RESUMO
Background: Recent studies suggest that gut microbiota composition, abundance and diversity can influence many chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Modulating gut microbiota through targeted nutrition can provide beneficial effects leading to the concept of personalized nutrition for health improvement. In this prospective clinical trial, we evaluated the impact of a microbiome-based targeted personalized diet on hyperglycaemic and hyperlipidaemic individuals. Specifically, BugSpeaks®-a microbiome profile test that profiles microbiota using next generation sequencing and provides personalized nutritional recommendation based on the individual microbiota profile was evaluated. Methods: A total of 30 participants with type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia were recruited for this study. The microbiome profile of the 15 participants (test arm) was evaluated using whole genome shotgun metagenomics and personalized nutritional recommendations based on their microbiota profile were provided. The remaining 15 participants (control arm) were provided with diabetic nutritional guidance for 3 months. Clinical and anthropometric parameters such as HbA1c, systolic/diastolic pressure, c-reactive protein levels and microbiota composition were measured and compared during the study. Results: The test arm (microbiome-based nutrition) showed a statistically significant decrease in HbA1c level from 8.30 (95% confidence interval (CI), [7.74-8.85]) to 6.67 (95% CI [6.2-7.05]), p < 0.001 after 90 days. The test arm also showed a 5% decline in the systolic pressure whereas the control arm showed a 7% increase. Incidentally, a sub-cohort of the test arm of patients with >130 mm Hg systolic pressure showed a statistically significant decrease of systolic pressure by 14%. Interestingly, CRP level was also found to drop by 19.5%. Alpha diversity measures showed a significant increase in Shannon diversity measure (p < 0.05), after the microbiome-based personalized dietary intervention. The intervention led to a minimum two-fold (Log2 fold change increase in species like Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Bifidobacterium angulatum, and Levilactobacillus brevis which might have a beneficial role in the current context and a similar decrease in species like Alistipes finegoldii, and Sutterella faecalis which have been earlier shown to have some negative effects in the host. Overall, the study indicated a net positive impact of the microbiota based personalized dietary regime on the gut microbiome and correlated clinical parameters.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hiperglicemia , Hipertensão , Medicina de Precisão , Humanos , Masculino , Hipertensão/dietoterapia , Hipertensão/microbiologia , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiologia , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Hiperglicemia/microbiologia , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Estudo de Prova de Conceito , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Idoso , Hiperlipidemias/dietoterapia , Hiperlipidemias/sangue , Hiperlipidemias/microbiologia , Adulto , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Postprandial hyperglycemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance (IR) might affect metabolic responses in non-fasting states. Dietary intake and food composition influence postprandial glucose homeostasis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of different test foods varying in the macronutrient composition on postprandial glycemic responses and whether these outcomes are conditioned by the basal glycemic status in senior subjects. METHODS: In a randomized, controlled crossover design, thirty-four adults consumed a test food, a high protein product (n = 19) or a high carbohydrate (CHO) product (n = 15), using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as a reference. Blood glucose and insulin were measured at fasting and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after starting the food intake. For each type of food, the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose and insulin was calculated. IR was measured using the Homeostatic Model Assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Consumption of a high protein product significantly lowered the peak and Δ blood glucose concentrations compared to the high CHO product (p < 0.001). Concerning the insulin response, no significant differences between both foods were observed. Fasting glucose was positively correlated with the glucose iAUC only for the high protein product. Positive associations of both fasting insulin and HOMA-IR with the insulin iAUC for all the cases were observed. Linear regression models showed significant positive associations between the glucose iAUC and fasting glucose after adjusting for age and sex. Regarding the insulin iAUC, positive associations were found with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Regression models also evidenced that both food test consumptions were able to decrease the glucose and insulin iAUC values when compared with the OGTT product. CONCLUSION: Our research found that not only is the nutritional composition of foods important, but also the baseline glycemic state of individuals when assessing glycemic index estimations and addressing precision nutritional strategies to prevent and treat IR-associated disturbances.
Assuntos
Dieta/métodos , Jejum , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Resistência à Insulina , Nutrientes/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Área Sob a Curva , Glicemia/análise , Estudos Cross-Over , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Glucose/metabolismo , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Índice Glicêmico , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-PrandialRESUMO
Opuntia dillenii Ker Gawl. is one of the medicinal plants used for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Morocco. This study aims to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of Opuntia dillenii seed oil (ODSO), its mechanism of action, and any hypoglycemic risk and toxic effects. The antihyperglycemic effect was assessed using the OGTT test in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. The mechanisms of action were explored by studying the effect of ODSO on the intestinal absorption of d-glucose using the intestinal in situ single-pass perfusion technique. An Ussing chamber was used to explore the effects of ODSO on intestinal sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). Additionally, ODSO's effect on carbohydrate degrading enzymes, pancreatic α-amylase, and intestinal α-glucosidase was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using STZ-diabetic rats. The acute toxicity test on mice was performed, along with a single-dose hypoglycemic effect test. The results showed that ODSO significantly attenuated the postprandial hyperglycemia in normal and STZ-diabetic rats. Indeed, ODSO significantly decreased the intestinal d-glucose absorption in situ. The ex vivo test (Ussing chamber) showed that the ODSO significantly blocks the SGLT1 (IC50 = 60.24 µg/mL). Moreover, ODSO indu\ced a significant inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase (IC50 = 278 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and pancreatic α-amylase (IC50 = 0.81 ± 0.09 mg/mL) in vitro. A significant decrease of postprandial hyperglycemia was observed in sucrose/starch-loaded normal and STZ-diabetic ODSO-treated rats. On the other hand, ODSO had no risk of hypoglycemia on the basal glucose levels in normal rats. Therefore, no toxic effect was observed in ODSO-treated mice up to 7 mL/kg. The results of this study suggest that ODSO could be suitable as an antidiabetic functional food.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/dietoterapia , Frutas/química , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Opuntia/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sementes/química , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/enzimologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/enzimologia , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Cinética , Camundongos , Marrocos , alfa-Amilases Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Plantas Medicinais/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transportador 1 de Glucose-Sódio/metabolismo , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismoRESUMO
The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of an alternative approach to type 2 diabetes prevention. Ninety-six patients with prediabetes (age 52 (10) years; 80% female; BMI 39.2 (7.1) kg/m2) received a continuous remote care intervention focused on reducing hyperglycemia through carbohydrate restricted nutrition therapy for two years in a single arm, prospective, longitudinal pilot study. Two-year retention was 75% (72 of 96 participants). Fifty-one percent of participants (49 of 96) met carbohydrate restriction goals as assessed by blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations for more than one-third of reported measurements. Estimated cumulative incidence of normoglycemia (HbA1c <5.7% without medication) and type 2 diabetes (HbA1c ≥6.5% or <6.5% with medication other than metformin) at two years were 52.3% and 3%, respectively. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, class II or greater obesity, and suspected hepatic steatosis significantly decreased at two years. These results demonstrate the potential utility of an alternate approach to type 2 diabetes prevention, carbohydrate restricted nutrition therapy delivered through a continuous remote care model, for normalization of glycemia and improvement in related comorbidities.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Dieta com Restrição de Carboidratos/métodos , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Estado Pré-Diabético/dietoterapia , Telemedicina/métodos , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/epidemiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Hiperglicemia/complicações , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Síndrome Metabólica/dietoterapia , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Projetos Piloto , Estado Pré-Diabético/sangue , Estado Pré-Diabético/complicações , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We examined whether peripheral leukocytes of mice derived from in vitro αMEM-cultured embryos and exhibiting type 2 diabetes had higher expression of inflammatory-related genes associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Also, we examined the impact of a barley diet on inflammatory gene expression. Adult mice were produced by embryo transfer, after culturing two-cell embryos for 48 h in either α minimal essential media (α-MEM) or potassium simplex optimized medium control media. Mice were fed either a barley or rice diet for 10 weeks. Postprandial blood glucose and mRNA levels of several inflammatory genes, including Tnfa and Nox2, in blood leukocytes were significantly higher in MEM mice fed a rice diet compared with control mice. Barley intake reduced expression of S100a8 and Nox2. In summary, MEM mice exhibited postprandial hyperglycemia and peripheral leukocytes with higher expression of genes related to the development of atherosclerosis, and barley intake reduced some gene expression.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose/dietoterapia , Blastocisto/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta/métodos , Hordeum/química , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/dietoterapia , Animais , Aterosclerose/genética , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Aterosclerose/patologia , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Blastocisto/patologia , Glicemia/metabolismo , Calgranulina A/genética , Calgranulina A/metabolismo , Transferência Embrionária , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Hiperglicemia/genética , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/patologia , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Leucócitos/patologia , Camundongos , NADPH Oxidase 2/genética , NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos/efeitos adversos , Oryza/química , Período Pós-Prandial , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/genética , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/patologia , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. Emerging research shows that perturbations in the gut microbiome significantly contribute to the development of T2D, while microbiome modulators may be beneficial for T2D prevention. However, microbiome modulators that are effective, safe, affordable, and able to be administered daily are not yet available. Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. We compared the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt). Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. Surprisingly, the control yogurt exacerbated diabetes progression. Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Simbióticos/administração & dosagem , Iogurte/microbiologia , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/dietoterapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Hiperglicemia/prevenção & controle , Intestinos/microbiologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/fisiologia , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Prebióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Obesity represents a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. Excessive caloric intake, particularly in dietary fats, is an environmental factor that contributes to obesity development. Thus, the observation that switching from long-standing dietary obesity to standard diet (SD) can ameliorate the high-fat diet-induced metabolic, memory, and emotionality-related impairments are particularly important. Herein we investigated whether switching from the high-fat diet (HFD) to SD could improve the metabolic and behavioral impairments observed in middle-aged females C57Bl/6 mice. During twelve weeks, the animals received a high-fat diet (61 % fat) or SD diet. After 12-weeks, the HFD group's diet was switched to SD for an additional four weeks. It was observed a progressive deleterious effect of HFD in metabolic and behavioral parameters in mice. After four weeks of HFD-feeding, the animals showed glucose intolerance and increased locomotor activity. A subsequent increase in the body mass gain, hyperglycemia, and depressive-like behavior was observed after eight weeks, and memory impairments after twelve weeks. After replacing the HFD to SD, it was observed an improvement of metabolic (loss of body mass, normal plasma glucose levels, and glucose tolerance) and behavioral (absence of memory and emotional alterations) parameters. These results demonstrate the temporal development of metabolic and behavioral impairments following HFD in middle-age female mice and provide new evidence that these alterations can be improved by switching back the diet to SD.
Assuntos
Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Depressão/etiologia , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Hiperglicemia/etiologia , Locomoção/fisiologia , Motivação/fisiologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Memória Espacial/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/dietoterapia , Depressão/dietoterapia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose/sangue , Intolerância à Glucose/dietoterapia , Intolerância à Glucose/etiologia , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Blueberry dietary interventions have demonstrated remarkable potential against obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the effects of fermented blueberry juice on metabolic syndrome, the gut microbiota, and insulin resistance have not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the potential of fermented blueberry juice against obesity, hyperglycemia, and gut microbiota dysbiosis in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Our study findings revealed that supplementation with fresh blueberry juice (BBJ), and fermented blueberry juice with homemade probiotic starter (FBJ) or commercial starter (CFBJ) significantly decreased fat accumulation and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in HFD-fed mice. FBJ showed relatively more potency to reduce body weight than BBJ and CFBJ. The percentage increase in the body weight of the FBJ group was almost the same as that in the normal chow diet (NCD) group, and was approximately 10% lower than the BBJ and CFBJ groups. Overall, all blueberry juices significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, the dietary interventions with BBJ, FBJ, and CFBJ for 17 weeks significantly improved the community richness and diversity of the gut microflora along with an altered structure in the HFD-fed mice group. The FBJ treated mice group showed relatively low abundance of Firmicutes, obesity-related bacteria (Oscillibacter and Alistipes), and high abundance of lean bacteria (Akkermansia, Barnesiella, Olsenella, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus) compared to the HFD-fed mice group. Furthermore, BBJ and FBJ treatments regulated the liver mRNA and protein expression levels involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. This study inferred that fermented blueberry juice could be used as a functional food to prevent the modern pandemics i.e., obesity and insulin resistance.
Assuntos
Mirtilos Azuis (Planta)/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Mirtilos Azuis (Planta)/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Fermentação , Alimentos Fermentados/análise , Alimentos Fermentados/microbiologia , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/microbiologia , Hiperglicemia/fisiopatologia , Resistência à Insulina , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/microbiologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
SCOPE: Huangjinya is a light-sensitive tea mutant containing low levels of tea polyphenols. Currently, most studies focused on characteristics formation, free amino acid metabolism and phytochemical purification. The biological activity of Huangjinya black tea (HJBT) on metabolic syndrome regarding fecal metabolome modulation is unavailable and is studied herein. METHODS AND RESULTS: High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice are treated with HJBT for 9 weeks, various metabolic biomarkers and fecal metabolites are determined. HJBT reduces adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression, enhances lipolytic gene expression, decreases adipocyte expansion, and prevents the development of obesity. HJBT reduces lipogenic gene expression, increases fatty acid oxidation-related genes expression, which alleviates liver steatosis. HJBT enhances glucose/insulin tolerance, increases insulin/Akt signaling, attenuates hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, prevents the onset of insulin resistance. HJBT modulates bile acid metabolism, promotes secondary/primary bile acid ratio; increases short-chain fatty acids production, promotes saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids content; reduces carnitines and phosphocholines, but increases myo-inositol content; decreases branched-chain and aromatic amino acids content; increases the metabolite content related to pentose phosphate pathway. CONCLUSION: This study reported the association between fecal metabolome modulation and metabolism improvement due to HJBT administration, proposes HJBT as a dietary intervention for preventing obesity and metabolic disorders.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Resistência à Insulina , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Chá , Tecido Adiposo Branco/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Camellia sinensis/genética , Fezes/química , Fezes/microbiologia , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Hiperglicemia/etiologia , Hiperlipidemias/dietoterapia , Hiperlipidemias/etiologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/dietoterapia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/etiologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/microbiologia , Chá/químicaRESUMO
Recently, we have proposed that quinoa yoghurt (QY) has the anti-diabetic properties based on an in vitro study. Here, its antidiabetic activity was further validated by investigating its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic influence in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. The results showed that QY increased the body weights of and reduced the fasting blood glucose levels in T2DM mice. QY significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C, while it increased the HDL-C level. In addition, the hepatic glycogen content, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while lipid peroxidation was remarkably reduced. Sprouted QY had the highest influence on serum oxidation when compared with non-germinated QY. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, while the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased. Histopathological studies showed that QY protected the tissue structure of the liver of T2DM mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that QY increased AKT-2 and AMPK-α2 expressions, while it suppressed p85. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that QY exerted its hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects through the AKT/AMPK/PI3K signaling pathway. Germination significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the glucose and lipid homeostasis in T2DM mice in such a way that sprouted QY showed the highest hypoglycemic and cholesterol-lowering effects when compared with non-germinated QY.
Assuntos
Chenopodium quinoa/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Hipoglicemiantes/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Iogurte/análise , Animais , Catalase/metabolismo , Chenopodium quinoa/química , Chenopodium quinoa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Glucose/metabolismo , Homeostase , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/análise , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Black soybean (Glycine max L.), a cultivar containing abundant polyphenols in its seed coat such as anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols, has been reported to possess various health benefits toward lifestyle diseases. In this review article, the safety evaluation of polyphenol-rich black soybean seed coat extract (BE) and absorption of BE polyphenols are summarized. Additionally, we describe the antioxidant activity of BE polyphenols and their ability to induce antioxidant enzymes. The health benefits of BE and its polyphenols, such as anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic activities through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and translocation of glucose transporter 4, respectively, are also discussed. Furthermore, we found that black soybean polyphenols were involved in the improvement of vascular function. These emerging data require further investigation in scientific studies and human trials to evaluate the prevention of lifestyle diseases using black soybean polyphenols.
Assuntos
Glycine max/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Polifenóis/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Polifenóis/análise , Glycine max/químicaRESUMO
Berries are considered "promising functional fruits" due to their distinct and ubiquitous therapeutic contents of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavanols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, hydroxycinnamic, ellagic acid derivatives, and organic acids. These polyphenols are part of berries and the human diet, and evidence suggests that their intake is associated with a reduced risk or the reversal of metabolic pathophysiologies related to diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertension. This work reviewed and summarized both clinical and non-clinical findings that the consumption of berries, berry extracts, purified compounds, juices, jams, jellies, and other berry byproducts aided in the prevention and or otherwise management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related complications. The integration of berries and berries-derived byproducts into high-carbohydrate (HCD) and high-fat (HFD) diets, also reversed/reduced the HCD/HFD-induced alterations in glucose metabolism-related pathways, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid oxidation in healthy/obese/diabetic subjects. The berry polyphenols also modulate the intestinal microflora ecology by opposing the diabetic and obesity rendered symbolic reduction of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction-restoring bacteria, short-chain fatty acids, and organic acid producing microflora. All studies proposed a number of potential mechanisms of action of respective berry bioactive compounds, although further mechanistic and molecular studies are warranted. The metabolic profiling of each berry is also included to provide up-to-date information regarding the potential anti-oxidative/antidiabetic constituents of each berry.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Frutas/química , Alimento Funcional , Hipoglicemiantes , Síndrome Metabólica/prevenção & controle , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/fisiologia , Fitoterapia , Polifenóis/administração & dosagem , Antocianinas/administração & dosagem , Antocianinas/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Flavonoides/administração & dosagem , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Hiperglicemia/prevenção & controle , Hiperlipidemias/dietoterapia , Hiperlipidemias/prevenção & controle , Síndrome Metabólica/dietoterapia , Estresse Oxidativo , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Proantocianidinas/administração & dosagem , Proantocianidinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Lifestyle interventions have been shown to reverse hyperglycemia to normoglycemia. However, these effects are not long-lasting and are accompanied with high dropout rates. As formula diets have been shown to be simple in usage and effective in improving glycemic control, we hypothesised that adding a low-carbohydrate and energy deficit formula diet to a low-intensity lifestyle intervention is superior in reversing prediabetes compared with lifestyle intervention alone. In this predefined subanalysis of an international, multicenter randomised controlled trial (Almased Concept against Overweight and Obesity and Related Health Risk (ACOORH) study (ID DRKS00006811)), 141 persons with prediabetes were randomised (1:2) into either a control group with lifestyle intervention only (CON, n = 45) or a lifestyle intervention group accompanied with a formula diet (INT, n = 96). Both groups were equipped with telemonitoring devices. INT received a low-carbohydrate formula diet substituting three meals/day (~1200 kcal/day) within the first week, two meals/day during week 2-4, and one meal/day during week 5-26 (1300-1500 kcal/day). Follow-up was performed after 52 weeks and 105 participants (75%, INT: n = 74; CON: n = 31) finished the 26-week intervention phase. Follow-up data after 52 weeks were available from 93 participants (66%, INT: n = 65; CON: n = 28). Compared with CON, significantly more INT participants converted to normoglycemia after 52 weeks (50% vs. 31%; p < 0.05). The risk reduction led to a number-needed-to-treat of 5.3 for INT. Lifestyle intervention with a low-carbohydrate formula diet reduces prediabetes prevalence stronger than lifestyle intervention alone and is effective for type 2 diabetes prevention.
Assuntos
Dieta com Restrição de Carboidratos/métodos , Estado Pré-Diabético/dietoterapia , Adulto , Glicemia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Alimentos Formulados , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Refeições , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Sobrepeso/complicações , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Estado Pré-Diabético/complicações , Comportamento de Redução do RiscoRESUMO
Previous studies indicated that North American wild rice (WIR) reduced atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. The effects of WIR on hyperglycemia in diabetic animal models have not been documented. The present study aims to determine the impact of WIR on glucose metabolism in high-fat (HF)-induced diabetic mice and a key modulator. Male C57 BL/J6 mice were treated with a control diet and a HF diet supplemented with 26% (weight/weight, a substitute for carbohydrates in the diet) of WIR or white rice (WHR) (n = 8/group) for 11 weeks. HF + WHR diet significantly increased fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, insulin resistance, monocyte adhesion, and the levels of relevant inflammatory mediators (tumor necrotic factor-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) in mice compared to the control diet (p < 0.01). HF + WIR significantly reduced HF diet-induced metabolic and inflammatory changes compared to the HF + WHR diet (p < 0.01). Metabolomics analysis indicated that an array of metabolites related to glucose metabolism was significantly more abundant in WIR than in WHR, including adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), a potent agonist for AMP-activated protein kinase or AMPK. WIR normalized HF diet-induced reduction in the abundance of phospho-AMPKα in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue from the mice. The findings for the first time demonstrated that WIR decreased HF diet-induced hyperglycemia in mice compared to WHR. The metabolic benefits of WIR may result, at least in part, from the activation of AMPKα in insulin-sensitive tissue in the mice.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Oryza/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/etiologia , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Obesos , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia on body composition and neurodevelopment, and how early nutrition and illness modify these relationships in infants born preterm. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective data were collected from infants born <32 weeks of gestational age (N = 97), including inpatient days of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >150 mg/dL) and nutrient intake. Body composition was measured at discharge and 4 months' postmenstrual age (PMA). Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III) were administered at 12 months' PMA. Linear regression analysis was performed, adjusting for birth gestational age. Associations between hyperglycemia, body composition, and BSID-III were analyzed in models accounting for first-week nutrition and early illness severity via Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology-II. RESULTS: Mean birth gestational age was 27.8 (SD 2.4) weeks. Hyperglycemia occurred in 48.5% of infants. Hyperglycemia for ≥5 days was negatively associated with fat mass and fat free mass z scores at discharge, and fat free mass z score at 4 months' PMA (P < .05 all). Hyperglycemia for ≥5 days was negatively associated with cognition, language, and motor scores on the BSDI at 12 months (P ≤ .01 all). Associations with body composition and BSID-III were diminished when models included first week nutrition yet remained unchanged when illness severity was included. CONCLUSIONS: In infants <32 weeks, ≥5 days of hyperglycemia is associated with decreased lean mass at 4 months' PMA and poorer neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months' PMA. These associations may be mediated by decreased first week nutrition, potentially related to reduced glucose infusion rate for management of hyperglycemia.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil , Ingestão de Energia , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Adiposidade , Composição Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro/dietoterapia , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Spirulina platensis has been found to be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The present study aims to elucidate the effects of ethanol extract and butanol fraction of S. platensis on insulin release and glucose homoeostasis in type 2 diabetic rats, together with their mechanism of actions. In vitro and in vivo methods were used including cellular studies to determine potential role of ion channels and cAMP in the insulinotropic actions of the extracts. The ethanol extract and butanol fraction stimulated insulin release from mouse islets and pancreatic ß-cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The butanol fraction also similarly stimulated insulin release from perfused rat pancreas. The insulin-releasing action was augmented by glucose, isobutylmethylxanthine, tolbutamide and a depolarising concentration of KCl. The insulin secretory effect was attenuated with diazoxide and verapamil and by omission of extracellular Ca2+. Butanol fraction was found to significantly inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity. Moreover, butanol fraction improved glucose tolerance following oral glucose administration (2·5 g/kg body weight (b.w.)). The butanol fraction was tested on 24 h starved rats given an oral sucrose load (2·5 g/kg b.w.) to examine possible effects on carbohydrate digestion and absorption. S. platensis substantially decreased postprandial hyperglycaemia after oral sucrose load and increased unabsorbed sucrose content throughout the gut. During in situ intestinal perfusion with glucose, the butanol fraction reduced glucose absorption and promoted gut motility. Finally, chronic oral administration of butanol fraction for 28 d significantly decreased blood glucose, increased plasma insulin, pancreatic insulin stores, liver glycogen and improved lipid profile. The characterisation of active compounds from butanol fraction revealed the presence of p-coumaric acid, ß-carotene, catechin and other antioxidant polyphenols. In conclusion, S. platensis could be an adjunctive therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes.
Assuntos
Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/efeitos dos fármacos , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Spirulina/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Linhagem Celular , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Absorção Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Polifenóis/administração & dosagem , Polifenóis/isolamento & purificação , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Sacarose/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Objective As direct jejunal feeding often causes great fluctuation in glucose levels, continuous or slow infusion is recommended for jejunal tube-fed patients. However, continuous feeding results in prolonged immobility and the loss of activities of daily living. We investigated whether or not intermittent feeding of a low-carbohydrate high-monounsaturated fatty acid (LC/HM) nutrient formula reduces glucose fluctuation in patients who have undergone jejunotomy. Methods Ten bed-ridden non-diabetic patients receiving enteral feeding via a jejunostomy tube were enrolled in this study. LC/HM formula and standard control formula were infused in cross-over order for each patient at a speed of 160 kcal/h. Blood glucose levels were monitored by a continuous glucose monitoring system during the investigation period. Results The mean and standard deviation of the glucose concentrations and mean amplitude of glucose excursion (MAGE) were markedly lower while receiving LC/HM formula than while receiving control standard formula (104 vs. 136 mg/dL, 18.1 vs. 58.1 mg/dL, 50.8 vs. 160 mg/dL, respectively). The post-infusion hyperglycemia [area under the curve (AUC) >140 mg/dL] and peak value of the glucose level were also significantly lower in patients fed LC/HM than the control (25.7 vs. 880 mgã»h/dL and 153 vs. 272 mg/dL, respectively). Reactive hypoglycemia (AUC <70 mg/dL) was also significantly lower (0.63 vs. 16.7 mgã»h/dL) and the minimum value of the glucose level higher (78.4 vs. 61.8 mg/dL) in patients fed LC/HM than the control. Conclusion The LC/HM formula is considered to markedly inhibit glycemic spikes and prevent rebound hypoglycemia in patients who receive enteral feeding after jejunostomy.
Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Hipoglicemia/dietoterapia , Atividades Cotidianas , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Glicemia , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Humanos , Intubação Gastrointestinal/métodos , Jejunostomia/métodos , Masculino , Monitorização Fisiológica , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
Whole-grain dietary fiber intake is beneficial in the prevention of metabolic syndrome. Considering rich in bound phenolics being a special characteristic of whole-grain dietary fiber, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the presence or absence of bound phenolics in rice bran dietary fiber (RBDF) on regulating glucose metabolism in diabetic db/db mice. In comparison to phenolics-removed RBDF (PR-RBDF) intervention without an antihyperglycemic effect, RBDF and formulated RBDF (F-RBDF, obtained by mixing PR-RBDF and hydrolyzed-bound phenolics) significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels after 1 and 5 weeks of interventions, respectively. The presence of bound phenolics interventions could activate the IRS1/AKT/GLUT4 insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle and alter gut microbiota by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis and enriching the butyric-acid-producing bacteria genera of the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, thus leading to the reduction of blood glucose levels. These findings indicate that bound phenolics ensure the antihyperglycemic effect of RBDF.
Assuntos
Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hiperglicemia/dietoterapia , Hipoglicemiantes/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Oryza/química , Fenol/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Glucose/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/genética , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/metabolismo , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/genética , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/microbiologia , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina/genética , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Oryza/metabolismo , Fenol/análise , Extratos Vegetais/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic benefits of diabetes-specific formulas (DSF) high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) with standard formulas (STDF) in adult patients with type 1, type 2 diabetes or stress-induced hyperglycaemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted through a literature search using different electronic databases from the index date to December 2018. We included randomised controlled trials that assessed the health benefits of high MUFA DSF vs STDF. Included outcomes were glycaemic control, lipid metabolism and tolerance. Effect sizes were calculated as standardised mean differences (SMDs) (<0.4 were considered small, 0.4-0.7 moderate and >0.7 large). This systematic review was registered as CRD42018108931 on Prospero. RESULTS: Of 385 references reviewed, 18 studies involving 845 adults met our inclusion criteria and contributed to the meta-analysis. Use of a high MUFA DSF compared with a STDF was associated with a statistically significant decrease in peak of postprandial glucose [SMD -1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.44 to -0.61], incremental glucose response (SMD -1.19, 95% CI -1.71 to -0.68), area under the curve of plasma insulin (SMD -0.65, 95% CI -1.03 to -0.26), mean blood glucose level (SMD -0.41, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.19), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change (SMD -0.63, 95% CI -1.21 to -0.05), glucose variability (SMD -0.93, -1.55 to -0.31), mean administered insulin dose (SMD -0.49, 95% CI -0.85 to -0.14), mean blood triglycerides (SMD -0.34, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.03) and increase of mean blood high-density lipoproteins (SMD +0.42, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.76). Non-significant differences were found for tolerance [odds ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.05]. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis shows that a DSF (oral supplements and tube feeds) high in MUFAs can improve glucose control and metabolic risk factors among patients with diabetes or stress-induced hyperglycaemia compared with a STDF.