, respectively, and were significantly different (p = 0.02). Minor side effects, such as edema, scabbing, hyperpigmentation, and blistering, were observed in some patients after PDT. CONCLUSION: Hemoporfin-PDT is an effective treatment for PPV-associated PWS. Patients with PWS and pigmentary nevus overlapping in the same treatment area showed poorer efficacy than patients with PWS in the treatment areas only.

A Versatile Cryomicroneedle Patch for Traceable Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) continues to encounter multifarious hurdles, stemming from the ineffectual preservation and delivery system of photosensitizers, the dearth of imaging navigation, and the antioxidant/hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Herein, a versatile cryomicroneedle patch (denoted as CMN-CCPH) is developed for traceable PDT. The therapeutic efficacy is further amplified by catalase (CAT)-induced oxygen (O2) generation and Cu2+-mediated glutathione (GSH) depletion. The CMN-CCPH is composed of cryomicroneedle (CMN) as the vehicle and CAT-biomineralized copper phosphate nanoflowers (CCP NFs) loaded with hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) as the payload. Importantly, the bioactive function of HMME and CAT can be optimally maintained under the protection of CCPH and CMN for a duration surpassing 60 days, leading to bolstered bioavailability and notable enhancements in PDT efficacy. The in vivo visualization of HMME and oxyhemoglobin saturation (sO2) monitored by fluorescence (FL)/photoacoustic (PA) duplex real-time imaging unveils the noteworthy implications of CMN-delivered CCPH for intratumoral enrichment of HMME and O2 with reduced systemic toxicity. This versatile CMN patch demonstrates distinct effectiveness in neoplasm elimination, underscoring its promising clinical prospects.

Simulating PDT of port-wine stains in the in vivo chicken wattle model using Hemoporfin and radiation at 532 nm: Comparison of a LED and a laser source.

Port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks are congenital capillary malformations occurring in 0.3 %∼0.5 % of newborns. Hemoporfin-mediated vascular-acting photodynamic therapy (Hemoporfin PDT) is an emerging option for treating PWS. This in vivo study aimed to compare laser and light-emitting diodes (LED) as light source for Hemoporfin PDT. Chicken wattles were used as the animal model. Color and histopathological changes were evaluated after combining Hemoporfin with KTP laser or LED light source of 532 nm at the same doses. Both PDT approaches could induce significant vascular injury and color bleaching. Although the use of the laser resulted in a greater vascular clearance, the LED showed more uniform distribution both in the beam profiles and tissue reaction and exhibited better safety. This in vivo study suggests that the LED is a favorable choice for larger PWS lesion.

Positron emission tomography guided synergistic treatment of melanoma using multifunctional zirconium-hematoporphyrin nanosonosensitizers.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a useful approach for tumor treatment. However, its widespread application is impeded by poor pharmacokinetics of existing sonosensitizers. Here we developed a metal-organic nanoplatform, wherein a small-molecule sonosensitizer (hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether, HMME) was ingeniously coordinated with zirconium, resulting in a multifunctional nanosonosensitizer termed Zr-HMME. Through post-synthetic modifications involving PEGylation and tumor-targeting peptide (F3) linkage, a nanoplatform capable of homing on melanoma was produced, which could elicit robust immune responses to suppress tumor lung metastasis in the host organism. Importantly, after seamless incorporation of positron-emitting 89Zr into this nanosonosensitizer, positron emission tomography (PET) could be used to monitor its in vivo pharmacokinetics. PET imaging studies revealed that this nanoplatform exhibited potent tumor accumulation and strong in vivo stability. Using intrinsic fluorescence from HMME, a dual-modal diagnostic capability (fluorescence and PET) was confirmed for this nanosonosensitizer. In addition, the mechanisms of how this nanoplatform interacted with immune system were also investigated. The collective data proved that the coordination structure between small-molecule drug cargos and metals may enhance the functions of each other while mitigating their weaknesses. This straightforward approach can expand the potential applications of suitable drug molecules.

Sequence-dependent effects of hematoporphyrin derivatives (HPD) photodynamic therapy and cisplatin on lung adenocarcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND: Hematoporphyrin derivatives (HPD)-Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with cisplatin (DDP) is an effective anticancer strategy. However, whether the order of combination affects efficacy has not been studied. METHODS: The human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) A549 cells were used as the study subjects. After A549 cells were treated with a single medication (PDT/DDP) or a sequential combination (PDT + DDP / DDP + PDT), the cell viability was assayed using the cell counting kit-8 method. Hoechst staining, Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining, western blotting, and a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were performed to examine the mechanisms behind the combined effects. RESULTS: A synergistic impact between HPD-PDT and DDP was found. The cell viability in the PDT+DDP group was significantly lower than in the DDP+PDT group. A significant apoptotic profile and a high apoptotic rate were seen in the PDT + DDP group. The western blot showed that the expression levels of Bcl2-associated x(Bax) and cleaved-poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) increased, and those of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Caspase-9 decreased in the PDT + DDP group. At the same time, the RT-qPCR revealed the upregulation of Bax and PARP mRNA and the downregulation of Bcl-2 and Caspase-9 mRNA. CONCLUSION: The order of the combination therapy (PDT + DDP / DDP + PDT) was important. The HPD-PDT followed by DDP significantly inhibited LUAD cell viability, which may be related to the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Enhanced cavitation dose and reactive oxygen species production in microbubble-mediated sonodynamic therapy for inhibition of Escherichia coli and biofilm.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging antibacterial therapy. This work selected hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) as the sonosensitizer, and studied the enhanced inhibition effect of Escherichia coli and biofilm by microbubble-mediated cavitation in SDT. Firstly, the influence of microbubble-mediated cavitation effect on different concentrations of HMME (10 µg/ml, 30 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml) was studied. Using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as an indicator, the effect of microbubble-mediated cavitation on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by absorption spectroscopy. Secondly, using agar medium, laser confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the effect of microbubble-mediated cavitation on the activity and morphology of bacteria was studied. Finally, the inhibitory effect of cavitation combined with SDT on biofilm was evaluated by laser confocal microscopy. The research results indicate that: (1) Microbubble-mediated ultrasound cavitation can significantly increase cavitation intensity and production of ROS. (2) Microbubble-mediated acoustic cavitation can alter the morphological structure of bacteria. (3) It can significantly enhance the inhibition of SDT on the activity of Escherichia coli and its biofilm. Compared with the control group, the addition of microbubbles resulted in an increase in the number of dead bacteria by 61.7 %, 71.6 %, and 76.2 %, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of the biofilm decreased by 27.1 %, 80.3 %, and 98.2 %, respectively. On the basis of adding microbubbles to ensure antibacterial and biofilm inhibition effects, this work studied the influence of cavitation effect in SDT on bacterial structure, providing a foundation for further revealing the intrinsic mechanism of SDT.

Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether-mediated photodynamic therapy for acquired port-wine stain at lower extremity: Two case reports.

Two cases of acquired port-wine stain (APWS) at lower extremity were treated with hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) and 532 nm LED green light-mediated photodynamic therapy (HMME-PDT). No serious adverse reactions were observed during or post-treatment period. Five-month follow-up showed significant reduction of red patches after a single HMME-PDT treatment in both cases.

Current clinical evidence is insufficient to support HMME-PDT as the first choice of treatment for young children with port wine birthmarks.

BACKGROUND: Port wine birthmark (PWB) is a congenital vascular malformation of the skin. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) is the "gold standard" for the treatment of PWB globally. Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME or hemoporfin)-mediated photodynamic therapy (HMME-PDT) has emerged as the first choice for PWB treatment, particularly for young children, in many major hospitals in China during the past several decades. AIM: To evaluate whether HMME-PDT is superior to PDL by comparing the clinical efficacies of both modalities. METHOD: PubMed records were searched for all relevant studies of PWB treatment using PDL (1988-2023) or HMME-PDT (2007-2023). Patient characteristics and clinical efficacies were extracted. Studies with a quartile percentage clearance or similar scale were included. A mean color clearance index (CI) per study was calculated and compared among groups. An overall CI (C0), with data weighted by cohort size, was used to evaluate the final efficacy for each modality. RESULT: A total of 18 HMME-PDT studies with 3910 patients in China were eligible for inclusion in this analysis. Similarly, 40 PDL studies with 5094 patients from nine different countries were eligible for inclusion in this analysis. Over 58% of patients in the HMME-PDT studies were minors (<18 years old). A significant portion (21.3%) were young children (<3 years old). Similarly, 33.2% of patients in the PDL studies were minors. A small proportion (9.3%) was young children. The overall clearance rates for PDL were slightly, but not significantly, higher than those for HMME-PDT in cohorts with patients of all ages (C0, 0.54 vs. 0.48, p = 0.733), subpopulations with only minors (C0, 0.54 vs. 0.46, p = 0.714), and young children (C0, 0.67 vs. 0.50, p = 0.081). Regrettably, there was a lack of long-term data on follow-up evaluations for efficacy and impact of HMME-PDT on young children in general, and central nervous system development in particular, because their blood-brain barriers have a greater permeability as compared to adults. CONCLUSION: PDL shows overall albeit insignificantly higher clearance rates than HMME-PDT in patients of all ages; particularly statistical significance is nearly achieved in young children. Collectively, current evidence is insufficient to support HMME-PDT as the first choice of treatment of PWBs in young children given: (1) overall inferior efficacy as compared to PDL; (2) risk of off-target exposure to meningeal vasculature during the procedure; (3) administration of steriods for mitigation of side effects; -and (4) lack of long-term data on the potential impact of HMME on central nervous system development in young children.

Hematoporphyrin injection mediated photodynamic therapy for secondary squamous cell carcinoma of arsenical keratosis: A case report.

Hematoporphyrin injection (HpD) mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating various types of Bowen's disease, including basal-cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, extramammary Paget's disease, and actinic keratosis. We present a case of a male patient who developed squamous cell carcinoma as a result of repeated instances of arsenic-induced keratosis on both his hands and feet. Due to the involvement of the joint in both hands, the patient declined the conventional surgical resection treatment since it could potentially impact normal physiological function. Instead, the patient chose to undergo hemoporphyrin photodynamic therapy. After the treatment, the rash was entirely eliminated and there were no restrictions in the movement of the joint. Nevertheless, a local recurrence was detected throughout the two-year monitoring period. Arsenical keratosis carries a substantial likelihood of recurring. However, we believe that hemoporphyrin photodynamic therapy is effective in treating this condition.

Hemoporfin-mediated photodynamic therapy for angiokeratoma corporis diffusum: A case report.

SIGNIFICANCE: Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (ACD) is one type of angiokeratomas which are characterized on histology by superficial dilated capillaries with epidermal proliferation. ACD seriously influences patients' appearance and quality of life. Many therapies have been used to solved this problem. However, all the treatments have not been proved very effective. Hemoporfin-mediated photodynamic therapy (Hemoporfin-PDT) was considered recently as a promising treatment for PWS according to the principle of targeted photodynamic destruction of the vascular wall of the lesion. APPROACH: APPROACH: A 27-year-old male patient diagnosed with angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (ACD) by skin tissue biopsy has undergone pulsed dye laser for times, but the result was unsatisfying. After evaluating and obtaining the patient's agreement, we utilized Hemoporfin-PDT with 530 nm LED green light to treat ACD. When followed up in the 1 year after 2 treatments, the patient was pleased with the efficacy that most red papules on his face disappeared. RESULTS: The patient achieved great improvement after two treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoporfin-PDT could be used to treat ACD.

Efficacy and influential factors of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether mediated photodynamic therapy in the treatment for port-wine stains.

BACKGROUNDS: Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether mediated photodynamic therapy (HMME-PDT) has emerged as an alternative approach for port-wine stain (PWS), which was primarily treated with pulsed dye laser (PDL). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HMME-PDT for PWS and to explore influential factors on the efficacy. METHODS: A total of 254 patients were enrolled. Patients received an intravenous injection of HMME at 5 mg/kg. Lesion areas were irradiated with 532-nm light for 20-25 min. Efficacy was assessed according to fading of lesions and graded as excellent (≥90 %), good (60 %-89 %), fair (20 %-59 %), or poor (<20 %). Adverse events were recorded. Clinical data were analyzed including gender, age, lesion sub-type, lesion location and number of treatments. RESULTS: Overall, 72.4 % of patients achieved an effective response, with 27.6% showing excellent efficacy, 24.8 % showing good efficacy and 20.1 % showing fair efficacy. Only 27.6 % showed poor efficacy. Patients under the age of 18 obtained a better efficacy than adults. Lesions in face showed a better therapeutic outcome than those in neck or trunk and extremities. A more effective response was seen in pink type compared with nodular thickening type. Multiple HMME-PDT treatments could improve the clinical response. Lesion location, lesion sub-type, number of treatments were independent influential factors on efficacy. Adverse events included edema, blister, crust, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, pain, itch and burning sensation. No severe systemic side events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: HMME-PDT was effective for treating PWS and was safe and well-tolerated by patients. It is worth further investigation in efficacy and safety involving more patients from medical institutions in different regions in China. The optimal treatment parameters and treatment protocols are still being explored in the clinical treatment for PWS.

Efficacy of hemoporfin-PDT on port-wine stains: A retrospective analysis of 2952 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a retrospective analysis of Hemoporfin photodynamic therapy (HMME-PDT) in the treatment of port-wine stains (PWS). METHOD: A retrospective analysis was conducted based on the clinical data from March 2017 to December 2022, so as to summarize the demographic characteristics, clinical efficacy and adverse reactions. The effectiveness of HMME-PDT was examined with respect to treatment times, age, gender, subtype, and location of PWS lesions. RESULT: The age of the 2952 cases ranged from 8 months to 56 years old (median, 2.8 years), with 1419 males (48.07 %), and 1533 females (51.93 %). There were 669 cases of pink type (22.66 %), 2184 cases of purplish red type (73.98 %), and 99 cases of nodular thickening type (3.35 %). The prevalence location was face (88.04 %), neck (14.94 %), limbs and trunk. 1602 cases (54.27 %) had never received treatment, 661 cases (22.39 %) had been treated by pulse dye laser (PDL), 229 cases (7.76 %) had previously been treated by PDT, 296 cases (10.03 %) had received both the modalities. The 2952 cases completed totally 7996 HMME-PDT times. Cure rate and effective rate increased continuously with the number of treatments. The pink type has the highest cure rate and effective rate, followed by the purplish red type and the last was the nodular thickening type. The therapeutic effects are considerably influenced by age, subtype, and treatment site (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of HMME-PDT between both genders. The local adverse reactions after the first treatment included edema (97.73 %), itching (82.62 %), purpura-like change (79.51 %), crusts (24.59 %), infection (4.07 %), scars (1.08 %), hyperpigmentation (0.61 %), and depigmentation (0.41 %). Nausea and vomiting occurred in 2 juveniles and 1 young adult (5, 6 and 22 years old respectively) immediately after treatment, and did not interfere with the administration of the treatment. Patients aged 21-30 were found to have a 3.4-fold higher likelihood of undergoing HMME-PDT under general anesthesia compared to those aged 15 or younger. There was no distinct systemic adverse reaction, such as allergic responses, cardiovascular effects, neurological symptoms, hematological abnormalities, respiratory symptoms, or musculoskeletal issues. CONCLUSION: HMME-PDT is preferred in treating PWS, with relatively high effective rate and cure rate, mild local reactions and no distinct systemic adverse reaction.

Case report: Hematoporphyrin injection (HpD) photodynamic therapy for the treatment of groin extramammary Paget's disease in an elderly male patient.

Hematoporphyrin Derivative-Photodynamic Therapy (HpD-PDT) is a modality for cancer treatment, particularly suitable for challenging sites or elderly patients who can benefit from its minimally invasive and selective nature. We report a case of groin extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) in a male patient with a lesion located in the right mons pubis. The patient was deemed unsuitable for surgical treatment due to his advanced age, underlying health conditions, extensive rash area, and the specific location of the groin lesion. He opted for hematoporphyrin photodynamic therapy instead of traditional wide local excision. The tumors were successfully treated, with no recurrence observed during the follow-up period. We suggest that hematoporphyrin photodynamic therapy may be an effective alternative to conventional surgery for the treatment of extramammary Paget's disease.

Influential Factors in the Efficacy of Hemoporfin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy for Port-wine Stains.

Hemoporfin-mediated photodynamic therapy (HMME-PDT) is commonly used in the treatment of port-wine stains (PWS). However, the influential factors for the efficacy of the treatment are not well defined. This study intends to observe the influential factors for the efficacy of HMME-PDT in the treatment of port-wine stains (PWS). A total of 551 patients with PWS of head and neck was enrolled in this retrospective study. Further screening the patients of facial PWS, 484 patients were chosen. Patients were treated with HMME-PDT. All patients received 1~3 sessions of treatment with 2~3-month intervals. We photographed the lesions before each session and 2~3 months after the last session. Ages, sessions, lesion subtypes, and previous treatment history were related to the response of HMME-PDT (P =0.032, P<0.001, P=0.012, P=0.003 respectively). Treatment sessions were the independent factor correlated with efficacy after 3 sessions of treatment. Patients with no treatment history targeting PWS showed higher efficacy than those were treated with laser or other photodynamic treatment (P<0.05). The efficacy was higher by increasing the sessions of treatment. The efficacy was higher for lesion on maxillary prominence area and mandibular prominence area that on frontonasal prominence area and optic vesicle area (P<0.05). HMME-PDT is an effective in the treatment of PWS. Patients received no previous treatment for PWS, total treatment sessions and lesion on maxillary prominence area and mandibular prominence area are positive factors.

A pectin-based photoactivated bactericide nanosystem for achieving an improved utilization rate, photostability and targeted delivery of hematoporphyrin.

Photoactivated pesticides have many advantages, such as high activity, low toxicity, and no drug resistance. However, poor photostability and a low utilization rate limit their practical application. Herein, the photosensitizer hematoporphyrin (HP) was used as a photoactivated pesticide, covalently linked with pectin (PEC) via ester bonds, to prepare an amphiphilic polymer pro-bactericide, and subsequently self-assembled in aqueous solutions to obtain an esterase-triggered nanobactericide delivery system. The fluorescence quenching effect due to the aggregation of HP in nanoparticles (NPs) enabled the inhibition of photodegradation of HP in this system. Esterase stimulation could trigger HP release and increase its photodynamic activity. Antibacterial assays have shown that the NPs had potent antibacterial capacity, almost completely inactivating bacteria after 60 min of exposure to light. The NPs had good adherence to the leaves. Safety assessment indicated that the NPs have no obvious toxic effects on plants. Antibacterial studies on plants have shown that the NPs have excellent antibacterial effects on infected plants. These results provide a new strategy for obtaining a photoactivated bactericide nanosystem with a high utilization rate and good photostability and targeting ability.