Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis.

In this paper, we report the case of a boy in early childhood who presented with iron-deficiency anaemia, initially thought to be nutritional, who had a subsequent diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (IPH). This is a slowly progressive and life-threatening disorder and is of paramount importance that this is identified early and treated appropriately. His first chest CT was not typical for IPH, and this appearance should be highlighted (small cystic changes alone initially). He also had focal disease, which allowed us to make the diagnosis using CT-guided biopsy. During his treatment, he experienced an uncommon side effect to a commonly prescribed medication (bradycardia with methylprednisolone). Since starting azathioprine as a steroid-sparing agent, he has been doing well.

An Adult Case of Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Associated with Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysematous Change.

A 48-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with acute respiratory failure. Chest computed tomography showed ground-glass opacity and patchy emphysematous lesions in both lungs. Corticosteroid therapy was effective; however, the disease worsened with the tapering of corticosteroids. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and video-assisted thoracic surgery showed diffuse interstitial fibrosis with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). There was no evidence of vasculitis nor autoimmune diseases. This patient was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) that progressed to end-stage pulmonary fibrosis despite treatment. Autopsy demonstrated DAH with pulmonary fibrosis and emphysematous change, suggesting IPH-related pulmonary lesions.

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis misdiagnosed as haemolytic anaemia: a case report.

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis is a rare disease primarily affecting children. The condition is characterized by widespread bleeding from alveolar capillaries, resulting in symptoms such as haemoptysis, shortness of breath and iron deficiency anaemia. However, it is not a specific disease and sometimes can manifest solely as anaemia, which may be easily overlooked and misdiagnosed. The purpose of this case report was to describe a 1-year-old boy who exhibited haemolytic anaemia as the only symptom of idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis, with the intention of offering clinical insights into the precise diagnosis and subsequent management of this rare and easily misdiagnosed disease. Clinicians should keep idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis in mind when evaluating children with haemolytic anaemia and promptly initiate testing and treatment to prevent misdiagnosis and improve outcomes.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Haemosiderosis: An Unusual Case Of Anaemia With Pulmonary Involvement.

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis is a rare disorder, with recurrent life-threatening alveolar haemorrhages and chronic lung parenchymal changes. It is associated with a triad of haemoptysis, iron deficiency anaemia, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Although most cases are idiopathic, secondary haemosiderosis linked to known diseases has also been observed. Most of the cases remain undiagnosed because the disease is very low on the list of differentials. There is no specified age for the disease. The present study reports on an adolescent female patient who presented with microcytic anaemia and bilateral lung infiltrates to the National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Karachi, a tertiary care hospital. She was diagnosed with Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis after ruling out other possibilities.

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and stroke secondary to protein C deficiency in a child with Down syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Down syndrome are at a higher risk of developing autoimmune disorders such as thyroiditis, diabetes, and celiac disease compared with the general population. Although some diseases are well known to be associated with Down syndrome, others such as idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and ischemic stroke due to protein C deficiency remain rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 2.5-year-old Tunisian girl with Down syndrome and hypothyroiditis admitted with dyspnea, anemia, and hemiplegia. Chest X-ray showed diffuse alveolar infiltrates. Laboratory tests showed severe anemia with hemoglobin of 4.2 g/dl without hemolysis. A diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis was confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage showing numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages, with a Golde score of 285 confirming the diagnosis of pulmonary hemosiderosis. Concerning hemiplegia, computed tomography showed multiple cerebral hypodensities suggestive of cerebral stroke. The etiology of these lesions was related to protein C deficiency. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis remains a severe disease, which is rarely associated with Down syndrome. The management of this disease in Down syndrome patients is difficult, especially when associated with an ischemic stroke secondary to protein C deficiency.

Updates in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in 2022: A state of the art review.

This manuscript reports the recent advances in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH), a rare cause of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children and adults. This narrative review of the literature summarizes different aspects of IPH, including proposed pathogenesis, patient demographics, clinical and radiological characteristics, treatment, and prognosis. Additionally, the association between Celiac Disease (CD) and IPH is carefully evaluated. IPH is a frequently misdiagnosed disease. The delay in the diagnosis of IPH is often significant but fortunately, appears to have decreased in recent years. IPH in adults and children have distinct demographic preferences. The autoantibodies are common in IPH but with a definite difference between the adult and pediatric populations. The definitive diagnosis of IPH requires lung biopsy and careful exclusion of all competing diagnoses, even with lung biopsy showing bland pulmonary hemorrhage. The presence of nonspecific inflammatory cells or lymphoid aggregates may suggest a secondary immunologic phenomenon and needs careful evaluation and follow-up. A substantial number of patients suffer from coexisting CD, also known as Lane-Hamilton syndrome (LHS), and all patients with IPH need to be evaluated for LHS by serology. Although strict gluten free diet can manage the majority of patients with LHS, other patients generally require immunosuppressive therapy. The corticosteroids are the backbone of IPH therapy. Recently utilized experimental treatment options include mesenchymal stem cell transplant, liposteroid and bronchial artery embolization. The immunosuppression should be adjusted to achieve optimal disease control. Patients may progress to end-stage lung disease despite all measures, and lung transplantation may be the only viable option.

Hemosiderosis pulmonar idiopática, caso clínico en México. Importancia de un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno / Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, clinical case in Mexico. The relevance of performed an early diagnosis and treatment

La hemosiderosis pulmonar idiopática (HPI) es una patología poco frecuente; su distribución geográfica, su incidencia y prevalencia se desconocen de manera exacta a nivel mundial. Tiene una fuerte asociación con condiciones autoinmunes y una adecuada respuesta al tratamiento inmunosupresor. A pesar de ser una patología grave, presenta una tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad mediana, siempre que se realice un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente femenina con diagnóstico de HPI quien cursó con la triada clásica de esta enfermedad: hemoptisis, anemia ferropénica e infiltrados pulmonares difusos. Se descartaron otras causas de hemorragia pulmonar difusa y se realizó el diagnóstico por biopsia pulmonar. Se trató con esteroides sistémicos e inhalados y azatioprina. Tras casi 2 años después del diagnóstico, estando sin tratamiento por 3 meses, presentó una exacerbación con hemorragia pulmonar masiva ocasionando el fallecimiento de la paciente.

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare pathology; its geographic distribution, incidence and prevalence are not accurately known worldwide. It has a strong association with autoimmune conditions and has an adequate response to immunosuppressive treatment. Despite being a serious pathology, it has a medium morbidity and mortality rate, provided that early diagnosis and treatment is performed. We present the clinical case of a female patient diagnosed with IPH who presented with the classic triad of this disease: hemoptysis, iron deficiency anemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Other causes of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage were ruled out and the diagnosis was made by lung biopsy. She was managed with systemic and inhaled steroids and azathioprine. After almost 2 years before the diagnosis, being without treatment for 3 month she had a massive pulmonary hemorrhage, causing the death of the patient.

Ferritin thresholds for cardiac and liver hemosiderosis in ß-thalassemia patients: a diagnostic accuracy study.

Ferritin is frequently used to screen some dire consequences of iron overload in ß-thalassemia patients. The study aimed to define the best cutoff point of ferritin to screen for cardiac and liver hemosiderosis in these cases. This was a registry-based study on ß-thalassemia patients living throughout Mazandaran province, Iran (n = 1959). In this diagnostic research, the index test was ferritin levels measured by a chemiluminescent immunoassay. As a reference test, T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2*-weighted MRI) was applied to determine cardiac and liver hemosiderosis. A cutoff point of 2027 ng/mL for ferritin showed a sensitivity of 50%, specificity 77.4%, PPV 42.1%, and NPV 82.5% for cardiac hemosiderosis (area under curve [AUC] 0.66, 95% CI 0.60-0.71, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.05, 95% CI 1.05-4.01). At an optimum cutoff point of 1090 ng/mL, sensitivity 66.7%, specificity 68%, PPV 82.9%, and NPV 46.8% for liver hemosiderosis were estimated (AUC 0.68, 95% CI 0.63-0.73, adjusted OR 3.93, 95% CI 2.02-7.64. The likelihood of cardiac hemosiderosis serum ferritin levels below 2027 ng/mL is 17.5%. Moreover, 82.9% of ß-thalassemia patients with serum ferritin levels above 1090 ng/mL may suffer from liver hemosiderosis, regardless of the grades.

Celiac disease and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: a literature review of the Lane-Hamilton syndrome.

Lane-Hamilton syndrome (LHS) presents a medical emergency, with 14% mortality due to Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis (IPH) in acute phase. Despite the clinical severity of this entity, there has been no published review in the international literature, resulting in lack of awareness and delayed diagnosis.A rigorous search of international databases yielded a total of 80 LHS cases from January 1971 to August 2020. We analyzed 44 children (8.56 ± 4.72 years, 21 boys) and 36 adults (33.61 ± 13.41 years, 12 men) to present the clinical manifestations, radiological and immunological pattern, therapeutic approaches and outcome of LHS. We also elaborated on clinical and laboratory findings' associations to propose diagnostic indexes and clarified differences based on age distribution.Celiac disease (CD) and IPH diagnosis was made concurrently in 46 patients, whereas in 21 patients, the diagnosis of LHS was delayed for 2.5y (3 months-11 years). Hemoptysis (n = 56, 70%), dyspnea (n = 47, 58.8%), anemia (n = 72, 90%), and iron deficiency (n = 54, 67.5%) were most commonly observed. Medical history revealed recurrent episodes of hemoptysis (n = 38) and persistent iron deficiency anemia (n = 25) in need of multiple blood transfusions or iron supplementation. Patchy infiltrate opacities to consolidation predominated in children, whereas bilateral diffuse ground-glass opacities in adults. Duodenal biopsy was performed in 66 cases (diagnostic 87.8%), BAL in 51 (diagnostic 74.5%), and surgical lung biopsy in 20. Anti-tTG titer was positive in all 24 (54.6%) children and 19 (52.8%) adults that documented this assay. Prednisone or methylprednisolone pulse therapy and GFD were initiated in the acute phase, whereas chronic therapy included GFD, along with long-term prednisone in refractory cases. Three cases with severe respiratory failure or hemodynamic instability were intubated and a further three succumbed.A thorough understanding of LHS may reveal further diagnostic indexes and a consensus on therapy guidelines. Screening for CD is essential in all IPH cases for timely recognition and favorable outcome.

Liposteroid Therapy for Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Glucocorticosteroids (CS) represent the first line therapy for IPH. Although most patients respond to CS, steroid refractoriness is seen in an appreciable minority of patients. This paper reviews and evaluates the efficacy and safety profile of liposomal dexamethasone 21-palmitate (liposteroid) for the treatment of IPH. Medline, Embase and Web of Science biomedical databases were searched between 1980 and 2020 to identify papers describing patients with IPH, who were treated with liposteroid. A total of five articles were identified. Four in the form of case reports and one as a case series. A total of 12 pediatric patients (5 boys, 7 girls) were identified, with a median age of 2.3 years (range 0.5-8.6). Liposteroid therapy in intravenous doses ranging 0.06-0.1 mg/kg body weight appeared to be effective for both remission induction therapy, and maintenance therapy. There was no mortality among patients treated with liposteroid, either in the acute phase or during follow-up. The majority of patients for whom long-term follow-up data were available, were cured or in disease remission. No acute adverse events were reported, and long-term side effects were minimal and tolerable. Liposteroid represents a potential alternative or supplement to conventional CS therapy, as it appears to be more efficacious and associated with fewer side effects. Larger prospective, controlled trials are necessary to be able to define more precisely the therapeutic role of liposteroid in IPH.

An Infant With Interstitial Lung Disease of Rare Cause.

CASE PRESENTATION: An 11-month-old boy was admitted to our hospital because of "recurrent cough with intermittent dyspnea for more than 8 months, aggravated for 1 month." The baby began experiencing a recurrent milk-choking problem within 1.5 months after birth. He had been hospitalized four times, but the symptoms recurred. One month previously, the symptoms were aggravated and a chest CT scan performed at outside hospital showed interstitial changes. Pediatric bronchoscopy revealed bronchial inflammatory features, with hemosiderin-laden macrophages being found in BAL fluid (BALF). Also, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining showed positive results, which indicated the possibility of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) or idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH).

A 49-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy and persistent hemoptysis for eighteen months.

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of recurrent episodes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). IPH commonly manifests with hemoptysis, radiologic chest infiltrates and anemia. The etiology of IPH is unknown, but an immunologic mechanism is widely speculated. The definitive diagnosis of IPH requires a thorough exclusion of other causes of DAH, such as infections, inflammation, malignancy, cardiac diseases, drug and toxin exposure, and medications. Due to the rarity of the disease, a diagnosis is often delayed by years. We present the case of a 49-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy who presented with hemoptysis for eighteen months. Serologic workup was negative for vasculitides and autoimmune diseases. Bronchoscopy revealed DAH. A surgical lung biopsy showed 'bland pulmonary hemorrhage.' A right heart catheterization ruled out cardiac causes of DAH. The patient was diagnosed with IPH and started on systemic corticosteroids with rapid improvement of hemoptysis.

Adult patients with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: a comprehensive review of the literature.

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disease without a known incidence or prevalence in adults. Our knowledge of this entity is limited as there is no prospective or retrospective study with a reasonable number of patients. The objective is to describe the demographics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of adult patients with IPH. The Medline and Embase databases were searched from inception to 2021 with appropriate search formulas to identify relevant articles following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were performed for the entire cohort and prespecified subgroups. A total of 84 patients were identified. The majority of patients were males 54/84 (64.3%). The median age was 27 years. The manifesting symptoms were present in the following frequencies: anemia 76/83 (91.6%), dyspnea 71/83 (85.5%), hemoptysis 70/84 (83.3%), cough 22/84 (26.2%), and chest pain 9/84 (10.7%). The classic triad was present in 61/84 (79%) patients. The mean hemoglobin during the initial presentation was 8.4 gm/dL. A total of 16/57 (19.5%) tested positive for autoantibodies. The median delay in the diagnosis of IPH was 1.02 years. Immunosuppressive therapy was prescribed in 49/79 (62%) patients, and recurrence occurred in more than half of the patients 36/66 (54.5%). A total of 63/79 (79.7%) patients were alive during the final follow-up. IPH is more common in young adults with a male predominance. A high index of suspicion is necessary to attain an early diagnosis and possibly reduce the short-term mortality of nearly 20% and long-term complications.

Association between idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease in pediatric patients: A scoping review of the literature over the past 50 years.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, the mechanism of which is currently unknown. Nearly one-third of pediatric patients with IPH test positive for Celiac disease (CD) serology. Several hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed to unify the coexistence of these two entities, also referred to as Lane-Hamilton syndrome (LHS). METHOD: This manuscript is a scoping review of the medical literature. Medline, Embase, and PubMed Central databases were searched between 1971 and 2021 with appropriate search words to identify all cases of pediatric LHS. RESULTS: A total of 20 manuscripts with 23 pediatric patients with LHS were identified. The mean age was 11 years, and 13/23 (56.5%) of the children were boys. Hemoptysis was present in 57% of patients during diagnosis. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrating hemosiderin laden macrophages was the primary mode of diagnostic confirmation. Only three patients underwent lung biopsy. Any significant GI symptom was reported in a minority of patients (22%). Iron deficiency anemia on presentation was described in 83% of children. The majority of patients were malnourished. Serology for CD was positive in all patients, as was the histopathologic analysis of the small bowel biopsy. No patients had any other autoantibody positivity. The introduction of gluten free diet (GFD) was associated with a positive response in 20/23 patients. CONCLUSION: All pediatric patients with IPH should undergo screening for CD. Low serum ferritin in patients with IPH could be suggestive of coexisting CD. Strict GFD should be tried as the initial therapy.

Prevalence of autoantibodies in pediatric patients with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: a scoping review of the literature in the period 1980-2021.

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disease of unknown etiology. Due to the frequent findings of autoimmune antibodies - autoantibodies, immunologic causation of the diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in IPH has been proposed, to assess the prevalence/frequency and type of autoantibodies in pediatric patients with IPH. In addition, the patient demographics, diagnostic modalities used to diagnose IPH, treatment, and outcomes were also evaluated. Scoping review: The PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases were searched with appropriate MeSH terms to identify relevant papers consistent with the defined inclusion criteria. Thirteen observational studies comprising a total of 352 pediatric patients were included in this review. The majority of subjects were girls 217 out of 352 (61.6%). The mean and median ages of patients ranged from 3.1-6.5 years to 2.3-7 years, respectively. In the 10 studies that specified the number of patients in their cohorts with either at least one positive autoantibody or no antibody, the overall prevalence of autoantibodies was 76 out of 288 patients (26.4%). The prevalence of specific antibodies was as follows: ANA, 20.3%; ANCA, 17%; anti-dsDNA, 9.1%; RF, 12%; anti-SMA, 23.2%; and celiac antibodies, 25.9%. Cow's milk protein allergy was present in 16.2% of the children. The significance of an association between IPH and the presence of autoantibodies has not been clarified. The autoantibodies could be suggestive of an overall immune dysregulation rather than causation. However, limited evidence based on a single study suggests that the presence of ANA may be associated with a higher risk of recurrence and worse outcomes. Further research, including prospective studies, will be crucial to explore a possible genetic linkage between vasculitides, systemic rheumatologic diseases, and IPH.

Cochlea implantation in patients with superficial hemosiderosis.

INTRODUCTION: Superficial hemosiderosis is a sub-form of hemosiderosis in which the deposits of hemosiderin in the central nervous system damage the nerve cells. This form of siderosis is caused by chronic cerebral hemorrhages, especially subarachnoid hemorrhages. The diversity of symptoms depends on the respective damage to the brain, but in most of the cases it shows up as incipient unilateral or bilateral hearing loss, ataxia and signs of pyramidal tracts. We are investigating the question of whether cochlear implantation is a treatment option for patients with superficial hemosiderosis and which strategy of diagnostic procedure has to be ruled out preoperatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a tertiary hospital between 2009 and 2018, we examined (N = 5) patients with radiologically confirmed central hemosiderosis who suffered from profound hearing loss to deafness were treated with a cochlear implant (CI). We compared pre- and postoperative speech comprehension (Freiburg speech intelligibility test for monosyllables and HSM sentence test). RESULTS: Speech understanding improved on average by 20% (monosyllabic test in the Freiburg speech intelligibility test) and by 40% in noise (HSM sentence test) compared to preoperative speech understanding with optimized hearing aids. DISCUSSION: The results show that patients with superficial siderosis benefit from CI with better speech understanding. The results are below the average for all postlingual deaf CI patients. Superficial siderosis causes neural damages, which explains the reduced speech understanding based on central hearing loss. It is important to correctly weigh the patient's expectations preoperatively and to include neurologists within the therapy procedure.

Puzzling (IRIDA-Like and Hemolytic) Anemia in a Child With Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis.

Before the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH), unexplained or puzzling anemia may precede and delay in the diagnosis of pediatric IPH is common. A 5.8 years old female child initiated with iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia-like iron deficiency and hemolytic anemia and at 6.8 years of age IPH was materialized, when the patient showed the triad signs of IPH with hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages in gastric aspirate. Although time to the diagnosis was previously reported to be ranged from 16 to 30 months, in our case it took 12 months from the initial anemia to IPH diagnosis.